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first group was tested, retested 12 hours later while awake, and finally tested another 12 hours later with sleep in between. The other group was tested, retested 12 hours later with sleep in between, and then retested 12 hours later while awake. The results showed that in both groups, there was only a slight improvement after a 12-hour wake session, but a significant increase in performance after each group slept. This study gives evidence that REM sleep is a significant factor in consolidating motor skill procedural memories, therefore sleep deprivation can impair performance on a motor learning task. This memory decrement results specifically from the loss of stage 2, REM sleep.
58:, which play different roles in the memory consolidation-optimization process. During a normal night of sleep, a person will alternate between periods of NREM and REM sleep. Each cycle is approximately 90 minutes long, containing a 20-30 minute bout of REM sleep. NREM sleep consists of sleep stages 1–4, and is where movement can be observed. A person can still move their body when they are in NREM sleep. If someone sleeping turns, tosses, or rolls over, this indicates that they are in NREM sleep. REM sleep is characterized by the lack of muscle activity. Physiological studies have shown that aside from the occasional twitch, a person actually becomes paralyzed during REM sleep. In
89:
successful connections between neurons in the brain. This weeding out is essential to prevent overactivity. The brain compensates for strengthening some synapses (connections) between neurons, by weakening others. The weakening process occurs mostly during sleep. This weakening during sleep allows for strengthening of other connections while we are awake. Learning is the process of strengthening connections, therefore this process could be a major explanation for the benefits that sleep has on memory.
47:-dependent performance boost. The idea is that sleep helps the brain to edit its memory, looking for important patterns and extracting overarching rules which could be described as 'the gist', and integrating this with existing memory. The 'synaptic scaling' hypothesis suggests that sleep plays an important role in regulating learning that has taken place while awake, enabling more efficient and effective storage in the brain, making better use of space and energy.
34:. REM is associated with the consolidation of nondeclarative (implicit) memories. An example of a nondeclarative memory would be a task that we can do without consciously thinking about it, such as riding a bike. Slow-wave, or non-REM (NREM) sleep, is associated with the consolidation of declarative (explicit) memories. These are facts that need to be consciously remembered, such as dates for a history class.
93:
only in NREM sleep did not show much improvement. The subjects who engaged in REM sleep performed significantly better, indicating that REM sleep facilitated the consolidation of nondeclarative memories. A more recent study demonstrated that a procedural task was learned and retained better if it was encountered immediately before going to sleep, while a declarative task was learned better in the afternoon.
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fixates declarative memories. Two of the groups learned word pairs, then either slept or stayed awake, and were tested again. The other two groups did the same thing, except they also learned interference pairs right before being retested to try to disrupt the previously learned word pairs. The results showed that sleep was of
142:
College students represent one of the most sleep-deprived segments of the population. Only 11% of
American college students sleep well, and 40% of students feel well rested only two days per week. About 73% have experienced at least some occasional sleep issues. This poor sleep is thought to have a
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and were concomitant with hippocampal reactivation events. This study has shown that neuronal patterns in large brain networks are tagged during learning so that they are replayed, and supposedly consolidated, during subsequent sleep. There have been other studies that have shown similar reactivation
76:
has also been shown to benefit from sleep, but not in the same way as procedural memory. Declarative memories benefit from the slow-waves nREM sleep. A study was conducted where the subjects learned word pairs, and the results showed that sleep not only prevents the decay of memory, but also actively
69:
have been shown to benefit from sleep. Subjects were tested using a tapping task, where they used their fingers to tap a specific sequence of numbers on a keyboard, and their performances were measured by accuracy and speed. This finger-tapping task was used to simulate learning a motor skill. The
92:
Research has shown that taking an afternoon nap increases learning capacity. A study tested two groups of subjects on a nondeclarative memory task. One group engaged in REM sleep, and one group did not (meaning that they engaged in NREM sleep). The investigators found that the subjects who engaged
101:
A 2009 study based on electrophysiological recordings of large ensembles of isolated cells in the prefrontal cortex of rats revealed that cell assemblies that formed upon learning were more preferentially active during subsequent sleep episodes. More specifically, those replay events were more
88:
After sleep, there is increased insight. This is because sleep helps people to reanalyze their memories. The same patterns of brain activity that occur during learning have been found to occur again during sleep, only faster. One way that sleep strengthens memories is by weeding out the less
42:
Popular sayings can reflect the notion that remolded memories produce new creative associations in the morning, and that performance often improves after a time-interval that includes sleep. Current studies demonstrate that a healthy sleep produces a significant
115:
Sleep has been directly linked to the grades of students. One in four U.S. high school students admit to falling asleep in class at least once a week. Consequently, results have shown that those who sleep less do poorly. In the
124:. As a result, students that should be getting between 8.5 and 9.25 hours of sleep are getting only 7 hours. Perhaps because of this sleep deprivation, their grades are lower and their concentration is impaired.
