3582:, who declared Shabbetai Zvi to be the Messiah. Then Shabbetai Zvi began to act the part On September 15, 1666, Shabbetai Zvi, brought before the sultan and given the choice of death or apostasy, prudently chose the latter, setting a turban on his head to signify his conversion to Islam, for which he was rewarded with the honorary title "Keeper of the Palace Gates" and a pension of 150 piasters a day. The apostasy shocked the Jewish world. Leaders and followers alike refused to believe it. Many continued to anticipate a second coming, and faith in false messiahs continued through the eighteenth century. In the vast majority of believers revulsion and remorse set in and there was an active endeavor to erase all evidence, even mention of the pseudo messiah. Pages were removed from communal registers, and documents were destroyed. Few copies of the books that celebrated Shabbetai Zvi survived, and those that did have become rarities much sought after by libraries and collectors.
3042:"And I Came This Day into the Fountain" was authored by Jonathan EybeschĂĽtz and declared that the all copies of the work that were in circulation should be immediately burned. Emden later suggested that the rabbis decided against attacking Eybeschutz out of a reluctance to offend his powerful family and a fear of rich supporters of his living in their communities. As a result of Eyberschutz and other rabbis in Prague formulating a new (and different) ban against Sabbatianism in September of that year his reputation was restored and Eybeschutz was regarded as having been totally vindicated. The issue was to arise again, albeit tangentially, in the 1751 dispute between Emden and Eyberschutz.
3639:, where the sultan's physician, a former Jew, advised Shabbetai to embrace Islam as the only means of saving his life. Shabbetai realized the danger of his situation and adopted the physician's advice. On the following day being brought before the sultan, he cast off his Jewish garb and put a Turkish turban on his head; and thus his conversion to Islam was accomplished. The sultan was much pleased, and rewarded Shabbetai by conferring on him the title (Mahmed) "Effendi" and appointing him as his doorkeeper with a high salary. To complete his acceptance of Mohammedanism, Shabbetai was ordered to
2633:
3510:, however, the Frankists outwardly remained Jews). This crisis did not discredit Kabbalah, but it did lead Jewish spiritual authorities to monitor and severely curtail its spread and to use censorship and other acts of repression against anyone—even a person of tested piety and recognized knowledge—who was suspected of Shabbetaian sympathies or messianic pretensions.
3478:. Tzevi's actions, according to Nathan, should be understood as the descent of the just into the abyss of the "shells" in order to liberate the captive particles of divine light. The Shabbetaian crisis lasted nearly a century, and some of its aftereffects lasted even longer. It led to the formation of sects whose members were externally converted to Islam—e.g., the
2396:
2792:
3647:, which order he obeyed. Meanwhile, Shabbetai secretly continued his plots, playing a double game. At times he would assume the role of a pious Mohammedan and revile Judaism; at others he would enter into relations with Jews as one of their own faith. Thus in March, 1668, he gave out anew that he had been filled with the
2965:
which Emden suspected
Eybeschutz of issuing. It was alleged that these amulets recognized the messianic claims of Sabbatai Zevi. Emden then accused Eybeschutz of heresy. Emden was known for his attacks directed against the adherents, or those he supposed to be adherents, of Sabbatai Zevi. In Emden's
3655:
and had received a revelation. He, or one of his followers, published a mystic work addressed to the Jews in which the most fantastic notions were set forth, e.g., that he was the true
Redeemer, in spite of his conversion, his object being to bring over thousands of Mohammedans to Judaism. To the
2879:
erupted directly after Zevi's forced conversion. Some of these attacks were considered part of a largely anti-Sabbatean agenda. Accusations coming from anti-Sabbatean Jews revolved around the idea that
Sabbatai Zevi's feigned conversion to Islam was rightfully an indicator of a false claim of
2989:
in 1751, the controversy reached the stage of intense and bitter antagonism. Emden maintained that he was at first prevented by threats from publishing anything against
Eybeschutz. He solemnly declared in his synagogue the writer of the amulets to be a Sabbatean heretic and deserving of
3947:
Excerpts from the testimonies were printed by Emden in his Beit
Yehonatan ha-Sofer, Altona 1762, fol. 4v; the full text of the testimonies, letters, and proclamations pertaining to the investigation can be found in , Gahalei Esh, Oxford, Bodleian Library. Ms. 2186, Vol. I, fols. 70r
3656:
sultan he said that his activity among the Jews was to bring them over to Islam. He therefore received permission to associate with his former coreligionists, and even to preach in their synagogues. He thus succeeded in bringing over a number of
Mohammedans to his
3168:(1610–1698) was one of the fiercest opponents of the Sabbatean movement. He wrote many letters to various communities in Europe, Asia, and Africa, exhorting them to unmask the impostors and to warn the people against them. He documented his struggle in his book
4120:
2864:. They constituted the largest number of Sabbateans during the 17th and 18th centuries. By the 19th century, Jewish Sabbateans had been reduced to small groups of hidden followers who feared being discovered for their beliefs, that were deemed to be entirely
3244:, propagating everywhere his Sabbatean teachings. Cohen soon discovered his mistake, and endeavored, without success, to recover his approbation, although he did not as yet realize the full import of the book. It was in 1713, while Cohen was staying at
2713:. The Sabbatean movement continued to disseminate throughout central Europe and northern Italy during the 18th century, propelled by "prophets" and "believers." Concurrently, anti-Sabbatean literature emerged, leading to a notable dispute between Rabbi
3037:
were unwilling to attack
EybeschĂĽtz publicly, mentioning that "greater than him have fallen and crumbled" and that "there is nothing we can do to him". However, Rabbi Katzenelenbogen stated that one of the texts found by the Amsterdam beit din
3664:), whose followers implicitly believed in him . This double-dealing with Jews and Mohammedans, however, could not last very long. Gradually the Turks tired of Shabbetai's schemes. He was deprived of his salary, and banished from Adrianople to
2872:. These very Jews fell under the category of "sectarian" Sabbateans, which originated when many Sabbateans refused to accept that Zevi's feigned apostasy might have been indicative of the fact that their faith was genuinely an illusion.
2841:
In spite of
Sabbatai's apostasy, many of his adherents still tenaciously clung to him, claiming that his conversion was a part of the Messianic scheme. This belief was further upheld and strengthened by the likes of Nathan of Gaza and
3057:, and may be credited with having crushed the lingering belief in Sabbatai current even in some Orthodox circles. In 1760 the quarrel broke out once more when some Sabbatean elements were discovered among the students of Eybeschutz'
2912:
2837:
Sabbatai's conversion to Islam was extremely disheartening for the world's Jewish communities. In addition to the misery and disappointment from within, Muslims and
Christians jeered at and scorned the credulous and duped Jews.
