1933:
157:. Average annual rainfall has declined as much as 20% since the 1970s, declining by 10-20 millimetres each decade. Summertime maximum temperatures have increased by 0.1º to 0.3º C per decade, and the average number of days per year over 40º C in Perth has doubled over the last century. Lower rainfall and higher temperatures have reduced stream flow and inflow into drinking water and irrigation catchments since the 1960s. The summer of 2021/22 was the hottest on record.
33:
737:. European settlers mostly dispossessed the Aboriginal inhabitants, and established extensive agriculture, including wheat, barley, canola, lupins, and oats. They also introduced sheep and cattle to the region. European settlement also changed the fire regime established by the Aboriginal inhabitants of the land.
139:, one of five such regions in the world. During the winter months, westerly winds bring cool weather, clouds, and rainfall to Southwest Australia. In the summer months, the lower-latitude anticyclonic belt, with generally dry easterly winds, moves southwards, increasing temperatures and decreasing rainfall.
729:
The
Nyoongar seasonal calendar includes six different seasons in a yearly cycle. These are Birak, Bunuru, Djeran, Makuru, Djilba and Kambarang. Each of the six seasons represents and explains the seasonal changes seen annually. The flowering of many different plants, the hibernation of reptiles and
719:
The
Aboriginal inhabitants deliberately set fires to manage the land and vegetation. Evidence from lake and estuarine sediments and firsthand accounts suggest that fire intervals in well-settled areas were frequent – from one to ten years – compared to unoccupied forests and offshore islands, where
939:
Burbidge, Andrew (1 February 2010), "Global hotspot under stress: while the south-west corner of
Western Australia is recognised as a global biodiversity hotspot, its unique ecosystems have suffered land clearing, introduced pests and weeds, a changed fire regime, loss of water and salinisation.
715:
Aboriginal populations were generally denser on the coastal plain and along the coastal forest edge, and in the interior woodlands and shrublands, particularly near permanent streams and river estuaries. Population was sparse in the forested areas of the south. Offshore islands were likely
580:
Arid regions separate
Southwest Australia's freshwater habitats from Australia's other year-round rivers. As with its terrestrial flora, Southwest Australia's Mediterranean climate and biogeographic isolation has given rise to a distinct freshwater ecoregion with many endemic species.
1319:
143:, off the shore of northern Western Australia during the December-to-March northern wet season, occasionally reach as far south as Perth before moving inland, bringing floods and damaging winds to the west coast and rain to the dry interior.
1265:
720:
fire intervals were 30 to 100 or more years. Frequent burning reduced tree cover and encouraged the growth of grasses, herbs, and low shrubs, fostering open woodlands and savannas and limiting areas of dense forest and thicket.
1312:
526:
The transitional
Coolgardie, Hampton, and Yalgoo bioregions are generally drier than the rest of the Southwest. They considered part of Southwest Australia by the WWF, but are considered part of the Central Australian or
1305:
2109:
1031:
Cook, Lyn G; Hardy, Nate B; Crisp, Michael D (2015), "Three explanations for biodiversity hotspots: small range size, geographical overlap and time for species accumulation. An
Australian case study",
1115:
101:
of
Western Australia. The region covers 356,717 km, consisting of a broad coastal plain 20-120 kilometres wide, transitioning to gently undulating uplands made up of weathered
1328:
442:
565:
across the coastal plain. Their flow is strongly seasonal, corresponding to the
Southwest's wet winter–dry summer weather pattern. The perennial streams extend from east of
127:
lie to the north and east across the centre of
Australia, separating Southwest Australia from the other Mediterranean and humid-climate regions of the continent.
1014:
592:
species that spend part of their life-cycle in the sea. The exclusively freshwater species are endemic to
Southwest Australia, as are two estuarine species. The
726:
peoples inhabited the western and southern portions of the region. The Noongar comprised 14 groups, which spoke distinct but mutually-intelligible languages.
