20:
195:
285:, and he lived with them for twenty days. Four days before the main ceremony the tlatoani secluded himself in his palace and the Tezcatlipoca impersonator and his four wives paraded through the city. On the fifth day they travelled by canoe to a place called Acaquilpan, here he was left to himself by his wives near the temple
320:
dough then painted, dressed and decorated with clothes and gold jewelry that were symbols of the deity. The sculpture was built on a platform and was carried about. The female attendants who had ground the seeds, made the dough and dressed the sculpture had fasted for a year as part their ritualistic
300:
During the feast other deity impersonators were also sacrificed. Offerings of food, flowers and paper banners were made throughout the festival, and as the offerings were presented the people danced the "Leap of
Toxcatl". Men would also perform the dance of "the Serpent", and the women a dance named
247:
and be treated with great reverence. His skin was painted black except for a ribbon across his eyes, he was dressed in precious jewellery and cotton embroidered clothes. He wore a snail-shell lip pendant, eagle down headdress, turquoise bracelets and golden bells on his ankles.
344:, which is the celebration of the new year. Michel Graulich, who advocates a different calendrical correlation, places Toxcatl in the fall and sees the festival as a harvest feast celebrating the abundance of maize. Olivier (2003) stresses the importance of the actions of the
149:
meaning "wither from thirst". Toxcatl then means "drought". Many other meanings have since been proposed for the name - many having to do with the necklaces of grilled maize that were worn by the revellers during the festivities. The Aztecs also used the name
297:(skull rack), his body was flayed and his flesh was distributed among the nobles of the city and eaten. The warcaptive who was to be the next impersonator of Tezcatlipoca also took part in the flesh and probably also wore the skin of his predecessor.
324:
When Pedro de
Alverado thought he had evidence against the Aztecs to think that they were going to attack the Spaniards, he ordered his men to attack the Aztecs during this festival. Many people died including some of the village nobles.
233:
The most important part of the
Toxcatl ritual was the sacrifice of a young man who had been impersonating Tezcatlipoca since the last Toxcatl festival, and the selection of a new man to take that role in the year to come.
113:
which allowed the calendar cycle to remain aligned with the same agrarian cycles year after year. But other descriptions state that the leap year was unknown to the Aztecs and that the correlation of the months to the
289:("In the House of Darts"). He then freely walked up the stairs of the pyramid, breaking a flute on each step. At the summit the priests would lay him on a sacrificial stone, open his chest with an
364:
According to the interpretation of the Aztec calendar that assume that they practiced leap-years, which allowed them to keep the festivals in the same agrarian seasons year after year.
243:(impersonator) of Tezcatlipoca was normally a war captive. He was taught courtly speech, singing and to play the flute. Throughout the year he would parade in the streets of
43:
which lasted approximately from the 5th to the 22nd May, and of the festival which was held every year in this month. The
Festival of Toxcatl was dedicated to the god
251:
He walked about the city playing the flute, smoking tobacco and smelling flowers, and people would salute him as the living image of the god. At the building called
524:
301:"Grilled Corn". During these dances there would be kissing and playing between men and women. After the dances the participants were ritually
519:
66:
attacked and massacred the unprepared Aztecs during the celebration of
Toxcatl. This caused the outbreak of open hostilities between the
336:
saw the
Toxcatl ritual as symbol of the change of season represented as the death and rebirth of Tezcatlipoca. He likens Toxcatl to its
529:
495:
472:
48:
348:
in the ritual and sees the feast as a way for the ruler to offer a worthy sacrifice to the lord of rulership, Tezcatlipoca.
109:), plus an additional 5 days at the end of the year. Some descriptions of the Aztec calendar state that it also included a
445:
Teotl and
Ixiptlatli: some central conceptions in ancient Mexican religion: with a general introduction on cult and myth
55:
452:
59:
514:
125:
who witnessed the celebration of
Toxcatl in 1521 we know that in that year the feast fell in our month of May.
215:
154:(smoking or fumigation) to refer to the month of Toxcatl. The name of the corresponding month in other
337:
179:
227:
259:
incense and play his flute. Several times during the year he would meet with the Aztec ruler, the
171:
274:
269:
which preceded
Toxcatl, he would be ritually wed to four maidens who impersonated the goddesses
239:
19:
491:
468:
115:
219:
35:
313:
71:
486:
Mockeries and
Metamorphoses of an Aztec God - Tezcatlipoca, "Lord of the Smoking Mirror"
391:
He was a war captive according to Sahagún and Pomar. According to Durán he was a slave.
223:
159:
134:
83:
40:
16:
Day of the Aztec calendar on which an annual festival was held for the god Tezcatlipoca
508:
484:
302:
282:
266:
90:
461:
333:
270:
244:
203:
199:
122:
96:
63:
44:
194:
88:
The Aztec calendar was composed of two separate cycles—one of 260 days called the
423:
155:
456:
294:
293:
dagger, and remove his heart. He was beheaded and his skull was placed on the
278:
110:
317:
290:
261:
105:
341:
142:
51:
of a young man who had been impersonating the deity for a full year.
256:
211:
193:
67:
39:) was the name of the fifth twenty-day month or "veintena" of the
18:
103:
The 365-day xiuhpohualli consisted of 18 twenty-day "months" (or
23:
The Aztec "Sun stone" presenting elements of the Aztec calendar.