135:, had 800 pupils aged 13–19 starting lessons at 10 a.m. instead of the normal 9 a.m. and reported that general absence dropped by 8% and persistent absenteeism by 27%. Similarly, a high school in
120:, sleep deprivation is common with students because almost all schools begin early in the morning and many of these students either choose to stay awake late into the night or cannot do otherwise due to
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severe impact on their ability to learn and remember information because the brain is being deprived of time that it needs to consolidate information which is essential to the learning process.
153:
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of learning pattern during motor skill and neuroprosthetic learning. Notably, new evidence is showing that reactivation and rescaling may be co-occurring during sleep.
677:
Walker, M.P. (7 October 2009). *Sleep and
Cognition III: Memory (Declarative ).* Lecture given in Psychology 133 at the University of California, Berkeley, CA.
570:
Walker, M.P. (5 October 2009). *Sleep and
Cognition II: Memory (Procedural ).* Lecture given in Psychology 133 at the University of California, Berkeley, CA.
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Payne, Jessica D.; Tucker, Matthew A.; Ellenbogen, Jeffrey M.; Wamsley, Erin J.; Walker, Matthew P.; et al. (22 March 2012). Mazza, Marianna (ed.).
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changed its start time to 10:30 a.m. in 2006, to allow students to keep to a schedule that allowed more sleep. In 2009, Monkseaton High School, in
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1154:
838:"The Timing of Learning before Night-Time Sleep Differentially Affects Declarative and Procedural Long-Term Memory Consolidation in Adolescents"
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836:
Holz, Johannes; Piosczyk, Hannah; Landmann, Nina; Feige, Bernd; Spiegelhalder, Kai; et al. (12 July 2012). Schmidt, Ulrike (ed.).
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As a result of studies showing the effects of sleep deprivation on grades, and the different sleep patterns for teenagers, a school in
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learning, an interval of sleep may be critical for the expression of performance gains; without sleep these gains will be delayed.
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27:. Research indicates that sleep does more than allow the brain to rest; it may also aid the consolidation of long-term memories.
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Procedural memories are a form of nondeclarative memory, so they would most benefit from the fast-wave REM sleep. In a study,
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Cai, Denise J.; Mednick, Sarnoff A.; Harrison, Elizabeth M.; Kanady, Jennifer C.; Mednick, Sara C. (23 June 2009).
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689:"Memory for Semantically Related and Unrelated Declarative Information: The Benefit of Sleep, the Cost of Wake"
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has committed to providing at least one class per year for students which will start at 10 a.m. or later.
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1937:
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1203:"A latent consolidation phase in auditory identification learning: Time in the awake state is sufficient"
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506:"Multiple shifts in the representation of a motor sequence during the acquisition of skilled performance"
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1019:"Reactivation of emergent task-related ensembles during slow-wave sleep after neuroprosthetic learning"
580:
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1074:
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2009:
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help in retaining the word pair associations, while against the interference pair, sleep helped
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Roth, Daphne Ari-Even; Kishon-Rabin, Liat; Hildesheimer, Minka; Karni, Avi (1 February 2005).
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Gulati, Tanuj; Ramanathan, Dhakshin S; Wong, Chelsea C; Ganguly, Karunesh (6 July 2014).