3724:
by Rabbi Joseph
Eskapha of his native town of Smyrna: "According to the testimony of Leib b. Ozer, the notary of the notary of the Ashkenazi community of Amsterdam ..., Sabbatai was eighteen years old when he was ordained a
3157:
Zevi. Zevi and his adherents retorted by deposing him and forcing him to leave the city, and his office was given to his colleague, Hayyim Benveniste, at that time one of Sabbatai's followers. After Sabbatai's conversion to
4117:
2857:, the scholar closest to Zevi, who had caused Zevi to reveal his Messiahship and in turn became his prophet, never followed his master into Islam but remained a Jew, albeit excommunicated by his Jewish brethren.
2903:"convert"). There were some internal sub-divisions within the sect, according to the geographical locations of the group, and according to who the leaders of these groups were after the death of Sabbatai Zevi.
3573:
as bride. His erratic behavior continued. For long periods, he was a respected student and teacher of Kabbalah; at other times, he was given to messianic fantasies and bizarre acts. At one point, living in
3256:
informed him of its tenets. Cohen thereupon acted rigorously. He launched a ban against the author and his book, and became one of the most zealous supporters of Haham Tzvi in his campaign against Hayyun.
3073:
within the Sabbatean movement. When Hasidism began to spread its influence, a serious schism evolved between the Hasidic and non-Hasidic Jews. Those who rejected the Hasidic movement dubbed themselves as
1043:
1621:
1276:
971:
3561:. More pronounced than his scholarship were his strange mystical speculations and religious ecstasies. He traveled to various cities, his strong personality and his alternately
1163:
3569:
behavior attracting and repelling rabbis and populace alike. He was expelled from Salonica by its rabbis for having staged a wedding service with himself as bridegroom and the
2973:
was chiefly based on the interpretation of some amulets prepared by Eybeschutz, in which Emden professed to see Sabbatean allusions. Hostilities began before Eybeschutz left
3731:." Scholem also writes, in the previous sentence: "Thomas Coenen, the Protestant minister serving the Dutch congregation in Smyrna, tells us ... that he received the title
2371:
135:
1158:
4478:
1406:
3029:
of Frankfurt and the triple community of Altona, Hamburg, and Wandsbeck. The three bans were printed and circulated in other Jewish communities throughout Europe.
3759:
Goldish, M. Jewish Questions: Responsa on Sephardic Life in the Early Modern Period, esp. p. Introduction XXXI, 2008 (The author describes him as a Romaniote Jew)
3470:
in 1666 and ended his life in exile 10 years later, he continued to have faithful followers. A sect was thus born and survived, largely thanks to the activity of
3095:, the founder of Hasidism, came at a time when the Jewish masses of Eastern Europe were reeling in bewilderment and disappointment engendered by the two Jewish
1660:
3540:
3025:). Writings of Sabbatian nature found by the beit Din at that time were attributed to Eybeschutz. In early September, similar proclamations were issued by the
3507:
4178:
645:
608:
3809:
Kahana, Maoz (2012). "The Allure of Forbidden Knowledge: The Temptation of Sabbatean Literature for Mainstream Rabbis in the Frankist Moment, 1756–1761".
2619:
2694:
in the same year. Sabbatai Zevi's followers, both during his proclaimed messiahship and after his forced conversion to Islam, are known as Sabbateans.
2786:
1584:
2807:
1607:
2834:. He was then also rewarded by the heads of the Ottoman state with a generous pension for his compliance with their political and religious plans.
957:
3474:(c. 1644–90), an unwearying propagandist who justified the actions of Shabbetai Tzevi, including his final apostasy, with theories based on the
4488:
4483:
4238:
4098:
Cengiz Sisman, "The Burden of Silence: Sabbatai Sevi and the Evolution of the Ottoman-Turkish Donmes", New York: Oxford University Press, 2015.
3276:. He waged war untiringly on the Sabbateans, which he regarded as dangerous to the best interests of Judaism, and in this connection wrote his
2364:
1534:
1469:
1351:
655:
4101:
1093:
4463:
2447:
1361:
1178:
1168:
408:
3979:
Maciejko, Paweł (2014). "The Rabbi and the Jesuit: On Rabbi Jonathan Eibeschütz and Father Franciscus Haselbauer Editing the Talmud".
1757:
1707:
1672:
1366:
1231:
1098:
3083:
Critics of Hasidic Judaism expressed concern that Hasidism might become a messianic sect as had occurred among the followers of both
4190:
4079:
3701:
2586:
2357:
1449:
1411:
1386:
1306:
1291:
1138:
1078:
1033:
3677:
3463:
3441:
3061:. At the same time his younger son, Wolf, presented himself as a Sabbatean prophet, with the result that the yeshiva was closed.
2860:
After Sabbatai Zevi's apostasy, many Jews, although horrified, clung to the belief that Zevi could still be regarded as the true
2672:
1742:
1724:
1630:
1524:
1376:
1371:
1296:
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1128:
4129:
2260:
2159:
1714:
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1549:
1459:
1396:
1346:
1326:
1321:
1241:
1215:
1190:
1068:
1058:
1048:
1028:
1023:
4171:
4458:
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1733:
1719:
1687:
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1635:
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1439:
1416:
1331:
1316:
1236:
1195:
1148:
1143:
1063:
1008:
3113:
Some scholars have claimed that the Sabbatean movement in general fostered and connected well with the principles of modern
2966:
eyes, Eybeschutz was a convicted Sabbatean. The controversy lasted several years, continuing even after Eybeschutz's death.
2632:
4493:
3108:
2154:
1692:
1677:
1640:
1602:
1574:
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1539:
1519:
1504:
1489:
1464:
1430:
1401:
1301:
1286:
1210:
1200:
1118:
1088:
1013:
999:
2950:
was a serious rabbinical disputation with wider political ramifications in Europe that followed the accusations by Rabbi
635:
2947:
2819:
2697:
In the late 17th century, northern Italy experienced a surge of Sabbatean activity, driven by the missionary efforts of
1762:
1682:
1645:
1569:
1514:
1381:
1356:
1281:
1256:
1246:
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1083:
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1752:
1747:
1702:
1655:
1341:
1311:
1271:
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1123:
429:
3530:
4468:
4448:
4231:
3432:
2226:
2071:
1779:
1173:
369:
359:
95:
3012:, as well as the leaders of the Three Communities, supported Eybeschutz: the accusation was "utterly incredible".