915:
Wardell-Johnson, Grant; Wardell-Johnson, Angela; Bradby, K; Robinson, Todd; Bateman, Bill; Williams, K; Braun, K; Beckerling, J; Burbridge, Michael (2016),
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95:
2104:
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1266:
An interim biogeographic regionalisation for Australia : a framework for setting priorities in the National Reserves System Cooperative Program
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1162:"Hassell, Cleve W., and Dodson, John R. (2003). "The fire history of south-west Western Australia prior to European settlement in 1826-1829". in
228:
shrublands found in other Mediterranean-type regions. The region has generally nutrient-poor sandy or lateritic soils, which has encouraged rich
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Application of a Gondwanan perspective to restore ecological integrity in the south-western Australian global biodiversity hotspot
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Rainfall generally decreases from south to north, and with distance from the coast. The highest rainfall is typically in the
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Plant life on the sandplains in southwest Australia : a global biodiversity hotspot : kwongan matters
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306:) is a tiny marsupial endemic to Southwest Australia that feeds on nectar and pollen, and is an important
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during the summer months, an adaptation to the region's dry summers. Other endemic species are the
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BirdLife International (2022) Endemic Bird Areas factsheet: South-west Australia. Downloaded from
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climate change may tip the balance for some species, unless effective action is taken.(Focus)",
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There are fifteen freshwater fish species, including nine exclusively freshwater species, three
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Drying land and heating seas: why nature in Australia’s southwest is on the climate frontline
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Kala, Jatin; Robson, Belinda; Fontaine, Joe; Beatty, Stephen; and Wernberg, Thomas (2021). "
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area of southwestern Australia, which is home to a diverse and distinctive flora and fauna.
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of plants adapted to specific ecological niches. The region hosts a great diversity of
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The first permanent European settlement in the region was in 1826 near present-day
561:, and other short rivers. The perennial rivers drain from the interior plateau and
299:
1248:"Swan Coastal Plain scrub and woodlands". DOPA Explorer. Accessed 29 April 2022.
1100:
745:
109,445 km, or 22.13%, of Southwest Australia's land area is in protected areas.
600:) is the sole species in the endemic family Lepidogalaxiidae. Salamanderfish can
1779:
1594:
1539:
1444:
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the moulting of swans are all helpful indicators that the seasons are changing.
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671:) have adapted so they can live their life-cycle and reproduce in fresh water.
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1439:
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200:
1206:"Jarrah-Karri forest and shrublands". DOPA Explorer. Accessed 29 April 2022.
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The first evidence of human habitation of the region was 50,000 years ago at
2040:
2030:
605:
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585:
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Southwest Australia has several permanent rivers and streams, including the
445:(IBRA) divide the region into six ecoregions and ten biogeographic regions:
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195:
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187:
98:
68:
1291:
Biodiversityhotspots.org: Conservation International − Southwest Australia)
1062:
2059:
1949:
1664:
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1166:. Ian Abbott and Neil Burrows, eds. Backhuys Publishers, 2003, pp. 71–85.
1164:
Fire in ecosystems of south-west Western Australia:Impacts and management
916:
217:
183:
121:
is the highest peak in the region, at 1,099 metres (3,606 ft) elevation.
110:
1234:"Southwest Australia woodlands". DOPA Explorer. Accessed 29 April 2022.
1039:(2), Wiley Subscription Services, Inc (published 1 July 2015): 390–400,
1002:"Climate of Western Australia". Britannica.com. Accessed 29 April 2022.
987:"The Southwest Australian Biodiversity Hotspot as a Tourist Destination"
1979:
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350:
209:
102:
1220:"Southwest Australia savanna". DOPA Explorer. Accessed 29 April 2022.
1045:
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225:
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106:
1804:
150:
between Pemberton and Walpole, up to 1,400 mm (55 inches) annually.
1111:
2009:
574:
1808:
1301:
1178:"Coolgardie woodlands". DOPA Explorer. Accessed 29 April 2022.
577:, most often in areas with 700 mm or more of annual rainfall.
153:
The region has been experiencing the effects of human induced
36:
Ecoregions of Southwest Australia, as defined by the WWF. 1.
1192:"Esperance mallee". DOPA Explorer. Accessed 29 April 2022.
1329:
Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia (IBRA)
1096:
2110:
Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub in Australia
326:. Other mammals endemic to Southwest Australia are the
1230:
1228:
690:) are aquatic species endemic to Southwest Australia.
1216:
1214:
178:
Vegetation in the region is mainly woody, including
1998:
1940:
1842:
443:
Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia
212:shrublands and heathlands, which correspond to the
290:, sole species in the plant family Cephalotaceae.
247:, including more than half the world's species of
655:Southwest Australian varieties of the diadromous
1820:
1313:
1174:
1172:
966:, Crawley, Western Australia UWA Publishing,
588:species adapted to brackish water, and three
8:
1188:
1186:
998:
996:
243:Southwest Australia is home to many endemic
84:Southwest Australia Global Diversity Hotspot
921:, Department of Environment and Agriculture
96:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
1827:
1813:
1805:
1320:
1306:
1298:
1116:Department of Environment and Conservation
1112:"FloraBase - the Western Australian Flora"
310:for several southwestern plants including
236:species, notably among the protea family (
1796:Bioregions of the National Reserve System
1202:
1200:
1142:Unmack, Peter. "Southwestern Australia".
