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in-situ probe array data which represents another effective mesonet station, it is hoped to obtain thermodynamic and kinematic mapping that will describe characteristics of the flow reaching the tornado. Even if the hardened tornado probes do not take a direct hit, a peripheral tornado sampling is still very worthwhile.
537:
Lee, B. D., C. A. Finley, and P. Skinner, 2004: Thermodynamic and kinematic analysis of multiple RFD surges for the 24 June 2003 Manchester, South Dakota cyclic tornadic supercell during
Project ANSWERS 2003. Preprints, 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., CD-ROM, 11.2.
438:
Each of the participating TWISTEX vehicles will have a mobile mesonet (MM) station mounted on the roof including the probe deployment truck. The mobile mesonet will be attempting to gather near-surface thermodynamic and kinematic data in as many quadrants of the RFD as possible. When coupled with the
482:
Finley, C. A., B. D. Lee, M. Grzych, C. D. Karstens, and T. M. Samaras, 2010: Mobile mesonet observations of the rear-flank downdraft evolution associated with a violent tornado near Bowdle, SD on 22 May 2010. Electronic proceedings, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO. Amer. Meteor. Soc.,
207:
The research objectives were to better understand tornado generation, maintenance and decay processes and to gain insight and knowledge of the seldom sampled near-surface internal tornado environment. Progress on these research fronts was aimed toward increasing tornado warning lead time, while the
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New additional technologies will be used by deployment crew members to collect photogrammetric data from tornadoes as close as possible. One technique will be to record close tornado imagery using two digitally synchronized high-resolution high-speed cameras running at 500 frames per second for
203:
thermodynamic and video probes. Due to graduate and upper-division undergraduate student participant availability, a reduced vehicle compliment consisting of the in-situ probe deployment truck and one support mesonet station vehicle was used in the first few weeks of the project.
496:
Lee, B. D., C. A. Finley, C. D. Karstens, and T. M. Samaras, 2010: Surface observations of the rear-flank downdraft evolution associated with the Aurora, NE tornado of 17 June 2009. Electronic proceedings, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO. Amer. Meteor. Soc., P8.27.
503:
Finley, C. A., and B. D. Lee, 2008: Mobile mesonet observations of an
Intense RFD and multiple gust fronts in the May 23 Quinter, Kansas tornadic supercell during TWISTEX 2008. Electronic proceedings, 24th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA Amer. Meteor. Soc., P3.18.
556:
Samaras, T.M., and J. J. Lee, 2004. Pressure measurements within a large tornado. Proc. 84th
American Meteorological Society Annual Meeting - Eighth Symposium on Integrated Observing and Assimilation Systems for Atmosphere, Oceans, and Land Surface, Seattle, WA., P4.9.
510:
Karstens, C. D., T. M. Samaras, A. Laubach, B. D. Lee, C. A. Finley, W. A. Gallus, F. L. Hann, 2008. TWISTEX 2008: In situ and mobile mesonet observations of tornadoes. Electronic proceedings, 24th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA Amer. Meteor. Soc., P3.11.
563:
Wurman, J., and T. Samaras, 2004: Comparison of in-situ pressure and DOW Doppler winds in a tornado and RHI vertical slices through 4 tornadoes during 1996-2004. Extended
Abstracts, 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer. Meteor. Soc., 15.4, 1-14.
426:
While there are abundant kinematic datasets gathered by mobile radar of the tornadic region of supercells, the number of quality mobile mesonet or sticknet thermodynamic datasets of the flow field proximate to the tornadic region, generally within the supercell
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Lee, B.D., C. A. Finley, and T. M. Samaras, 2008: Thermodynamic and kinematic analysis near and within the Tipton, KS tornado on May 29 during TWISTEX 2008. Electronic proceedings, 24th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Savannah, GA Amer. Meteor. Soc., P3.13.
456:
Karstens, C. D., W. A. Gallus, B. D. Lee, and C. A. Finley, 2013: Analysis of tornado-induced tree-fall using aerial photography from the Joplin, MO, and
Tuscaloosa-Birmingham, AL, tornadoes of 2011. J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol., Early online release:
610:
Samaras, T. M., and J. J. Lee, 2006: Measuring tornado dynamics with in-situ instrumentation. Proceedings of the 2006 Structures
Congress: 2006 Structural Engineering and Public Safety. St. Louis, Missouri, pp. 1–10, (doi 10.1061/40889(201)12).
489:
Karstens, C. D., T. M. Samaras, W. A. Gallus, C. A. Finley, B. D. Lee 2010: Analysis of near-surface wind flow in close proximity to tornadoes. Electronic proceedings, 25th Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Denver, CO. Amer. Meteor. Soc., P10.11.
