31:
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296:, and he lived with them for twenty days. Four days before the main ceremony the tlatoani secluded himself in his palace and the Tezcatlipoca impersonator and his four wives paraded through the city. On the fifth day they travelled by canoe to a place called Acaquilpan, here he was left to himself by his wives near the temple
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dough then painted, dressed and decorated with clothes and gold jewelry that were symbols of the deity. The sculpture was built on a platform and was carried about. The female attendants who had ground the seeds, made the dough and dressed the sculpture had fasted for a year as part their ritualistic
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During the feast other deity impersonators were also sacrificed. Offerings of food, flowers and paper banners were made throughout the festival, and as the offerings were presented the people danced the "Leap of
Toxcatl". Men would also perform the dance of "the Serpent", and the women a dance named
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and be treated with great reverence. His skin was painted black except for a ribbon across his eyes, he was dressed in precious jewellery and cotton embroidered clothes. He wore a snail-shell lip pendant, eagle down headdress, turquoise bracelets and golden bells on his ankles.
355:, which is the celebration of the new year. Michel Graulich, who advocates a different calendrical correlation, places Toxcatl in the fall and sees the festival as a harvest feast celebrating the abundance of maize. Olivier (2003) stresses the importance of the actions of the
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meaning "wither from thirst". Toxcatl then means "drought". Many other meanings have since been proposed for the name - many having to do with the necklaces of grilled maize that were worn by the revellers during the festivities. The Aztecs also used the name
308:(skull rack), his body was flayed and his flesh was distributed among the nobles of the city and eaten. The warcaptive who was to be the next impersonator of Tezcatlipoca also took part in the flesh and probably also wore the skin of his predecessor.
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When Pedro de
Alverado thought he had evidence against the Aztecs to think that they were going to attack the Spaniards, he ordered his men to attack the Aztecs during this festival. Many people died including some of the village nobles.
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The most important part of the
Toxcatl ritual was the sacrifice of a young man who had been impersonating Tezcatlipoca since the last Toxcatl festival, and the selection of a new man to take that role in the year to come.
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which allowed the calendar cycle to remain aligned with the same agrarian cycles year after year. But other descriptions state that the leap year was unknown to the Aztecs and that the correlation of the months to the
300:("In the House of Darts"). He then freely walked up the stairs of the pyramid, breaking a flute on each step. At the summit the priests would lay him on a sacrificial stone, open his chest with an
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According to the interpretation of the Aztec calendar that assume that they practiced leap-years, which allowed them to keep the festivals in the same agrarian seasons year after year.
254:(impersonator) of Tezcatlipoca was normally a war captive. He was taught courtly speech, singing and to play the flute. Throughout the year he would parade in the streets of
54:
which lasted approximately from the 5th to the 22nd May, and of the festival which was held every year in this month. The
Festival of Toxcatl was dedicated to the god
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He walked about the city playing the flute, smoking tobacco and smelling flowers, and people would salute him as the living image of the god. At the building called
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312:"Grilled Corn". During these dances there would be kissing and playing between men and women. After the dances the participants were ritually
530:
77:
attacked and massacred the unprepared Aztecs during the celebration of
Toxcatl. This caused the outbreak of open hostilities between the
347:
saw the
Toxcatl ritual as symbol of the change of season represented as the death and rebirth of Tezcatlipoca. He likens Toxcatl to its
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in the ritual and sees the feast as a way for the ruler to offer a worthy sacrifice to the lord of rulership, Tezcatlipoca.
120:), plus an additional 5 days at the end of the year. Some descriptions of the Aztec calendar state that it also included a
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Teotl and
Ixiptlatli: some central conceptions in ancient Mexican religion: with a general introduction on cult and myth
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who witnessed the celebration of
Toxcatl in 1521 we know that in that year the feast fell in our month of May.