716:
4473:
4395:
3381:
3165:
3143:(1572–1662) was especially known for having been the teacher of Zevi and for having afterward excommunicated him.
2605:
2535:
2340:
2033:
1884:
1825:
3030:
2043:
2023:
1133:
613:
154:
4135:
Baer, Marc. (2007). "Globalization, Cosmopolitanism, and the Dönme in Ottoman Salonica and Turkish Istanbul".
3609:
4032:
3342:. He is best known as the opponent of Rabbi Jonathan Eybeschutz, whom he accused of being a Sabbatean during
3302:, was a resolute opponent of the followers of Sabbatai Zevi. In Salonica he also witnessed the impact of the
2875:
Another large group of Sabbateans after Zevi's apostasy began to view Islam in an extremely negative light.
2729:, began in Eastern Europe during this century. Part of the Sabbateans lived on until well into 21st-century
2637:
2395:
2184:
2174:
2139:
2018:
2008:
1791:
962:
904:
738:
417:
374:
89:
4303:
3648:
3535:
2698:
2429:
2303:
2038:
1952:
1018:
570:
189:
159:
3427:
565:
4224:
3918:
3306:
movement on the community, and this experience became a determining factor in his whole career. His son
3236:. Provided with this and with other recommendations secured in the same way, Hayyun traveled throughout
2194:
2189:
2134:
1922:
837:
552:
447:
164:
2887:, those followers of Zevi who had converted to Islam but who secretly continued Jewish observances and
4343:
4298:
3396:
3122:
2706:
2265:
2217:
1957:
1815:
628:
493:
482:
440:
4443:
4338:
3660:, and, on the other hand, in converting many Jews to Islam, thus forming a Judæo-Turkish sect (see
3632:
3619:
3614:
3218:
but he died there before this was accomplished. This book, as well as many others of his, was lost.
3197:
3153:
in 1665, when Zevi's movement was at its height there. He was one of the few rabbis to oppose and
2955:
2941:
2718:
2687:
2464:
2318:
691:
558:
461:
454:
384:
272:
147:
4160:
4152:
3996:
3900:
3892:
3834:
3826:
2916:
2876:
2861:
2810:; in September of that same year, after being moved from different prisons around the capital to
2773:. He was the founder of the Sabbatean movement, whose followers subsequently were to be known as
2770:
2474:
2460:
2169:
2119:
2066:
2061:
1975:
1845:
1113:
942:
701:
621:
475:
41:
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4075:
3697:
3640:
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3475:
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2865:
2827:
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2313:
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1612:
1251:
711:
582:
512:
389:
302:
169:
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1336:
847:
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104:
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1820:
1801:
952:
681:
593:
576:
120:
67:
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4275:
3665:
3579:
3471:
3371:
3356:
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3249:
3221:
3211:
3046:
2884:
2854:
2800:
2766:
2762:
2710:
2676:
2661:
2484:
2345:
2144:
2013:
1999:
1879:
1858:
1835:
1830:
1808:
1796:
1391:
872:
806:
771:
749:
686:
524:
502:
364:
343:
319:
85:
31:
3875:
Jacobs, Martin (2007). "An Ex-Sabbatean's Remorse? Sambari's Polemics against Islam".
3121:
in Turkey for secularizing their society just as European Jews promoted the values of
4437:
4367:
4270:
4164:
4000:
3904:
3838:
3781:, pp. 678–681; Scholem, Gershom. "Shabbetai Zevi." Encyclopaedia Judaica, pp. 348–350
3455:
3339:
3303:
3154:
3140:
3096:
3092:
3084:
2850:
2742:
2657:
2293:
2288:
1494:
1421:
947:
796:
791:
786:
776:
754:
706:
468:
307:
212:
174:
125:
4379:
4318:
4308:
4202:"The Jews' entry into public sphere: the Emden-EibeschĂĽtz controversy reconsidered"
3720:, p. 111, mentions, among other evidence of Sabbatai's early rabbinic training and
3605:
3483:
3376:
3146:
2843:
2804:
2323:
2149:
1990:
1985:
1943:
1896:
990:
857:
842:
801:
766:
379:
221:
3992:
3229:
4069:
4417:
4107:
3499:
3343:
3331:
3317:
3307:
3259:
3203:
3088:
3034:
2951:
2937:
2726:
2714:
2308:
2250:
1915:
821:
816:
811:
781:
3019:
of Amsterdam had issued a ban of excommunication on the entire Sabbatian sect (
3562:
3386:
3114:
3054:
2888:
2811:
2419:
1966:
980:
909:
867:
696:
235:
142:
62:
4130:
The Donmeh: True Believers, Jewish Heretics or Untrustworthy Moslem Converts?
4422:
4054:
4035:. Bezalel Naor (Rav Kook on Sabbatianism). December 12, 2006. Archived from
3578:
seeking "peace for his soul," he sought out a self-proclaimed "man of God,"
3575:
3437:
3325:
3321:
3299:
3253:
3225:
3172:, the title being based on Isaiah 28:4. He wrote a number of works, such as
3076:
2924:
2849:
Many within Zevi's inner circle followed him into Islam, including his wife
2823:
2129:
2114:
1204:
1152:
914:
862:
852:
533:
529:
519:
434:
194:
17:
4353:
3661:
3479:
3314:
and followed in his father's footsteps in combating the Sabbatean movement.
3118:
2892:
2774:
2702:
882:
4148:
3888:
3822:
3672:
in a tent with Jews, whereupon the grand vizier ordered his banishment to
3531:""Witnesses to History": Shabbetai Zvi - False Messiah (Judaic Treasures)"
4409:
3721:
3673:
3657:
3652:
3558:
3495:
3459:
3361:
3127:
3016:
2986:
2815:
2758:
2754:
2722:
2668:
2507:
2298:
1908:
1840:
671:
179:
130:
4156:
3896:
3830:
2705:
movement, led by Baruchiah Russo, emerged, which sought to abolish many
3245:
3241:
3237:
3200:
which includes polemical correspondence against Zevi and his followers.
3058:
3009:
3005:
2982:
2911:
2791:
2709:. During the same period, Sabbatean groups from Poland migrated to the
2274:
2240:
2109:
1903:
892:
887:
759:
650:
545:
541:
537:
286:
281:
258:
240:
115:
110:
100:
78:
53:
4036:
3727:
3669:
3636:
3487:
3335:
3273:
3264:
3206:(1620–1674) was one of Zevi's chief opponents, who put him under the
3189:
3150:
3099:
Sabbatai Zevi (1626–1676) and Jacob Frank (1726–1791) in particular.
