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Harcourt|p59> In 1964 the
Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry was founded at Columbia University. By 1970 six independent Soviet Jewry advocacy organizations joined to found the Union of Councils for Soviet Jews.<author=Gal Beckerman| title=When They Come for Us We'll Be Gone, The Epic Struggle to Save Soviet Jewry, date=2010|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|p219> Through their utilization of protests, information dissemination, and lobbying, these groups pressured the Kremlin to allow for the release of
36:
identity), and are a self-selecting group, due to the barriers that people leaving the USSR had to face. Often-times, Soviet immigrants struggle with the abundance of choices that they can make in
America, but after learning the language, have been shown to be as well-adjusted as other immigrant groups.
48:
One campaign included making direct contact with Soviet Jews, by mail, was started in
Cleveland. Attempts to contact refuseniks were thwarted by the Soviet state. However, the addresses of eight Soviet synagogues were published, and in a campaign publicized by American Jewish newspapers, over 50,000
35:
sect, and emigrated in waves starting in the 1960s, with over 200,000 leaving in the 1970s. As of 2005, over 500,000 Jews had left Soviet
Republics for the United States. American Soviet Jews are often covered by the blanket term, "Russian-speaking Jews" (the term establishes a language-based group
30:
that have emigrated to the United States. The group consists of people that are Jewish by religion, ethnicity, culture, or nationality, that have been influenced by their collective experiences in the Soviet Union. In the 60s, there were around 2.3 million Jews in the USSR, as ethnicity was recorded
103:
The range of options in
American society—the variety of consumer goods, labor market mobility, and pluralism that exists within American Jewish communities at first contributes to a sense of being "uprooted". Learning English is cited to be the hardest part of the adjustment process, but is the key
127:
This new class of Jews brought with them their own culture and views, which subsequently had a unique effect on their values and contributions to
American Society. The unique circumstances of the Jewish "exodus" from the USSR has led to a tendency with regards to political leanings, as well. Going
74:
assisted 36,114 Jewish refugees from the Soviet Union. A majority of these were from the
Ukrainian, Russian, Byelorussian, and Uzbek republics. These consisted of more than 11,000 family units, with over 60% having "Professionals, Engineers/Scientists, Technicians, or White Collar" as their former
83:
Soviet Jews tended to be more agnostic than their
American counterparts, but upon arrival to the United States, were accosted by a wide variety of Jewish institutions. While Jewishness in the Soviet Union was a national and ethnic identity, in America it became a cultural and religious one. Many
171:
Despite Jews constituting 0.69% of the Soviet population in 1975, they accounted for 8.8% of all scientists, and 14% of all scientists with a Doctor rank (PhD equivalent). Nonetheless, Jews were systemically discriminated against and quotas were instituted to prevent them from participating in
57:
The
Cleveland Council on Soviet Anti-Semitism, founded in 1963, was the first North American grassroots organization to advocate for Soviet Jews.<author=Gal Beckerman| title=When They Come for Us We'll Be Gone, The Epic Struggle to Save Soviet Jewry, date=2010|publisher=Houghton Mifflin
104:
to higher earnings and occupational status. With linguistic improvement, comes the transformation of relevant skills, however, those with professional skills often do not achieve the fluency needed to practice in
America, causing less-skilled professional jobs to be a long-term solution.
44:
Various grassroots activist groups emerged in America in the 60s to lobby for Soviet Jewish migration to the United States. The idea was to apply enough pressure to pry open the iron curtain, and have the resources to settle and assimilate Soviet Jews in the United States.
172:
sensitive research, because they were deemed "security risks". The exodus of Jewish intellectuals form the Soviet Union (starting in the 60s) foreshadowed a large scale intellectual migration. This was so loathed by Soviet officials that a
62:, and Jews seeking to escape the USSR. Biblical phrases such as "Let my people go," dominated the activism, with American Jewish community playing a large role in disseminating and spreading information about the stories of Russian Jews.
119:
Soviet Jewish migration consisted of several waves, the main one in the late 1980s. Now, Jews born in the Soviet Union account for 5% of the American Jewish population. 1980 Census data shows that 98.6% of Soviet Jews lived in a
107:
A survey conducted on 310 of Russian Jewish households in New York found that 84% used Russian in their homes when growing up, promoting the retention of Soviet popular culture and affecting the languages spoken in adulthood.
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As a continuation of the norms of the Soviet Union, Soviet Jews place an abundance of value on occupational status for themselves and their descendants. Lacking an understanding of American
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Jews immigrated in much larger proportions from Ukraine than Russia, altering the characteristics and types of communities that were formed in the U.S.
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through communism in a totalitarian regime, has caused Russian Jews to be more conservative and less religious than their American counterparts.
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92:, as a means of belonging to a community that barely existed in their previous country. Children and teens could now be enrolled in
140:, or "Little Odessa" as it has come to be known, is the most dramatic example of a "Russified" neighborhood (despite the fact that
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Chiswick, Barry R. (1993-06). "Soviet Jews in the United States: An Analysis of Their Linguistic and Economic Adjustment".
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0197-9183 – via Soviet Jews in the United States: An Analysis of Their Linguistic and Economic Adjustment.
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Information about visiting Brighton Beach, including recommended restaurants and sights, can be found
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652:"Toward a Comprehensive Policy Planning for Russian-Speaking Jews in North America"
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Abramson, Rudy (1987-12-07). "200,000 Rally at Capitol, Demand Soviets Free Jews".
501:"Were the Jewish Immigrants to the United States Representative of Russian Jews?"
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Union of Councils for Soviet Jews and Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry (SSSJ)
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in the census. Jews from the Soviet Union consisted mostly of the
543:. Elliott Robert Barkan. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. 2013.
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124:, with 36% concentrated in the New York SMSA, or 300,000.
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Zeltzer-Zubida, Aviva; Kasinitz, Philip (December 2005).
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Kagedan, Allan (May 1, 1986). "Gorbachev and the Jews".
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Cleveland Jews and the Making of a Midwestern Community
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American Jewry: transcending the European experience?
689:Latova, Natalia V.; Savinkov, Vladimir I. (2012).
176:was instituted on those who wanted to emigrate.
136:Located in the southern-most part of Brooklyn,
194:"How Many Jews Are There in the Soviet Union?"
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233:"History of Dissident Movement in the USSR"
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79:Cultural and Linguistic Adjustment
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16:Ethnic group in the United States
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709:10.1111/j.1465-3435.2011.01508.x
634:"A Portrait of Jewish Americans"
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485::10.1177/019791839302700201.
192:Rothenberg, Joshua (1967).
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90:Conservative congregations
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144:is a city in Ukraine).
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231:Алексеева, Людмила.
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