1044:
27:Biogeographic region of Western Australia
1021:, published 28 October 2021 12.55am EDT.
747:
135:The region has a wet-winter, dry-summer
31:
1244:
1242:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
907:
171:Southwest Australia is recognised as a
846:Swan Coastal Plain scrub and woodlands
516:Swan Coastal Plain scrub and woodlands
1271:Australian Nature Conservation Agency
1263:Thackway, R and I D Cresswell (1995)
7:
1635:New South Wales South Western Slopes
198:. Predominant vegetation types are
1144:Freshwater Ecoregions of the World
798:Jarrah-Karri forest and shrublands
478:Jarrah-Karri forest and shrublands
38:Jarrah-Karri forest and shrublands
25:
2105:Biogeography of Western Australia
1931:
944:(153), CSIRO Publishing: 18(2),
676:southwestern snake-necked turtle
204:woodlands, eucalyptus-dominated
82:The region is also known as the
2120:Mallee Woodlands and Shrublands
353:species of birds including the
2130:South West (Western Australia)
1273:, Reserve Systems Unit, 1995.
423:Dasyornis broadbenti litoralis
1:
1670:Simpson Strzelecki Dunefields
891:South West, Western Australia
830:Southwest Australia woodlands
598:Lepidogalaxias salamandroides
506:Southwest Australia woodlands
42:Southwest Australia woodlands
2125:Regions of Western Australia
1269:Version 4.0 Canberra :
545:South West drainage division
533:Western Australian Herbarium
425:), an endemic subspecies of
255:), the bladderwort subgenus
1735:Tasmanian Northern Midlands
1730:Tasmanian Central Highlands
1650:Pacific Subtropical Islands
1630:New South Wales North Coast
814:Southwest Australia savanna
488:Southwest Australia savanna
125:Desert and xeric shrublands
50:Southwest Australia savanna
2156:
1460:Davenport Murchison Ranges
697:
569:on the south coast to the
542:
439:World Wide Fund for Nature
419:western rufous bristlebird
355:long-billed black cockatoo
345:Southwest Australia is an
269:(composed of two species,
167:Flora of Western Australia
164:
2078:
1929:
1793:
1750:Tasmanian Southern Ranges
1740:Tasmanian Northern Slopes
1605:Murray Darling Depression
1335:
1146:. Accessed 17 June 2020.
962:Lambers, H., ed. (2014),
2081:Western Australia portal
1690:South Eastern Queensland
1675:South East Coastal Plain
1615:Naracoorte Coastal Plain
708:by ancestors of today's
94:The region includes the
1695:Southern Volcanic Plain
1685:South Eastern Highlands
1550:Indian Tropical Islands
1450:Darling Riverine Plains
1097:http://www.birdlife.org
896:South West Seismic Zone
626:Galaxiella nigrostriata
395:black-throated whipbird
287:Cephalotus follicularis
1620:New England Tablelands
1074:Flannery, Tim (1994).
399:Psophodes nigrogularis
391:Dasyornis longirostris
61:
18:Southwestern Australia
2135:Freshwater ecoregions
1535:Gulf Fall and Uplands
1525:Great Victoria Desert
698:Further information:
650:Galaxias occidentalis
634:Nannatherina balstoni
630:Balston’s pygmy perch
415:Stagonopleura oculata
407:Eopsaltria georgianus
328:western brush wallaby
137:Mediterranean climate
77:Mediterranean-climate
35:
1955:Goldfields–Esperance
1745:Tasmanian South East
1710:Subantarctic Islands
1585:Mitchell Grass Downs
1510:Geraldton Sandplains
1490:Flinders Lofty Block
1405:Central Mackay Coast
766:Coolgardie woodlands
700:History of Australia
688:Pseudemydura umbrina
684:western swamp turtle
492:Geraldton Sandplains
450:Coolgardie woodlands
403:white-breasted robin
379:red-winged fairywren
375:Atrichornis clamosus
69:biogeographic region
54:Coolgardie woodlands
2115:Floristic provinces
2100:Southwest Australia
1570:Little Sandy Desert
1385:Cape York Peninsula
1375:Broken Hill Complex
1370:Brigalow Belt South
1365:Brigalow Belt North
989:. 31 December 2015.
