694:
353:, a gel-like material in the inner core of the vertebral disc, ruptures. Rupturing of the nucleus pulposus can lead to compression of nerve roots. Symptoms may be unilateral or bilateral, and correlate to the region of the spine affected. The most common region for spinal disk disease is at L4–L5 or L5–S1. The risk for lumbar disc disease is increased in overweight individuals because of the increased compressive force on the nucleus pulposus, and is twice as likely to occur in men. A 2002 study found that lifestyle factors such as night-shift work and lack of physical activity can also increase the risk of lumbar disc disease.
655:
condition is suspected, MRI is usually most appropriate. Computed tomography is an alternative if MRI is contraindicated or unavailable. In cases of acute back pain, MRI is recommended for those with major risk factors or clinical suspicion of cancer, spinal infection or severe progressive neurological deficits. For patients with subacute to chronic back pain, MRI is recommended if minor risk factors exist for cancer, ankylosing spondylitis or vertebral compression fracture, or if significant trauma or symptomatic spinal stenosis is present.
357:
588:
psychological effects. Back pain has been linked to depression, anxiety, stress, and avoidance behaviors due to mentally not being able to cope with the physical pain. Both acute and chronic back pain can be associated with psychological distress in the form of anxiety (worries, stress) or depression (sadness, discouragement). Psychological distress is a common reaction to the suffering aspects of acute back pain, even when symptoms are short-term and not medically serious.
43:
892:
for chronic back pain with regard to pain relief and gain of function. It is almost certain that over-prescription of opiates for conditions like back pain has been as a result of excess pharmaceutical company marketing rather than evidence of benefit, and many thousands of deaths have resulted. Back pain is considered one of the key conditions where opiate painkillers have been over-prescribed leading to the
597:
500:
799:
through the legal and socioeconomic impediments to recovery. For many, the goal is to keep the pain at a manageable level to progress with rehabilitation, which then can lead to long-term pain relief. Also, for some people the goal is to use nonsurgical therapies to manage the pain and avoid major surgery, while for others surgery may represent the quickest path to pain relief.
383:, or degenerative arthritis of the spine, occurs when the intervertebral disc undergoes degenerative changes, causing the disc to fail at cushioning the vertebrae. There is an association between intervertebral disc space narrowing and lumbar spine pain. The space between the vertebrae becomes more narrow, resulting in compression and irritation of the nerves.
827:
satisfaction, although they have not been shown to provide functional improvement. However, one review found that exercise is effective for chronic back pain but not for acute pain. Exercise should be performed under the supervision of a healthcare professional. Supervised walking programs have been shown to be cost-effective at reducing back pain recurrences.
5374:
479:. Back pain is present in 29% of patients with systemic cancer. Unlike other causes of back pain that commonly affect the lumbar spine, the thoracic spine is most commonly affected. The pain can be associated with systemic symptoms such as weight loss, chills, fever, nausea and vomiting. Unlike other causes of back pain,
651:(MRI) is the preferred modality for the evaluation of back pain and visualization of bone, soft tissue, nerves and ligaments. X-rays are a less costly initial option offered to patients with a low clinical suspicion of infection or malignancy, and they are combined with laboratory studies for interpretation.