62:, occurred when the Spaniards who were tolerated as guests in
490:. Michel Besson (translator). University Press of Colorado.
226:
description of the gods and rites, and in the chronicle of
158:
cultures often have to do with smoke, steam or clouds. The
425:
We People here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico
214:
carried out during the feast of Toxcatl are described by
399:
397:
463:
The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya
483:
460:
265:, who would ritually adorn him. In the month of
74:a few weeks later the Spaniards fled the city.
121:In any case, from the descriptions of Spanish
8:
94:(day count) and one of 365 days called the
357:
186:meaning "we are going to grill maize".
34:
7:
305:by the priests of Tezcatlipoca (the
14:
182:word for the feast however was
178:, meaning "cloudy smoke". The
70:and Spaniards, and during the
1:
525:Religious festivals in Mexico
467:. London: Thames and Hudson.
520:Aztec mythology and religion
237:The youth chosen to be the
546:
443:Hvidtfeldt, Arild (1958).
81:
60:Spanish conquest of Mexico
482:Olivier, Guilhem (2003).
447:. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
340:equivalent, the feast of
58:, a turning point in the
530:Folk festivals in Mexico
422:Lockhart, James (1993).
373:Olivier 2003, pp. 196-7.
255:he would sometimes burn
118:would change over time.
162:word for the feast was
210:The rituals which the
207:
32:Nahuatl pronunciation:
24:
412:Olivier 2003, p. 196.
382:See Hvidtfeldt (1958)
312:A lifesize figure of
216:Bernardino de Sahagún
197:
22:
403:Olivier 2003, p. 206
36:[ˈtoːʃkat͡ɬ]
428:. Wipf & Stock.
228:Juan Bautista Pomar
170:meaning smoke. The
208:
133:According to Fray
25:
307:tlatlacanahualtin
141:derives from the
116:astronomical year
47:and featured the
537:
501:
489:
478:
466:
448:
430:
429:
419:
413:
410:
404:
401:
392:
389:
383:
380:
374:
371:
365:
362:
220:Florentine Codex
202:depicted in the
56:Toxcatl Massacre
38:
33:
545:
544:
540:
539:
538:
536:
535:
534:
515:Aztec calendars
505:
504:
498:
481:
475:
451:
442:
439:
434:
433:
421:
420:
416:
411:
407:
402:
395:
390:
386:
381:
377:
372:
368:
363:
359:
354:
331:
329:Interpretations
314:Huitzilipochtli
192:
131:
86:
80:
31:
17:
12:
11:
5:
543:
541:
533:
532:
527:
522:
517:
507:
506:
503:
502:
496:
479:
473:
449:
438:
435:
432:
431:
414:
405:
393:
384:
375:
366:
356:
355:
353:
350:
330:
327:
198:The Aztec god
191:
188:
130:
127:
100:(year count).
84:Aztec Calendar
82:Main article:
79:
76:
41:Aztec calendar
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
542:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
512:
510:
499:
497:0-87081-745-0
493:
488:
487:
480:
476:
474:0-500-05068-6
470:
465:
464:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
440:
436:
427:
426:
418:
415:
409:
406:
400:
398:
394:
388:
385:
379:
376:
370:
367:
361:
358:
351:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
328:
326:
322:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
298:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:Huixtocihuatl
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:Huey Tozoztli
264:
263:
258:
254:
249:
246:
242:
241:
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
205:
201:
196:
189:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
128:
126:
124:
123:conquistadors
119:
117:
112:
108:
107:
101:
99:
98:
93:
92:
91:tonalpohualli
85:
77:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
50:
46:
42:
37:
29:
21:
485:
462:
453:Miller, Mary
444:
424:
417:
408:
387:
378:
369:
360:
345:
338:K'iche' Maya
334:Eduard Seler
332:
323:
316:was made of
311:
306:
299:
287:Tlacochcalco
286:
271:Xochiquetzal
260:
253:Quauhxicalco
252:
250:
245:Tenochtitlan
238:
236:
232:
209:
204:Codex Borgia
200:Tezcatlipoca
190:The Festival
183:
175:
167:
163:
156:Mesoamerican
151:
146:
138:
132:
120:
104:
102:
97:xiuhpohualli
95:
89:
87:
72:Noche Triste
64:Tenochtitlan
53:
45:Tezcatlipoca
27:
26:
180:Matlatzinca
152:Tepopochtli
135:Diego Durán
509:Categories
457:Karl Taube
437:References
295:tzompantli
240:ixiptlatli
222:, in Fray
78:Calendrics
342:Jun Raqan
279:Atlatonan
174:name was
172:Kaqchikel
164:Atzibiphi
147:toxcahuia
137:the name
106:veintenas
49:sacrifice
459:(1993).
346:tlatoani
318:amaranth
291:obsidian
262:tlatoani
184:Unditini
129:The name
111:leap day
303:scarred
275:Xilonen
218:in the
176:Cibixic
143:Nahuatl
139:Toxcatl
28:Toxcatl
494:
471:
321:role.
224:Duráns
212:Aztecs
68:Aztecs
352:Notes
257:copal
168:biphi
160:Otomi
145:verb
54:The
492:ISBN
469:ISBN
281:and
309:).
511::
455:;
396:^
277:,
273:,
230:.
166:,
500:.
477:.
206:.
30:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