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960:"Sleep-Dependent Reactivation of Ensembles in Motor Cortex Promotes Skill Consolidation"
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905:"Replay of rule-learning related neural patterns in the prefrontal cortex during sleep"
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240:"Sleep in children improves memory performance on declarative but not procedural tasks"
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1316:- from University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health
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771:"REM, not incubation, improves creativity by priming associative networks"
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1076:"Neural reactivations during sleep determine network credit assignment"
1314:"Study puts us one step closer to understanding the function of sleep"
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Healthy sleep must include the appropriate sequence and proportion of
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1155:"Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome (DSPS) in Children and Adolescents"
1340:"Review of Studies showing sleep helps improve memory, learning"
51:
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Multiple hypotheses explain the possible connections between
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365:
Stickgold, Robert; Walker, Matthew P (28 January 2013).
238:
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Effects of sleep deprivation on cognitive performance
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315:"The Role of Sleep in Memory, Learning, and Health"
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775:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
699:(3). Public Library of Science (PLoS): e33079.
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1331:"Birds May Refine Their Songs While Sleeping"
489:(11th ed.). New York: Allyn & Bacon.
250:(5). Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory: 373–377.
30:REM sleep and slow-wave sleep play different
8:
1133:"Sleep-Deprived Teens Dozing Off at School"
1683:Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder
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97:Electrophysiological evidence in rats
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1131:Randolph E. Schmid (28 March 2006).
582:"Practice with Sleep Makes Perfect"
1260:"Lie-in for teens yields benefits"
1186:. 30 November 2003. Archived from
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1029:(8). Springer Nature: 1107–1113.
1523:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
1518:Central hypoventilation syndrome
1258:Ryan, Margaret (22 March 2010).
504:; Karni, Avi (14 October 2003).
313:Maria Bagby (25 February 2014).
211:
199:
1678:Periodic limb movement disorder
1645:Non-24-hour sleep–wake disorder
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1320:"To sleep, perchance to learn"
287:Neal, Rome (21 January 2004).
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1950:Biphasic and polyphasic sleep
1758:Nocturnal clitoral tumescence
1620:Advanced sleep phase disorder
599:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00746-8
500:Korman, Maria; Raz, Naftali;
32:roles in memory consolidation
1630:Delayed sleep phase disorder
1558:Excessive daytime sleepiness
977:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002263
863:10.1371/journal.pone.0040963
714:10.1371/journal.pone.0033079
648:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.08.031
122:delayed sleep phase syndrome
1763:Nocturnal penile tumescence
1635:Irregular sleep–wake rhythm
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592:(1). Elsevier BV: 205–211.
319:Therapeutic Literacy Center
174:Sharp wave–ripple complexes
111:Sleep in relation to school
2086:
1625:Cyclic alternating pattern
1180:"The Back to School Blues"
439:10.1016/j.smrv.2005.05.002
1841:Behavioral sleep medicine
1650:Shift work sleep disorder
1598:Sleep state misperception
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485:Carlson, Neil R. (2010).
159:List of thought processes
1398:Rapid eye movement (REM)
1289:Harvard Sleep and Memory
754:Kalat, James W. (2009).
1719:Exploding head syndrome
1528:Obstructive sleep apnea
796:10.1073/pnas.0900271106
531:10.1073/pnas.2035019100
2034:Sleeping while on duty
1583:Idiopathic hypersomnia
487:Physiology of Behavior
427:Sleep Medicine Reviews
1856:Neuroscience of sleep
1588:Night eating syndrome
1573:Kleine–Levin syndrome
1207:Learning & Memory
756:Biological Psychology
244:Learning & Memory
2010:Sleep and creativity
1190:on 17 November 2007.
2005:Sleep and breathing
1461:Sensorimotor rhythm
1080:Nature Neuroscience
1023:Nature Neuroscience
909:Nature Neuroscience
854:2012PLoSO...740963H
787:2009PNAS..10610130C
781:(25): 10130–10134.