3001:
2974:
2962:
2831:
2830:. Sabbatai seems to have chosen the latter by donning from then on a
2814:(the imperial court's seat) for judgment on accusations of fomenting
2750:
2730:
1934:
1929:
1889:
1874:
985:
877:
297:
263:
249:
184:
2977:; when Eybeschutz was named chief rabbi of the three communities of
3668:. In a village near the latter city he was one day surprised while
4201:
3570:
3311:
3295:
3159:
2910:
2826:, the choice of either facing death by some type of ordeal, or of
2790:
2746:
2664:
2631:
2525:
897:
326:
230:
199:
2795:
Former followers of Sabbatai do penance for their support of him.
3735:, the Sephardi honorific for a rabbi, when still an adolescent."
2954:(1697–1776), a fierce opponent of the Sabbateans, against Rabbi
2653:
49:
4220:
4216:
3956:
3954:
4110:. Edited, translated, annotated and with an introduction by
2818:, Sabbatai was given by the Grand Vizier, in the name of the
4172:
A Messianic Epiphany: The Conversion of the Dönme Sabbateans
2958:(1690–1764) whom he accused of being a secret Sabbatean.
3692:
Barnavi, Eli, ed. (1992). "The Era of False Messiahs".
2686:
accepted his claims, even after he outwardly became an
4179:"The History of Naming the Ottoman/Turkish Sabbatians"
2961:
The Emden-Eybeschutz controversy arose concerning the
4053:. M. Avrum Ehrlich. December 12, 2006. Archived from
3553:
Born in Smyrna in 1626, he showed early promise as a
3020:
1913:
1894:
317:
4408:
4388:
4361:
4352:
4263:
4254:
3248:(where he acted as a rabbi until 1716), that Haham
3176:(1652), an index of Biblical passages found in the
2846:, who were interested in maintaining the movement.
4185:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
3539:. American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE).
3428:"Judaism - The Lurianic Kabbalah: Shabbetaianism"
2907:Sabbatean-related controversies in Jewish history
3859:. Princeton University Press. pp. 687–693.
3798:. Princeton University Press. pp. 821–828.
2853:and most of his closest relatives and friends.
3631:At the command , Shabbetai was now taken from
3033:, the chief rabbi of the Triple Community and
2803:, Sabbatai was imprisoned on the order of the
2721:. Additionally, a successor movement known as
4232:
2613:
2365:
8:
3680:, where he died in loneliness and obscurity.
3557:, and even more as a student and devotee of
3422:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3045:The controversy was a momentous incident in
2701:. Around 1700, a radical faction within the
3502:(1726–91), the self-proclaimed messiah and
609:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4385:
4358:
4260:
4239:
4225:
4217:
4118:The Dönmes: Crypto-Jews under Turkish Rule
4051:"Sabbatean Messianism as Proto Secularism"
2620:
2606:
2383:
2372:
2358:
2222:
1863:
936:
743:
348:
217:
36:
3694:The Historical Atlas of the Jewish People
3596:
3594:
3592:
3590:
2787:History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire
2636:Illustration of Sabbatai Tzvi from 1906 (
4103:The Collection of the Words of the Lord
3938:Emden, Beit Yehonatan ha-Sofer, fol. 4.
3408:
3162:, Lapapa seems to have been reinstated.
2656:followers, disciples, and believers in
2386:
2273:
2225:
2051:
1998:
1965:
1942:
1866:
1732:
1620:
1594:
1429:
1223:
998:
970:
829:
663:
592:
492:
407:
351:
271:
248:
220:
48:
4479:Jews and Judaism in the Ottoman Empire
3969:Prager, Gahalei Esh, Vol. I, fol. 54v.
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3117:. Related to this is the drive of the
2765:, Zevi, who was active throughout the
4071:The Newest Testament: A Secular Bible
3870:
3868:
3866:
3850:
3848:
3789:
3787:
7:
3543:from the original on 16 October 2017
3466:in 1665. Although the "messiah" was
3338:scholar and leading opponent of the
4074:. Archway Publishing. p. 468.
3857:Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah
3796:Sabbatai Sevi: The Mystical Messiah
2799:In February 1666, upon arriving in
2673:proclaimed to be the Jewish Messiah
4013:Emden, Sefer Hitabbkut, fos. 1v-2r
3486:, whose descendants still live in
3188:, which relates to the Babylonian
25:
4181:. In Robert G. Ousterhout (ed.).
3135:Rabbis who opposed the Sabbateans
2915:Sabbatai Zevi "enthroned" as the
2769:, claimed to be the long-awaited
400:Historical population comparisons
3696:. Hutchinson. pp. 148–149.
3344:The Emden-EybeschĂĽtz Controversy
3103:Sabbateans and modern secularism
2932:The Emden-Eybeschutz controversy
2394:
1044:Democratic Republic of the Congo
958:Historical population by country
4206:Simon Dubnow Institute Yearbook
3228:who was tricked into giving an
3069:Some scholars see seeds of the
4183:Studies on Istanbul and Beyond
3768:Rifa N. Bali (2008), pp. 91-92
3149:(1590–1674) was the rabbi at
3125:and its Jewish equivalent the
3049:of the period, involving both
3031:Rabbi Ezekiel Katzenellenbogen
3000:The majority of the rabbis in
2733:as descendants of the Dönmeh.
1:
4489:History of the Jews in Europe
4484:Judaism-related controversies
4033:"Post Sabbatian Sabbatianism"
3993:10.2979/jewisocistud.20.2.147
3442:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
3324:and waged a campaign against
3270:Spanish and Portuguese Jewish
3196:(1737), a volume of halachic
3109:Conspiracy theories in Turkey
3065:Sabbateans and early Hasidism
3015:In July 1725, the Ashkenazic
2808:Köprülüzade Fazıl Ahmed Pasha
615:Christianity and Judaism
3960:Gahalei Esh, Vol. I, fol. 54
3919:"A Strange Sect in Saloniki"
3328:emissaries during 1725-1726.
3320:(1671- c. 1750) was born in
3184:, similar to Aaron Pesaro's
2948:Emden-Eybeschutz controversy
2820:Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
2682:Vast numbers of Jews in the
3877:The Jewish Quarterly Review
3811:The Jewish Quarterly Review
3747:Jewish Art and Civilization
3476:Lurian doctrine of "repair"
3468:forcibly converted to Islam
3232:to a book by the Sabbatean
3210:. About 1673 Hagis went to
3021:
2777:"converts" or crypto-Jews.
2404:History of Jewish mysticism
1914:
1895:
1622:Latin America and Caribbean
318:
4510:
4464:Jewish religious movements
3745:Wigoder, Geoffrey (1972).