530:
Finley, C. A., and B. D. Lee, 2004: High resolution mobile mesonet observations of RFD surges in the June 9 Basset, Nebraska supercell during project answers 2003. Preprints, 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, CD-ROM, 11.3.
463:
Lee, B. D., C. A. Finley, and C. D. Karstens, 2012: The Bowdle, South Dakota, cyclic tornadic supercell of 22 May 2010: Surface analysis of rear-flank downdraft evolution and multiple internal surges. Mon. Wea. Rev., 140, 3419-3441.
397:
probes are called
Hardened In-situ Tornado Pressure Recorders (HITPR). All of the hardened instrumentation can collect/store the datasets. Measurements are recorded at 10 samples/second, and stored on non-volatile flash cards.
264:
resident
Richard Henderson, who decided to follow the twister, lost his life in that same area. He snapped a picture of the storm from his cellular phone before it struck him. Several other storm chasers, including
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TWISTEX will also have video probes that will provide visualization using 7 cameras each for a total of 14 cameras being deployed into the tornado core. Collectively the two camera probes will be used for
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Channel 4 in
Oklahoma City with their storm chasers when they came upon the wrecked Great Tornado Hunt SUV. Four other people who were not involved with storm chasing also died in this tornado.
260:
was caught by a subvortex, and Paul and Carl were ejected from the car. Tim was buckled in the passenger's seat, and was killed as the car was thrown approximately half a mile by the storm.
550:
Samaras, T. M., 2004: A historical perspective of in-situ observations within tornado cores. Preprints, 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer, Meteor. Soc., CD_ROM, P11.4.
544:
Lee, J. J., T. M. Samaras, and C. R. Young, 2004: Pressure measurements at the ground in an F-4 tornado. 22nd Conf. on Severe Local Storms, Hyannis, MA, Amer, Meteor. Soc., CD_ROM, 15.3.
431:(RFD) outflow, are comparatively rare. Even rarer are mesonet datasets reaching within about 1.5 km of tornadoes and datasets sampling the thermodynamic evolution of the RFD
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internal tornado near-surface sampling provided essential ground truth data for structural engineering analysis of the interaction of tornadic winds with homes and buildings.
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Karstens, C. D., T. M. Samaras, B. D. Lee, W. A. Gallus, and C. A. Finley, 2010: Near-ground pressure and wind measurements in tornadoes. Mon. Wea. Rev., 138, 2570-2588.
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stereo photogrammetry techniques. This technique will provide excellent time resolution for velocity determination of low-level tornado core winds and lofted debris.
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Grzych, M. L., B. D. Lee, and C. A. Finley, 2007: Thermodynamic analysis of supercell rear-flank downdrafts from
Project ANSWERS. Mon. Wea. Rev., 135, 240-246.
599:
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Lee, B. D., C. A. Finley, and T. M. Samaras, 2011: Surface analysis near and within the Tipton, Kansas, tornado on 29 May 2008. Mon. Wea. Rev., 139, 370-386.
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The crushed remains of the TWISTEX vehicle near the intersection of Reuter Road and S. Radio Road approximately 4.8 mi (7.7 km) southeast of
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purposes to visualize/measure tornado-driven debris and hydrometeors as well as for determining the tornado-relative location of the HITPRs.
176:. The experiment announced in 2015 that there were some plans for future operations, but no additional information has been announced since.
273:, were also caught in the same sub-vortex but escaped with only minor injuries. Bettes and the Tornado Hunt crew were lifted up by the
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192:. The project was normally at full strength for most of May and June with four vehicles, all equipped with roof-mounted mobile
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249:, his 24-year-old son Paul Samaras, and 45-year-old California native Carl Young died in the record wide EF3
580:, by Stephen Bechtel with Tim Samaras. Published by National Geographic. pp. 272. Release May 19, 2009.
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Several hardened instruments will be deployed in paths of tornadoes to collect the following datasets:
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Chris Karstens; Mesonet Team Leader & Software Development, ISU Atmospheric Sciences Ph.D. Student
256:. They were unable to escape along gravel roads as the funnel rapidly expanded to envelop them. Their
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The project normally ran from mid-April through the end of June with a domain that covers the
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velocities and for verification of the tornado-relative location of the in situ sampling.
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National Geographic Feature - New View of Tornadoes: From the Inside Looking Out (2005)
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281:. The SUV was destroyed afterward. Bettes and his crew were later found and rescued by
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Participants of the TWISTEX research project have contributed to many publications.