705:2012PLoSO...733079P
522:2003PNAS..10012492K
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371:Nature Neuroscience
67:procedural memories
2015:Sleep and learning
1768:Nocturnal emission
1668:Nightmare disorder
1533:Periodic breathing
1291:. 16 December 2008
74:Declarative memory
38:Increased learning
21:sleep and learning
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2025:Sleep deprivation
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257:10.1101/lm.803708
102:prominent during
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2065:Sleep physiology
2020:Sleep and memory
1960:Circadian rhythm
1707:Benign phenomena
1609:Circadian rhythm
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1911:Sleeping bag
1688:Sleepwalking
1673:Night terror
1390:sleep cycles
1334:
1323:
1295:29 September
1293:. Retrieved
1288:
1285:"Need Sleep"
1279:
1269:29 September
1267:. Retrieved
1263:
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1188:the original
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348:. Retrieved
343:
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324:29 September
322:. Retrieved
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298:29 September
296:. Retrieved
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169:Preconscious
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1995:Second wind
1970:Dream diary
1846:Sleep study
1786:Sleep diary
1738:Hypnopompia
1733:Sleep onset
1724:Hypnic jerk
1563:Hypersomnia
1513:Catathrenia
1508:Sleep apnea
1418:Brain waves
1388:Stages of
164:Lucid dream
129:New Zealand
60:motor skill
2054:Categories
2029:Sleep debt
1975:Microsleep
1955:Chronotype
1869:Daily life
1753:Somnolence
1729:Hypnagogia
1660:Parasomnia
1578:Narcolepsy
1490:Anatomical
1471:Theta wave
1441:Gamma wave
1436:Delta wave
1426:Alpha wave
344:EurekAlert
225:References
218:Psychology
206:Philosophy
137:Copenhagen
56:REM phases
2039:Sleepover
1990:Power nap
1985:Nightwear
1851:Melatonin
1813:Somnology
1778:Treatment
1611:disorders
1550:Dyssomnia
1456:PGO waves
1451:Mu rhythm
1446:K-complex
1431:Beta wave
1408:Slow-wave
1227:1072-0502
1184:about.com
1100:1097-6256
1043:1097-6256
986:1545-7885
929:1097-6256
872:1932-6203
805:0027-8424
723:1932-6203
657:0896-6273
608:0896-6273
540:0027-8424
447:1087-0792
391:1546-1726
266:1072-0502
2070:Learning
1906:Mattress
1881:Bunk bed
1801:Hypnosis
1593:Nocturia
1568:Insomnia
1264:BBC News
1245:15805314
1137:ABC News
1118:28692062
1061:24997761
1004:26382320
937:19483687
890:22808287
842:PLOS ONE
823:19506253
741:22457736
693:PLOS ONE
665:15450165
616:12123620
558:14530407
463:16129740
455:16376591
409:23354387
350:23 April
293:CBS News
274:18441295
147:See also
45:learning
1933:Bedtime
1928:Bedroom
1923:Bedding
1918:Bed bug
1901:Hammock
1806:Lullaby
1640:Jet lag
1540:Snoring
1498:Bruxism
1335:Science
1333:- from
1322:- from
1236:1074334
1164:11 June
1109:5808917
1052:5568667
995:4575076
881:3395672
850:Bibcode
814:2700890
783:Bibcode
732:3310860
701:Bibcode
518:Bibcode
400:5826623
192:Portals
2000:Siesta
1886:Daybed
1714:Dreams
1325:Nature
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25:humans
2060:Sleep
1943:Story
1896:Futon
1829:Other
1377:Sleep
941:S2CID
459:S2CID
1379:and
1297:2018
1271:2018
1241:PMID
1223:ISSN
1166:2019
1114:PMID
1096:ISSN
1057:PMID
1039:ISSN
1000:PMID
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604:ISSN
554:PMID
536:ISSN
451:PMID
443:ISSN
405:PMID
387:ISSN
352:2007
326:2018
300:2018
270:PMID
262:ISSN
79:some
54:and
52:NREM
1980:Nap
1876:Bed
1231:PMC
1215:doi
1104:PMC
1088:doi
1047:PMC
1031:doi
990:PMC
972:doi
917:doi
876:PMC
858:doi
809:PMC
791:doi
779:106
727:PMC
709:doi
643:doi
594:doi
544:PMC
526:doi
514:100
435:doi
395:PMC
379:doi
252:doi
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