3482:(Turkish: "Apostates") of
3464:proclaimed himself messiah
3106:
2935:
2784:
2692:forced conversion to Islam
2227:Jewish political movements
1924:Conversion to Judaism
29:
27:Followers of Sabbatai Zevi
3855:Scholem, Gershom (1973).
3794:Scholem, Gershom (1973).
3529:Karp, Abraham J. (2017).
3382:List of messiah claimants
3290:(1656–1718) known as the
3166:Jacob ben Aaron Sasportas
2469:c. 100 BCE – 1000 CE
630:Hinduism and Judaism
4200:MacIejko, Pawel (2007).
4137:Journal of World History
4068:Goldstein, M.B. (2013).
456:Temple in Jerusalem
149:Bar and bat mitzvah
30:Not to be confused with
4177:Sisman, Cengiz (2007).
4022:, Gahalei Esh, fol.112r
3641:take an additional wife
3433:Encyclopædia Britannica
3280:(London, 1715) against
3040:Va'avo Hayom el Ha'Ayin
2638:Joods Historisch Museum
2520:c. 1175 – 1500s CE
418:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4304:Abraham Miguel Cardoso
4106:, by Sabbatean leader
3536:Jewish Virtual Library
2928:
2900:
2877:Polemics against Islam
2796:
2699:Abraham Miguel Cardoso
2641:
2560:1665 – c. 1800 CE
2499:c. 1150 – 1250 CE
2430:Apocalyptic literature
4459:Ashkenazi Jews topics
4149:10.1353/jwh.2007.0009
3981:Jewish Social Studies
3889:10.1353/jqr.2007.0038
3823:10.1353/jqr.2012.0033
3284:(who supported Zevi).
2969:Emden's assertion of
2914:
2794:
2707:biblical prohibitions
2635:
2591:c. 1920s – today
2581:1730s CE – today
1164:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
1159:Republic of the Congo
553:Second Temple Judaism
424:Kingdom of Judah
395:Modern historiography
4494:Sephardi Jews topics
4344:Judah Leib Prossnitz
4299:Joshua Heschel Zoref
4057:on January 14, 2007.
4039:on December 5, 2006.
3397:Joshua Heschel Zoref
3262:(1654–1728) was the
3123:Age of Enlightenment
2891:became known as the
2868:and antithetical to
2741:Sabbatai Zevi was a
2719:Jonathan Eybeschuetz
2652:) were a variety of
2550:1570 CE – today
2536:Cordoverian Kabbalah
2448:Rabbinic esotericism
2266:World Agudath Israel
1407:United Arab Emirates
494:Second Temple period
484:Babylonian captivity
4339:Meir bar Hiyya Rofe
3928:. January 26, 1919.
3676:, a small place in
3620:Kopelman Foundation
3615:Jewish Encyclopedia
3310:served as rabbi in
2956:Jonathan Eybeschutz
2942:Jonathan Eybeschutz
2828:converting to Islam
2781:Conversion to Islam
559:Hellenistic Judaism
137:Land of Israel
96:Principles of faith
4454:Apocalyptic groups
4123:2010-12-05 at the
3926:The New York Times
3224:(1649–1718) was a
3170:Tzitzat Novel Tzvi
2929:
2797:
2642:
2479:early CE–modernity
2475:Practical Kabbalah
2455:c. 1 – 200 CE
2120:Jewish Koine Greek
1662:Dominican Republic
943:Judaism by country
622:Jews and Christmas
477:Assyrian captivity
4469:Jewish messianism
4449:Heresy in Judaism
4431:
4430:
4404:
4403:
4375:
4374:
4284:
4283:
3496:Polish supporters
3492:Roman Catholicism
3367:Islam and Judaism
3035:Rabbi Moses Hagiz
2995:(excommunication)
2630:
2629:
2595:
2594:
2546:Lurianic Kabbalah
2513:Ecstatic Kabbalah
2508:Medieval Kabbalah
2495:Ashkenazi Hasidim
2382:
2381:
2331:
2330:
2079:
2078:
1826:Reconstructionist
1770:
1769:
922:
921:
729:
728:
566:Jewish–Roman wars
514:Hasmonean dynasty
430:Kingdom of Israel
334:
333:
16:(Redirected from
4501:
4474:Jewish mysticism
4386:
4359:
4324:Mordecai Mokiach
4261:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4218:
4213:
4196:
4168:
4086:
4085:
4065:
4059:
4058:
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4023:
4020:
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4004:
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3872:
3861:
3860:
3852:
3843:
3842:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3791:
3782:
3775:
3769:
3766:
3760:
3757:
3751:
3750:
3742:
3736:
3714:
3708:
3707:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3658:cabalistic views
3628:
3626:
3610:"Shabbetai áş’evi"
3602:Kohler, Kaufmann
3598:
3585:
3584:
3555:Talmudic scholar
3550:
3548:
3526:
3513:
3512:
3504:Catholic convert
3451:
3449:
3424:
3334:(1697–1776) was
3294:, for some time
3182:Jerusalem Talmud
3071:Hasidic movement
3051:Yechezkel Landau
3024:
3022:kat ha-ma’aminim
2870:Rabbinic Judaism
2763:Romaniote origin
2660:(1626–1676), an
2622:
2615:
2608:
2416:
2415:
2398:
2388:Jewish mysticism
2384:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2223:
2104:
1925:
1919:
1900:
1864:
1811:
1758:New Zealand
1710:
1673:El Salvador
1663:
1595:Northern America
1587:
1181:
937:
848:Crimean Karaites
744:
722:
720:
641:
639:
631:
625:
616:
604:Rabbinic Judaism
585:
579:
573:
561:
549:
515:
508:Maccabean Revolt
485:
478:
472:
464:
457:
451:
443:
425:
349:
323:
218:
150:
138:
37:
21:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4400:
4384:
4371:
4348:
4329:Behr Perlhefter
4314:Nehemiah Hayyun
4289:Abraham Yachini
4280:
4250:
4245:
4199:
4193:
4176:
4134:
4125:Wayback Machine
4112:Harris Lenowitz
4095:
4093:Further reading
4090:
4089:
4082:
4067:
4066:
4062:
4049:
4048:
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3808:
3807:
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3793:
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3785:
3776:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3715:
3711:
3704:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3643:, a Mohammedan
3624:
3622:
3600:
3599:
3588:
3546:
3544:
3528:
3527:
3516:
3508:Bohemia-Moravia
3462:(1626–76), who
3456:Shabbetai Tzevi
3447:
3445:
3444:23 January 2020
3426:
3425:
3410:
3405:
3392:Behr Perlhefter
3353:
3282:Nehemiah Hayyun
3234:Nehemiah Hayyun
3216:Lehem ha-Panim,
3214:to publish his
3174:Toledot Ya'akob
3137:
3111:
3105:
3080:("opponents").