587:
Back pain physical effects can range from muscle aching to a shooting, burning, or stabbing sensation. Pain can radiate down the legs and can be increased by bending, twisting, lifting, standing, or walking. While the physical effects of back pain are always at the forefront, back pain also can have
1052:
Typical factors aggravating the back pain of pregnancy include standing, sitting, forward bending, lifting and walking. Back pain in pregnancy may also be characterized by pain radiating into the thigh and buttocks, nighttime pain severe enough to wake the patient, pain that is increased at night or
928:
Surgery for back pain is typically used as a last resort, when serious neurological deficit is evident. A 2009 systematic review of back surgery studies found that, for certain diagnoses, surgery is moderately better than other common treatments, but the benefits of surgery often decline in the long
802:
Not all treatments work for all conditions or for all individuals with the same condition, and many must try several treatment options to determine what works best for them. The present stage of the condition (acute or chronic) is also a determining factor in the choice of treatment. Only a minority
639:
Imaging of the spine and laboratory tests is not recommended during the acute phase. This assumes that there is no reason to expect that the patient has an underlying problem. In most cases, the pain subsides naturally after several weeks. People who seek diagnosis through imaging are typically less
523:
can all cause varying levels of joint destruction. Among the inflammatory arthritides, ankylosing spondylitis is most closely associated with back pain because of the inflammatory destruction of the bony components of the spine. Ankylosing spondylitis is common in young men and presents with a range
798:
goals when treating back pain are to achieve maximal reduction in pain intensity as rapidly as possible, to restore the individual's ability to function in everyday activities, to help the patient cope with residual pain, to assess for side effects of therapy and to facilitate the patient's passage
1073:
report approximately 12 million visits to doctor's offices each year are due to back pain. Missed work and disability related to low back pain costs over $ 50 billion each year in the United States. In the United
Kingdom in 1998, approximately £1.6 billion per year was spent on expenses related to
891:
has not been properly tested to determine efficacy for treating chronic lower back pain. For severe back pain not relieved by NSAIDs or acetaminophen, opioids are sometimes used. However, they do not appear to be more effective than placebo. Opioids may not be better than NSAIDs or antidepressants
811:
Back pain is generally first treated with nonpharmacological therapy, as it typically resolves without the use of medication. Superficial heat and massage, acupuncture and spinal manipulation therapy may be recommended. There is poor evidence for the effectiveness of most interventional treatments
604:
Initial assessment of back pain consists of a history and physical examination. Important characterizing features of back pain include location, duration, severity, history of prior back pain and possible trauma. Other important components of the patient history include age, physical trauma, prior
833:
may provide short-term pain relief, but not functional improvement, for those with acute lower back pain. It may also offer short-term pain relief and functional improvement for those with long-term (chronic) and subacute lower pack pain, but this benefit does not appear to be sustained after six
241:
causes. Approximately 90 percent of people with back pain are diagnosed with nonspecific, idiopathic acute pain with no identifiable underlying pathology. In approximately 10 percent of people, a cause can be identified through diagnostic imaging. Fewer than two percent of cases are attributed to
1016:
About 50% of women experience low back pain during pregnancy. Some studies have suggested that women who have experienced back pain before pregnancy are at a higher risk of experiencing back pain during pregnancy. It may be severe enough to cause significant pain and disability in as many as one
654:
Imaging is not warranted for most patients with acute back pain. Without signs and symptoms indicating a serious underlying condition, imaging does not improve clinical outcomes in these patients. Four to six weeks of treatment is appropriate before consideration of imaging studies. If a serious
826:
Regular activity and gentle stretching exercises is encouraged in uncomplicated back pain and is associated with better long-term outcomes. Physical therapy to strengthen the muscles in the abdomen and around the spine may also be recommended. These exercises are associated with better patient
189:
Back pain is common; approximately nine of ten adults experience it at some point in their lives, and five of ten working adults experience back pain each year. Some estimate that as many of 95% of people will experience back pain at some point in their lifetime. It is the most common cause of
572:
Heavy lifting, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and lack of exercise can increase the risk of back pain. Cigarette smokers are more likely to experience back pain than are nonsmokers. Weight gain in pregnancy is also a risk factor for back pain. In general, fatigue can worsen pain.
975:
or foraminectomy may also be necessary, if the vertebrae are causing significant nerve root compression. A discectomy is performed when the intervertebral disc has herniated or torn. It involves removing the protruding disc, either a portion of it or all of it, that is placing
777:
Moderate-quality evidence exists that suggests that the combination of education and exercise may reduce an individual's risk of developing an episode of low back pain. Lesser-quality evidence points to exercise alone as a possible deterrent to the risk of the condition.
190:
chronic pain and is a major contributor to missed work and disability. For most individuals, back pain is self-limiting. Most people with back pain do not experience chronic severe pain but rather persistent or intermittent pain that is mild or moderate. In most cases of
3951:
Jones, CMP; Day, RO; Koes, BW; Latimer, J; Maher, CG; McLachlan, AJ; Billot, L; Shan, S; Lin, CC; OPAL Investigators, Coordinators (22 July 2023). "Opioid analgesia for acute low back pain and neck pain (the OPAL trial): a randomised placebo-controlled trial".