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165:(smoking or fumigation) to refer to the month of Toxcatl. The name of the corresponding month in other
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incense and play his flute. Several times during the year he would meet with the Aztec ruler, the
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which preceded
Toxcatl, he would be ritually wed to four maidens who impersonated the goddesses
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Mockeries and
Metamorphoses of an Aztec God - Tezcatlipoca, "Lord of the Smoking Mirror"
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He was a war captive according to Sahagún and Pomar. According to Durán he was a slave.
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Day of the Aztec calendar on which an annual festival was held for the god Tezcatlipoca
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The Aztec calendar was composed of two separate cycles—one of 260 days called the
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dagger, and remove his heart. He was beheaded and his skull was placed on the
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of a young man who had been impersonating the deity for a full year.
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50:) was the name of the fifth twenty-day month or "veintena" of the
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The 365-day xiuhpohualli consisted of 18 twenty-day "months" (or
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The Aztec "Sun stone" presenting elements of the Aztec calendar.
73:, occurred when the Spaniards who were tolerated as guests in
501:. Michel Besson (translator). University Press of Colorado.
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description of the gods and rites, and in the chronicle of
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cultures often have to do with smoke, steam or clouds. The
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We People here: Nahuatl Accounts of the Conquest of Mexico
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carried out during the feast of Toxcatl are described by
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The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya
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276:, who would ritually adorn him. In the month of
85:a few weeks later the Spaniards fled the city.
132:In any case, from the descriptions of Spanish
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105:(day count) and one of 365 days called the
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197:meaning "we are going to grill maize".
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7:
316:by the priests of Tezcatlipoca (the
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193:word for the feast however was
189:, meaning "cloudy smoke". The
81:and Spaniards, and during the
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536:Religious festivals in Mexico
478:. London: Thames and Hudson.
531:Aztec mythology and religion
248:The youth chosen to be the
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454:Hvidtfeldt, Arild (1958).
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71:Spanish conquest of Mexico
493:Olivier, Guilhem (2003).
458:. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.
351:equivalent, the feast of
69:, a turning point in the
541:Folk festivals in Mexico
433:Lockhart, James (1993).
384:Olivier 2003, pp. 196-7.
266:he would sometimes burn
129:would change over time.
173:word for the feast was
221:The rituals which the
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43:Nahuatl pronunciation:
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423:Olivier 2003, p. 196.
393:See Hvidtfeldt (1958)
323:A lifesize figure of
227:Bernardino de Sahagún
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414:Olivier 2003, p. 206
47:[ˈtoːʃkat͡ɬ]
439:. Wipf & Stock.
239:Juan Bautista Pomar
181:meaning smoke. The
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144:According to Fray
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318:tlatlacanahualtin
152:derives from the
127:astronomical year
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298:Tlacochcalco
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282:Xochiquetzal
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264:Quauhxicalco
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256:Tenochtitlan
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215:Codex Borgia
211:Tezcatlipoca
201:The Festival
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167:Mesoamerican
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108:xiuhpohualli
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83:Noche Triste
75:Tenochtitlan
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56:Tezcatlipoca
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191:Matlatzinca
163:Tepopochtli
146:Diego Durán
520:Categories
468:Karl Taube
448:References
306:tzompantli
251:ixiptlatli
233:, in Fray
89:Calendrics
353:Jun Raqan
290:Atlatonan
185:name was
183:Kaqchikel
175:Atzibiphi
158:toxcahuia
148:the name
117:veintenas
60:sacrifice
470:(1993).
357:tlatoani
329:amaranth
302:obsidian
273:tlatoani
195:Unditini
140:The name
122:leap day
314:scarred
286:Xilonen
229:in the
187:Cibixic
154:Nahuatl
150:Toxcatl
39:Toxcatl
18:Toxcatl
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332:role.
235:Duráns
223:Aztecs
79:Aztecs
363:Notes
268:copal
179:biphi
171:Otomi
156:verb
65:The
503:ISBN
480:ISBN
292:and
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407:^
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41:(
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