3067:
2944:
2936:Main articles:
2934:
2909:
2789:
2783:
2739:
2717:(Ya'avetz) and
2684:Jewish diaspora
2626:
2597:
2596:
2578:
2574:Hasidic schools
2556:Sabbatean sects
2517:
2452:
2413:
2378:
2333:
2332:
2220:
2210:
2209:
2200:Judeo-Malayalam
2180:Judaeo-Georgian
2100:
2091:
2081:
2080:
1981:Yiddish theatre
1923:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1809:
1782:
1772:
1771:
1708:
1661:
1585:
1179:
963:Genetic studies
934:
924:
923:
741:
731:
730:
718:
717:
637:
636:
629:
619:
614:
596:and Middle Ages
594:Rabbinic period
581:
575:
568:
556:
527:
513:
483:
476:
467:
459:
455:
446:
441:in Judaism
438:
423:
346:
336:
335:
215:
205:
204:
148:
136:
81:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4507:
4505:
4497:
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4491:
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4471:
4466:
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4456:
4451:
4446:
4436:
4435:
4429:
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4372:
4370:
4365:
4363:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4334:Abraham Rovigo
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4294:Moses Pinheiro
4291:
4285:
4282:
4281:
4279:
4278:
4276:Nathan of Gaza
4273:
4267:
4265:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4246:
4244:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4197:
4191:
4174:
4169:
4143:(2): 141–170.
4132:
4127:
4115:
4099:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4060:
4042:
4024:
4015:
4006:
3971:
3962:
3950:
3940:
3931:
3910:
3883:(3): 347–378.
3862:
3844:
3817:(4): 589–616.
3801:
3783:
3770:
3761:
3752:
3737:
3709:
3702:
3684:
3670:singing psalms
3666:Constantinople
3586:
3580:Nathan of Gaza
3567:self-indulgent
3514:
3472:Nathan of Gaza
3407:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3372:Jewish schisms
3369:
3364:
3359:
3357:Crypto-Judaism
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3329:
3315:
3288:Tzvi Ashkenazi
3285:
3257:
3250:Tzvi Ashkenazi
3222:Naphtali Cohen
3219:
3212:Constantinople
3201:
3186:Toledot Aharon
3163:
3144:
3136:
3133:
3104:
3101:
3097:false messiahs
3091:. However the
3066:
3063:
3047:Jewish history
2933:
2930:
2917:Jewish Messiah
2908:
2905:
2885:Ottoman Empire
2862:Jewish Messiah
2855:Nathan of Gaza
2801:Constantinople
2785:Main article:
2782:
2779:
2771:Jewish Messiah
2767:Ottoman Empire
2738:
2735:
2711:Land of Israel
2677:Nathan of Gaza
2662:Ottoman Jewish
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2617:
2610:
2602:
2599:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:Academic study
2583:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2542:
2541:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2530:1280s–1400s CE
2528:
2522:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2485:Sefer Yetzirah
2481:
2480:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2445:
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2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2268:
2263:
2261:Territorialism
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2145:Judaeo-Spanish
2142:
2140:Judaeo-Iranian
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2092:
2087:
2086:
2083:
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2069:
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2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2003:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1947:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1920:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1869:
1868:
1862:
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1852:
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1605:
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1586:United Kingdom
1582:
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1557:
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1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1019:Bilad-el-Sudan
1016:
1011:
1003:
1002:
996:
995:
994:
993:
988:
983:
975:
974:
972:Land of Israel
968:
967:
966:
965:
960:
955:
950:
945:
935:
930:
929:
926:
925:
920:
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907:
902:
901:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
832:
831:
830:Related groups
827:
826:
825:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
763:
762:
757:
742:
737:
736:
733:
732:
727:
726:
725:
724:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
687:Jewish atheism
684:
679:
674:
666:
665:
661:
660:
659:
658:
653:
648:
643:
638:Islamic–Jewish
633:
626:
611:
606:
598:
597:
590:
589:
588:
587:
563:
550:
522:
517:
510:
505:
503:Yehud Medinata
497:
496:
490:
489:
488:
487:
480:
473:
465:
452:
444:
432:
427:
420:
412:
411:
409:Ancient Israel
405:
404:
403:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
365:Land of Israel
362:
354:
353:
347:
342:
341:
338:
337:
332:
331:
330:
329:
324:
320:Shulchan Aruch
315:
310:
305:
300:
292:
291:
290:
289:
284:
276:
275:
269:
268:
267:
266:
261:
253:
252:
246:
245:
244:
243:
238:
233:
225:
224:
216:
211:
210:
207:
206:
203:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
145:
140:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
98:
93:
86:God in Judaism
82:
77:
76:
73:
72:
71:
70:
65:
57:
56:
46:
45:
32:Sabbatarianism
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4506:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4415:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4369:
4368:Jacob Querido
4366:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4271:Sabbatai Zevi
4269:
4268:
4266:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4237:
4235:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4219:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4198:
4194:
4192:9781934536018
4188:
4184:
4180:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4119:
4116:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4083:
4081:9781480801554
4077:
4073:
4072:
4064:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4025:
4019:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3927:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3851:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3805:
3802:
3797:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3774:
3771:
3765:
3762:
3756:
3753:
3749:. p. 44.
3748:
3741:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3705:
3703:0-09-177593-0
3699:
3695:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3607:
3606:Malter, Henry
3603:
3597:
3595:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3542:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3515:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3434:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3304:Sabbatai Zevi
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3286:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3272:community in
3271:
3267:
3266:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3202:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3156:
3155:excommunicate
3152:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3141:Joseph Escapa
3139:
3138:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3094:
3093:Baal Shem Tov
3090:
3086:
3085:Sabbatai Zevi
3081:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2880:Messianship.
