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175:. The inadequately-braced level is relatively less resistant than surrounding floors to lateral earthquake motion, so a disproportionate amount of the building's overall side-to-side drift is focused on that floor. Subject to disproportionate lateral stress, and less able to withstand the stress, the floor becomes a weak point that may suffer structural damage or complete failure, which in turn results in the collapse of the entire building.
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After the establishment of the San
Francisco Mandatory Seismic Retrofit Program in 2013, Los Angeles adopted a similar ordinance targeting soft-story apartment buildings. This ordinance is to reduce structural damage in the event of an earthquake by reinforcing soft-story areas with steel structures.
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In Los
Angeles, property owners have two years from the date of the order to bring forth approved plans. After that milestone, they have 3.5 years (counting from when the order was received) to obtain the construction permit. Total completion, as confirmed by receiving a certificate of compliance,
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In Los
Angeles, property owners also have the option to demolish their noncompliant buildings. Demolition plans must be submitted within two years, and a demolition permit must be issued within 3.5 years (from the date of the original compliance order), and the actual demolition must be completed
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Los
Angeles property owners are being targeted by the size of their buildings. The first group of ordinances went out May 2, 2016, with sixteen or more units and more than three stories. The second is July 22, 2016, with sixteen or more units and two stories. The third is October 17, 2016, with
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Failure to meet the deadlines can result in the municipality stepping in, evicting any lingering tenants, and then demolishing the building, whereupon the cost of demolition is charged back to the property owner. If the property owner refuses to pay the bill, then the City can seize the entire
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Buildings are classified as having a soft story if that level is less than 70% as stiff as the floor immediately above it, or less than 80% as stiff as the average stiffness of the three floors above it. Soft story buildings are vulnerable to collapse in a moderate to severe
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property and sell it in order to pay for the demolition (including all associated clean-up tasks), as well as any back-taxes that may be owing. However, because land values are often high, it is rare for property owners to neglect orders from the municipality.
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sixteen or fewer units and more than three stories. The fourth is
January 30, 2017, for nine to fifteen units. The fifth is May 29, 2017 for seven to eight units. The sixth is August 14, 2017, for four to six units. Then on October 30, 2017
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In Turkey, multi-story residential buildings often have an soft inset ground floor, which is used in high-density areas in Asia to provide extra space for parking or pedestrians. About 90% of buildings that collapsed in the
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A soft-story building is described as existing wood-frame buildings with soft, weak, or open-front walls and existing non-ductile concrete buildings in the ordinance. Most of these buildings were built before 1978, before
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to correct the condition. In 2013, San
Francisco mandated screening of soft-story buildings to determine if retrofitting is necessary and required that retrofitting be completed by 2017 through 2020.
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of 1989 and was projected to cause severe damage and possible destruction of 160,000 homes in the event of a more significant earthquake in the
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destroyed many soft-story buildings, which were widespread in the country and greatly increased the amount of damage and number of casualties.
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to developers for building regulations, allowing the construction of unsafe multi-story buildings, including ones with soft stories. The
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in which one or more floors have windows, wide doors, large unobstructed commercial spaces, or other openings in places where a
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in Turkey had soft stories, which prompted the creation of a building code for earthquake safety. In 2016,
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Soft-story failure was responsible for nearly half of all homes that became uninhabitable in
California's
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The order to comply is legally and logistically significant because it starts a "ticking clock".
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of three or more stories located over a ground level with large openings, such as a
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must be attained within seven years of the date of issue of the original order.
540:"2019 video of Erdoğan praising zoning amnesty in quake-hit province goes viral"
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566:"Videos show Turkey's Erdogan boasted letting builders avoid earthquake codes"
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477:. City of Los Angeles, Department of Building and Safety. October 9, 2015.
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493:"How Erdoğan Set the Stage for Turkey's Disastrous Earthquake Response"
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519:"How these buildings made the Turkey and Syria earthquakes so deadly"
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City and County of San
Francisco, Department of Building Inspection
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311:"Best Practices: Inventorying Multi-family Soft-Story Buildings"
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and commercial buildings will receive their orders to comply.
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451:"STRUCTURE magazine | The San Francisco Soft-Story Ordinance"
313:. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute. Archived from
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in Los
Angeles with new columns and load-bearing wall, 2021
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would normally be required for stability as a matter of
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within seven years of the original compliance order.
379:. Cascade Crest Consulting Engineers. Archived from
163:or series of retail businesses with large windows.
51:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
419:"Bay Area cities lag in making housing quake-safe"
396:"Earthquake Planner Warns Of "Soft-Story" Dangers"
377:"Common Seismic Damage to Wood Frame Structures"
293:"S.F. leaders ignore weak buildings' quake risk"
199:Los Angeles earthquake hazard reduction policies
350:Chen, Wai-Fah; Lui, E. M. (2005). "§3.4.5.1".
330:"Prop. A seismic retrofit bond would aid some"
127:Partial soft story collapse due to inadequate
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155:design. A typical soft story building is an
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352:Earthquake engineering for structural design
111:Learn how and when to remove this message
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394:Perkins, Broderick (November 6, 2003).
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618:Earthquake and seismic risk mitigation
517:Elidrissi, Rajaa (February 16, 2023).
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375:Trahern, Eugene (January 17, 1994).
49:adding citations to reliable sources
328:Kwong, Jessica (October 4, 2010).
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417:Robert Selna (October 12, 2009).
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291:Selna, Robert (June 29, 2008).
36:needs additional citations for
433:"Mandatory Soft Story Program"
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269:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake
247:2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake
179:1989 Loma Prieta earthquake
131:at ground level during the
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421:. San Francisco Chronicle.
171:in a phenomenon known as
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297:San Francisco Chronicle
623:Earthquake engineering
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133:Loma Prieta earthquake
472:"Ordnance No. 183893"
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60:"Soft story building"
261:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
145:multi-story building
45:improve this article
597:Architecture portal
173:soft story collapse
141:soft story building
406:on August 8, 2013.
383:on April 23, 2009.
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491:Chotiner, Isaac.
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