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National Geographic in the Field - Tim Samaras, Severe-Storms Researcher (2005)
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http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-pdf&doi=10.1175%2FMWR3288.1
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745:"Oklahoma storms: Amateur storm chaser took photo of tornado that killed him"
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National Geographic Today - Storm Chaser Deploys Probe, Makes History (2003)
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in their sport utility vehicle. That storm threw them two hundred yards off
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Matt Grzych; Software & Systems Development, Atmospheric Scientist
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801:"At least 16 dead after rain, twisters lash mid-US; storms head east"
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Dr. Cathy Finley; Mobile Mesonet Co-Director, Atmospheric Scientist
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The TWISTEX crew and the vehicles on equipped with mobile mesonets.
772:"Weather Channel's Storm-Chasing SUV Destroyed by Tornado (Photo)"
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Killed by the record breaking EF3 tornado in El Reno, Oklahoma:
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TWISTEX was one of the featured teams in seasons 3, 4 and 5 of
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National Geographic (Book and articles about Samaras research)
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Dr. Bruce Lee; Mobile Mesonet Director, Atmospheric Scientist
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http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/MWR-D-11-00351.1
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http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/JAMC-D-12-0206.1
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rotate shifts into the mesonet vehicles during the project.
722:"'Unpredictable' storm in Oklahoma turned on three chasers"
172:, US, that ended in the deaths of three researchers in the
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The HITPR probe used to take in-site tornado measurements.
627:- Scientists Put an Eye in the Heart of the Storm (2005)
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http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2010MWR3201.1
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http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/2010MWR3454.1
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National Geographic Events – Inside the Tornado (2005)
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Jake Carpenter; Catherine E. Shoichet (2 June 2013).
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Students from the Atmospheric Sciences Department at
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Ed Grubb; Mobile Mesonet Navigator, Mechanical Guru
629:https://abcnews.go.com/WNT/Science/story?id=831857
343:Tim Samaras; TWISTEX Director, scientist, engineer
164:research experiment that was founded and led by
645:TWISTEX was featured in seasons 3, 4, and 5 of
613:http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?0609031
422:Two of the TWISTEX mesonet vehicles, M1 and M2.
323:Ben McMillan; Mobile Mesonet Driver, Team Medic
520:http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/142078.pdf
513:http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/141974.pdf
506:http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/142133.pdf
499:http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/176133.pdf
492:http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/176188.pdf
485:http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/176132.pdf
199:. One of the vehicles transported an array of
566:http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/82352.pdf
559:http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/74267.pdf
552:http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/81153.pdf
546:http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/81700.pdf
540:http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/82000.pdf
533:http://ams.confex.com/ams/pdfpapers/82005.pdf
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619:ABC News (Article about Samaras research)
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
386:, and visualization for accurate debris/
349:Carl Young; Probe Driver, meteorologist
965:Meteorology research and field projects
855:TWISTEX Investigators, Dr. Cathy Finley
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414:Tornado proximity environment sampling
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842:TWISTEX Investigators, Dr. Bruce Lee
605:American Society of Civil Engineers
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451:AMS Journal and Conference Papers
221:. The group was also featured on
933:Personal website of Tony Laubach
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641:List of Storm Chasers episodes
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47:secondary or tertiary sources
743:Clay, Nolan (June 3, 2013).
223:National Geographic Channel
16:Tornado research experiment
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346:Paul Samaras; videographer
289:crew who were chasing for
672:"Twistex's Facebook page"
335:Former TWISTEX personnel
190:Midwestern United States
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708:Meet The Teams, TWISTEX
777:The Hollywood Reporter
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34:relies excessively on
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354:Tornado core sampling
329:Iowa State University
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429:rear-flank downdraft
368:atmospheric pressure
225:'s "Disaster Labs".
188:and portions of the
174:2013 El Reno tornado
893:"Error - Discovery"
868:"Error - Discovery"
267:The Weather Channel
229:May 31, 2013 deaths
938:2009-12-14 at the
826:has generic name (
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897:www.discovery.com
872:www.discovery.com
647:Discovery Channel
297:TWISTEX personnel
245:On May 31, 2013,
239:El Reno, Oklahoma
219:Discovery Channel
170:Bennett, Colorado
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799:News, U.S.
388:hydrometeor
372:temperature
283:Reed Timmer
271:Mike Bettes
247:Tim Samaras
166:Tim Samaras
954:Categories
659:References
625:World News
380:wind speed
180:Background
99:April 2010
69:newspapers
36:references
384:direction
156:ornadoes
134:backronym
58:"TWISTEX"
936:Archived
918:Articles
816:cite web
683:8 August
677:Facebook
376:humidity
285:and his
140:actical
960:Tornado
902:29 June
877:29 June
806:29 June
784:29 June
756:June 4,
728:29 June
433:outflow
291:KFOR-TV
217:on the
201:in situ
194:mesonet
162:tornado
144:eather-
130:TWISTEX
83:scholar
483:8A.2.
262:Hinton
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724:. CNN
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828:help
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