2878:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2793:
2788:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2757:, Turkey). A
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:Sabbatai Zevi
2736:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:Sabbatai Zevi
2655:
2651:
2647:
2639:
2634:
2623:
2618:
2616:
2611:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2533:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2454:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2409:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2375:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
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2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2185:Judeo-Aramaic
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2175:Judeo-Italian
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:GhardaĂŻa Sign
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1780:Denominations
1776:
1775:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1608:United States
1606:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:Guinea-Bissau
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
997:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
979:
978:
977:
976:
973:
969:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
948:Lists of Jews
946:
944:
941:
940:
939:
938:
933:
928:
927:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
834:
833:
828:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
761:
758:
756:
753:
752:
751:
748:
747:
746:
745:
740:
735:
734:
723:
715:
713:
710:
708:
707:The Holocaust
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
669:
668:
667:
662:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
634:
632:
627:
623:
617:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
601:
600:
599:
595:
591:
584:
578:
572:
567:
564:
560:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
500:
499:
498:
495:
491:
486:
481:
479:
474:
470:
466:
463:
458:
453:
449:
445:
442:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
421:
419:
416:
415:
414:
413:
410:
406:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
355:
350:
345:
340:
339:
328:
325:
322:
321:
316:
314:
311:
309:
308:Mishneh Torah
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
294:
293:
288:
285:
283:
280:
279:
278:
277:
274:
270:
265:
262:
260:
257:
256:
255:
254:
251:
247:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
227:
226:
223:
219:
214:
209:
208:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
146:
144:
141:
139:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
106:
102:
99:
97:
94:
91:
87:
84:
83:
80:
75:
74:
69:
68:Who is a Jew?
66:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4380:Mehmed Cavid
4319:Johan Kemper
4309:Samuel Primo
4255:
4248:Sabbateanism
4247:
4209:
4205:
4182:
4140:
4136:
4102:
4070:
4063:
4055:the original
4045:
4037:the original
4027:
4018:
4009:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3965:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3913:
3880:
3876:
3856:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3795:
3778:
3773:
3764:
3755:
3746:
3740:
3732:
3726:
3717:
3712:
3693:
3687:
3630:
3623:. Retrieved
3613:
3552:
3545:. Retrieved
3534:
3453:
3446:. Retrieved
3431:
3377:Johan Kemper
3292:Chacham Tzvi
3291:
3277:
3263:
3215:
3194:Ohel Ya'akov
3193:
3185:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3147:Aaron Lapapa
3126:
3112:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3044:
3039:
3026:
3014:
2999:
2992:
2968:
2960:
2945:
2920:
2882:
2874:
2859:
2848:
2844:Samuel Primo
2840:
2836:
2805:grand vizier
2798:
2740:
2696:
2681:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2555:
2424:800–400s BCE
2324:Post-Zionism
2195:Judeo-Berber
2190:Judeo-Arabic
2150:Judeo-Gascon
1897:Pidyon haben
1816:Conservative
1362:Saudi Arabia
1180:South Africa
1169:Sierra Leone
991:Israeli Jews
905:Mosaic Arabs
858:Kaifeng Jews
719:Arab–Israeli
692:Emancipation
676:
571:Great Revolt
380:Anti-Judaism
375:Antisemitism
370:Name "Judea"
165:Baal teshuva
18:Sabbateanism
4418:Jacob Frank
4396:Yeni Mosque
4108:Jacob Frank
3649:Holy Spirit
3500:Jacob Frank
3494:—e.g., the
3332:Jacob Emden
3318:Moses Hagiz
3308:Jacob Emden
3260:David Nieto
3230:approbation
3204:Jacob Hagis
3089:Jacob Frank
2952:Jacob Emden
2938:Jacob Emden
2883:Inside the
2727:Jacob Frank
2715:Jacob Emden
2690:due to his
2675:in 1666 by
2434:300–100 BCE
2319:Revisionist
2309:Neo-Zionism
1916:Zeved habat
1709:Puerto Rico
1535:Netherlands
1367:South Korea
1352:Philippines
1232:Afghanistan
1099:Ivory Coast
873:Crypto-Jews
838:Bnei Anusim
817:Bene Israel
782:Beta Israel
739:Communities
646:Middle Ages
385:Persecution
160:Bereavement
4444:Sabbateans
4438:Categories
4256:Sabbateans
4212:: 135–154.
3987:(2): 147.
3637:Adrianople
3403:References
3387:Messianism
3340:Sabbatians
3192:only; and
3115:secularism
3107:See also:
3055:Vilna Gaon
2889:brit milah
2812:Adrianople
2650:Sabbatians
2646:Sabbateans
2489:200–600 CE
2304:Maximalism
2256:Secularism
2236:Autonomism
2053:Literature
1846:Humanistic
1450:Azerbaijan
1412:Uzbekistan
1387:Tajikistan
1307:Kyrgyzstan
1292:Kazakhstan
1139:Mozambique
1114:Madagascar
1034:Cape Verde
986:New Yishuv
981:Old Yishuv
932:Population
910:Subbotniks
868:Samaritans
807:Romanyotim
750:Ashkenazim
697:Old Yishuv
677:Sabbateans
664:Modern era
656:Golden Age
583:Bar Kokhba
303:Beit Yosef
170:Philosophy
4423:Eve Frank
4410:Frankists
4165:143494298
4001:161462387
3905:162896245
3839:162409618
3777:Scholem,
3716:Scholem,
3625:6 October
3576:Jerusalem
3547:6 October
3448:6 October
3438:Edinburgh
3326:Sabbatean
3322:Jerusalem
3300:Amsterdam
3254:Amsterdam
3226:kabbalist
3077:misnagdim
3027:batei din
2925:Amsterdam
2866:heretical
2824:Mehmed IV
2759:kabbalist
2745:ordained
2743:Sephardic
2725:, led by
2669:Kabbalist
2314:Religious
2170:Zarphatic
2160:Bukharian
2130:Judeo-Tat
2115:Yeshivish
2089:Languages
2044:Sephardic
2034:Israelite
2024:Ethiopian
2014:Ashkenazi
1953:Religious
1743:Australia
1725:Venezuela
1631:Argentina
1613:Greenland
1525:Lithuania
1377:Sri Lanka
1372:Singapore
1297:Kurdistan
1262:Indonesia
1252:Hong Kong
1205:Abayudaya
1129:Mauritius
863:Igbo Jews
853:Krymchaks
772:Sephardim
640:relations
534:Sadducees
530:Pharisees
520:Sanhedrin
435:Jerusalem
195:Synagogue
63:Etymology
4157:20079421
4121:Archived
3897:25470213
3831:41681764
3722:semikhah
3718:op. cit.
3674:Dulcigno
3653:Passover
3608:(1906).