669:Galaxias truttaceus
638:western pygmy perch
622:black-stripe minnow
387:western bristlebird
323:Adenanthos cuneatus
148:Karri Forest Region
65:Southwest Australia
2140:Endemic Bird Areas
1770:Victorian Midlands
1765:Victoria Bonaparte
1715:Swan Coastal Plain
1645:Ord Victoria Plain
1625:Northern Kimberley
1520:Great Sandy Desert
1470:Einasleigh Uplands
1099:on 27 April 2022.
1076:The Future Eaters.
661:Galaxias maculatus
642:Nannoperca vittata
614:western mud minnow
520:Swan Coastal Plain
429:, is now extinct.
427:rufous bristlebird
411:red-eared firetail
367:Cacatua pastinator
340:Setonix brachyurus
304:Tarsipes rostratus
245:carnivorous plants
173:floristic province
75:. It includes the
62:
46:Swan Coastal Plain
2087:
2086:
1880:Local government
1836:Western Australia
1802:
1801:
1680:South East Corner
1575:MacDonnell Ranges
1400:Central Kimberley
1046:10.1111/nph.13199
973:978-1-74258-564-2
882:
881:
757:Area protected km
680:Chelodina colliei
347:Endemic Bird Area
313:Banksia attenuata
141:Tropical cyclones
73:Western Australia
16:(Redirected from
2147:
1935:
1883:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1806:
1590:Mount Isa Inlier
1480:Eyre Yorke Block
1475:Esperance Plains
1435:Cumberland Plain
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782:Esperance mallee
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665:spotted galaxias
646:western galaxias
618:Galaxiella munda
610:Bostockia porosa
571:Arrowsmith River
468:Esperance Plains
464:Esperance mallee
317:Banksia coccinea
272:Byblis lamellata
208:shrublands, and
58:Esperance mallee
21:
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1415:Channel Country
1350:Australian Alps
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1258:Further reading
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741:Protected areas
702:
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657:common galaxias
559:Blackwood River
547:
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529:Eremaean Region
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383:Malurus elegans
371:noisy scrubbird
363:western corella
349:, with several
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263:Byblis gigantea
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1465:Desert Uplands
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1455:Darwin Coastal
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1410:Central Ranges
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1395:Central Arnhem
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1355:Avon Wheatbelt
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1345:Arnhem Plateau
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1285:External links
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594:salamanderfish
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496:Avon Wheatbelt
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359:Zanda baudinii
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267:rainbow plants
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155:climate change
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119:Stirling Range
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14:
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10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2152:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
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2082:
2077:
2071:
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2024:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2011:
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1997:
1991:
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1971:
1968:
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1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1705:Sturt Plateau
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
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1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:Jarrah Forest
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:Gibson Desert
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
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1300:
1296:
1292:
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1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:0-642-21371-2
1276:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1250:
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1129:
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1107:
1104:
1101:
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1084:0-8021-3943-4
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1052:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1027:
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919:
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811:
807:
804:
801:
799:
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764:
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759:
756:
753:
750:
749:
746:
740:
738:
736:
731:
727:
725:
721:
717:
716:uninhabited.
713:
711:
707:
701:
693:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
582:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:Darling Range
560:
556:
552:
546:
538:
536:
534:
530:
521:
517:
514:
511:
510:Jarrah Forest
507:
504:
501:
497:
493:
489:
486:
483:
479:
476:
473:
469:
465:
462:
459:
455:
451:
448:
447:
446:
444:
440:
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430:
428:
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420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
332:Macropus irma
329:
325:
324:
319:
318:
314:
309:
305:
301:
293:
291:
289:
288:
284:
283:pitcher plant
280:
279:
274:
273:
268:
264:
260:
259:
258:Polypompholyx
254:
250:
246:
241:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
168:
160:
158:
156:
151:
149:
144:
142:
138:
130:
128:
126:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
89:
87:
85:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
30:
19:
2070:Port Hedland
2008:
1760:Tiwi Cobourg
1720:Sydney Basin
1700:Stony Plains
1530:Gulf Coastal
1340:Arnhem Coast
1295:
1264:
1163:
1143:
1119:. Retrieved
1106:
1091:
1075:
1070:
1036:
1032:
1026:
1018:
1009:
981:
963:
957:
941:
934:
923:, retrieved
917:
910:
876:
871:
866:
861:
760:% protected
744:
732:
728:
722:
718:
714:
706:Devil's Lair
703:
687:
679:
673:
668:
660:
654:
649:
641:
633:
625:
617:
609:
597:
583:
579:
557:system, the
548:
525:
436:
422:
414:
406:
398:
390:
382:
374:
366:
358:
344:
339:
331:
321:
311:
303:
300:honey possum
297:
285:
276:
270:
262:
256:
252:
242:
199:
177:
170:
152:
145:
134:
123:
93:
83:
81:
64:
63:
29:
1780:Wet Tropics
1595:Mulga Lands
1540:Gulf Plains
1445:Dampierland
281:), and the
278:B. gigantea
265:complex of
115:Bluff Knoll
2094:Categories
2046:Kalgoorlie
1985:South West
1888:Parliament
1870:Government
1655:Pine Creek
1440:Daly Basin
1425:Coolgardie
1380:Burt Plain
1360:Ben Lomond
1121:25 October
925:11 October
902:References
872:109,445.15
710:Aboriginal
590:diadromous
543:See also:
539:Freshwater
454:Coolgardie
433:Ecoregions
334:) and the
308:pollinator
238:Proteaceae
230:speciation
201:Eucalyptus
196:grasslands
192:heathlands
188:shrublands
165:See also:
99:ecoregions
2041:Geraldton
2036:Esperance
2031:Busselton
2002:and towns
1990:Wheatbelt
1965:Kimberley
1860:Geography
1600:Murchison
1560:Kanmantoo
1430:Coral Sea
1390:Carnarvon
1055:0028-646X
950:0311-4546
821:14,516.68
789:37,718.84
773:44,504.01
751:Ecoregion
606:nightfish
602:aestivate
586:estuarine
573:north of
567:Esperance
214:chaparral
194:, but no
184:woodlands
90:Geography
2060:Mandurah
2055:Karratha
1970:Mid West
1950:Gascoyne
1903:Politics
1665:Riverina
1610:Nandewar
1500:Gascoyne
1495:Furneaux
1063:25442328
885:See also
853:2,012.81
837:5,933.04
805:4,759.76
712:people.
218:matorral
111:laterite
2065:Northam
2050:Boulder
2026:Bunbury
1980:Pilbara
1942:Regions
1923:Symbols
1913:Regions
1875:History
1865:Geology
1850:Economy
1843:General
1660:Pilbara
1545:Hampton
867:494,601
856:13.19%
840:12.86%
818:169,271
808:45.47%
792:32.58%
786:115,773
776:32.32%
770:137,681
754:Area km
724:Noongar
694:History
644:), and
531:by the
458:Hampton
417:). The
409:), and
351:endemic
253:Drosera
249:sundews
234:endemic
210:kwongan
180:forests
131:Climate
117:in the
103:granite
2021:Broome
2016:Albany
2000:Cities
1898:Police
1893:People
1882:(LGAs)
1785:Yalgoo
1775:Warren
1725:Tanami
1580:Mallee
1505:Gawler
1277:
1082:
1061:
1053:
970:
948:
877:22.13%
850:15,259
834:46,150
824:8.58%
802:10,467
735:Albany
682:) and
663:) and
518:(IBRA
508:(IBRA
500:Yalgoo
498:, and
490:(IBRA
482:Warren
480:(IBRA
472:Mallee
466:(IBRA
452:(IBRA
336:quokka
320:, and
261:, the
226:fynbos
224:, and
222:maquis
206:mallee
190:, and
107:gneiss
2010:Perth
1918:Sport
1485:Finke
862:Total
575:Perth
294:Fauna
161:Flora
67:is a
56:; 5.
52:; 4.
48:; 3.
40:; 2.
1975:Peel
1855:Flag
1565:King
1275:ISBN
1123:2011
1080:ISBN
1059:PMID
1051:ISSN
968:ISBN
946:ISSN
942:Ecos
927:2016
674:The
555:Avon
551:Swan
470:and
456:and
441:and
437:The
393:),
298:The
275:and
109:and
44:and
1041:doi
1037:207
1017:".
652:).
636:),
628:),
620:),
612:),
401:),
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377:),
369:),
361:),
342:).
240:).
71:in
2096::
1241:^
1227:^
1213:^
1199:^
1185:^
1171:^
1153:^
1131:^
1114:.
1057:,
1049:,
1035:,
995:^
535:.
494:,
315:,
220:,
216:,
186:,
182:,
175:.
113:.
105:,
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2048:–
1828:e
1821:t
1814:v
1321:e
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1307:v
1125:.
1086:.
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678:(
667:(
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421:(
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60:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