3559:Kabbalah
3541:Archived
3484:Salonika
3362:Frankism
3351:See also
3336:Talmudic
3198:responsa
3178:haggadah
3128:haskalah
3053:and the
3017:beth din
2987:Wandsbek
2816:sedition
2723:Frankism
2688:apostate
2671:who was
2569:Hasidism
2540:1500s CE
2465:Hekhalot
2461:Merkabah
2420:Prophets
2341:Category
2299:Kahanism
2246:Feminism
2218:Politics
2102:Biblical
2072:American
2019:Bukharan
2009:American
1909:Shidduch
1885:Clothing
1841:Haymanot
1787:Orthodox
1715:Suriname
1698:Paraguay
1651:Colombia
1550:Portugal
1460:Bulgaria
1397:Thailand
1347:Pakistan
1327:Mongolia
1322:Malaysia
1242:Cambodia
1216:Zimbabwe
1191:Tanzania
1069:Eswatini
1059:Ethiopia
1049:Djibouti
1029:Cameroon
1024:Botswana
953:Diaspora
915:Noahides
888:Marranos
812:Cochinim
797:Bukharim
787:Gruzinim
777:Teimanim
767:Mizrahim
755:Galician
721:conflict
682:Hasidism
672:Haskalah
577:Diaspora
448:timeline
360:Timeline
273:Rabbinic
180:Kabbalah
155:Marriage
131:Tzedakah
121:Holidays
79:Religion
42:a series
40:Part of
4362:Leaders
4264:Leaders
3779:op cit.
3678:Albania
3563:ascetic
3490:—or to
3278:Esh Dat
3268:of the
3246:Breslau
3242:Silesia
3238:Moravia
3180:of the
3059:yeshiva
3010:Bohemia
3006:Moravia
2983:Hamburg
2963:amulets
2919:, from
2897:Turkish
2284:General
2275:Zionism
2251:Leftism
2241:Bundism
2165:Knaanic
2125:Yevanic
2110:Yiddish
2067:Yiddish
2062:Israeli
2039:Mizrahi
2029:Israeli
2000:Cuisine
1976:Ancient
1958:Secular
1904:Kashrut
1880:Wedding
1867:Customs
1859:Culture
1836:Science
1831:Renewal
1821:Karaite
1802:Hasidic
1734:Oceania
1720:Uruguay
1688:Jamaica
1668:Ecuador
1636:Bolivia
1580:Ukraine
1555:Romania
1530:Moldova
1510:Hungary
1500:Germany
1495:Georgia
1485:Finland
1480:Estonia
1475:Denmark
1470:Czechia
1455:Belarus
1445:Austria
1440:Armenia
1417:Vietnam
1332:Myanmar
1317:Lebanon
1237:Bahrain
1196:Tunisia
1174:Somalia
1149:Nigeria
1144:Namibia
1134:Morocco
1064:Eritrea
1009:Algeria
893:Neofiti
802:Italkim
792:Juhurim
702:Zionism
651:Khazars
546:Sicarii
542:Zealots
538:Essenes
525:Schisms
390:Leaders
352:General
344:History
287:Tosefta
282:Midrash
259:Mishnah
241:Ketuvim
236:Nevi'im
185:Customs
116:Shabbat
111:Halakha
103: (
101:Mitzvot
88: (
54:Judaism
4389:Places
4354:Dönmeh
4189:
4163:
4155:
4078:
3999:
3903:
3895:
3837:
3829:
3733:hakham
3728:hakham
3700:
3662:Dönmeh
3633:Abydos
3488:Turkey
3480:Dönmeh
3460:Smyrna
3454:Rabbi
3274:London
3190:Talmud
3151:Smyrna
3119:Dönmeh
3008:, and
3002:Poland
2985:, and
2979:Altona
2975:Prague
2971:heresy
2927:, 1666
2921:Tikkun
2893:Dönmeh
2832:turban
2775:Dönmeh
2751:Smyrna
2731:Turkey
2703:Dönmeh
2654:Jewish
2443:Pardes
2346:Portal
2205:Domari
2135:Shassi
2096:Hebrew
1991:Humour
1935:Hiloni
1930:Aliyah
1890:Niddah
1875:Minyan
1810:Reform
1797:Haredi
1792:Modern
1693:Mexico
1678:Guyana
1641:Brazil
1603:Canada
1575:Sweden
1565:Serbia
1560:Russia
1545:Poland
1540:Norway
1520:Latvia
1505:Greece
1490:France
1465:Cyprus
1431:Europe
1402:Turkey
1392:Taiwan
1302:Kuwait
1287:Jordan
1277:Israel
1211:Zambia
1201:Uganda
1119:Malawi
1089:Guinea
1079:Gambia
1014:Angola
1000:Africa
883:Dönmeh
878:Anusim
822:Berber
760:Litvak
712:Israel
618:
555:
469:Second
437:
298:Targum
264:Gemara
250:Talmud
222:Tanakh
175:Ethics
126:Prayer
4161:S2CID
4153:JSTOR
3997:S2CID
3922:(PDF)
3901:S2CID
3893:JSTOR
3835:S2CID
3827:JSTOR
3645:slave
3571:Torah
3312:Emden
3296:rabbi
3265:haham
3160:Islam
2993:ḥerem
2901:dönme
2851:Sarah
2755:Ä°zmir
2753:(now
2749:from
2747:rabbi
2665:rabbi
2526:Zohar
2412:Forms
2294:Labor
2289:Green
1986:Dance
1944:Music
1763:Palau
1683:Haiti
1646:Chile
1570:Spain
1515:Italy
1422:Yemen
1382:Syria
1357:Qatar
1337:Nepal
1282:Japan
1257:India
1247:China
1186:Sudan
1109:Libya
1104:Kenya
1084:Ghana
1074:Gabon
1054:Egypt
1039:Benin
898:Xueta
843:Lemba
462:First
327:Zohar
231:Torah
213:Texts
200:Rabbi
190:Rites
90:names
4187:ISBN
4076:ISBN
3948:-129
3698:ISBN
3627:2020
3565:and
3549:2020
3506:(in
3450:2020
3240:and
3087:and
2946:The
2940:and
2667:and
2648:(or
2644:The
1753:Guam
1748:Fiji
1703:Peru
1656:Cuba
1342:Oman
1312:Laos
1272:Iraq
1267:Iran
1224:Asia
1153:Igbo
1124:Mali
143:Brit
52:and
50:Jews
4145:doi
3989:doi
3885:doi
3819:doi
3815:102
3651:at
3635:to
3498:of
3458:of
3298:of
3252:of
3208:ban
2761:of
1967:Art
313:Tur
105:613
4440::
4208:.
4204:.
4159:.
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4141:18
4139:.
3995:.
3985:20
3983:.
3953:^
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3899:.
3891:.
3881:97
3879:.
3865:^
3847:^
3833:.
3825:.
3813:.
3786:^
3629:.
3618:.
3612:.
3604:;
3589:^
3551:.
3533:.
3517:^
3452:.
3440::
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2997:.
2981:,
2923:,
2899::
2822:,
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540:,
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532:,
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