988:
can also be performed, in which the source of the pain (the damaged disc) is removed and replaced, while maintaining spinal mobility. When an entire disc is removed (as in discectomy), or when the vertebrae are unstable, spinal fusion surgery may be performed.
1021:
and peaks between 24 and 36 weeks. Approximately 16% of women who experience back pain during pregnancy report continued back pain years after pregnancy, indicating that those with significant back pain are at greater risk of back pain following pregnancy.
325:
or sprains, which can cause peripheral injury to muscle or ligaments. Many patients cannot identify the events or activities that may have caused the strain. The pain can present acutely but in some cases can persist, leading to chronic pain.
4587:
4572:
3352:
Pocovi, Natasha C; Lin, Chung-Wei
Christine; French, Simon D; Graham, Petra L; van Dongen, Johanna M; Latimer, Jane; Merom, Dafna; Tiedemann, Anne; Maher, Christopher G; Clavisi, Ornella; Tong, Shuk Yin Kate; Hancock, Mark J (June 2024).
462:
Spread of cancer to the bone or spinal cord can lead to back pain. Bone is one of the most common sites of metastatic lesions. Patients typically have a history of malignancy. Common types of cancer that present with back pain include
395:
can occur in cases of severe spondylosis, spondylotheisis and age-associated thickening of the ligamentum flavum. Spinal stenosis involves narrowing of the spinal canal and typically presents in patients greater than 60 years of age.
919:. The steroid medications reduce inflammation and thus decrease pain and improve function. ESI has long been used to both diagnose and treat back pain, although recent studies have shown a lack of efficacy in treating low back pain.
333:, in which an initial injury causes a longer-lasting state of heightened sensitivity to pain. This persistent state maintains pain even after the initial injury has healed. Treatment of sensitization may involve low doses of
846:
appears to provide similar effects to other recommended treatments for chronic low back pain. There is no evidence it is more effective than other therapies or sham, or as an adjunct to other treatments, for acute low back
608:
Physical examination of the back should assess for posture and deformities. Pain elicited by palpating certain structures may be helpful in localizing the affected area. A neurologic exam is needed to assess for changes in
1068:
Although back pain does not typically cause permanent disability, it is a significant contributor to physician visits and missed work days in the United States, and is the single leading cause of disability worldwide. The
2369:
2332:
Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Yu F (May 2003). "Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of low-back pain and related disability with psychological distress among patients enrolled in the UCLA Low-Back Pain Study".
4489:
850:"Back school" is an intervention that consists of both education and physical exercises. There is no strong evidence supporting the use of back school for treating acute, subacute, or chronic non-specific back pain.
2296:
Carragee EJ, Alamin TF, Miller JL, Carragee JM (2005). "Discographic, MRI and psychosocial determinants of low back pain disability and remission: a prospective study in subjects with benign persistent back pain".
2424:
Thiruganasambandamoorthy V, Turko E, Ansell D, Vaidyanathan A, Wells GA, Stiell IG (July 2014). "Risk factors for serious underlying pathology in adult emergency department nontraumatic low back pain patients".
3355:"Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an individualised, progressive walking and education intervention for the prevention of low back pain recurrence in Australia (WalkBack): a randomised controlled trial"
1462:
902:
may also be used. Their short-term use has been proven effective in the relief of acute back pain. However, the evidence of this effect has been disputed, and these medications do have negative side effects.
872:
If nonpharmacological measures are ineffective, medication may be administered. However, caution should be undertaken with medications as long-term results of painkiller usage are worse than short-term.
616:
Determining if there are radicular symptoms, such as pain, numbness or weakness that radiate down limbs, is important for differentiating between central and peripheral causes of back pain. The
4469:
4127:
Chou R, Baisden J, Carragee EJ, Resnick DK, Shaffer WO, Loeser JD (May 2009). "Surgery for low back pain: a review of the evidence for an
American Pain Society Clinical Practice Guideline".
2410:
2077:
Raastad J, Reiman M, Coeytaux R, Ledbetter L, Goode AP (April 2015). "The association between lumbar spine radiographic features and low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis".
4879:
960:, all of which can impinge on the nerve roots around the spinal cord. There are multiple surgical options to treat back pain, and these options vary depending on the cause of the pain.
1985:
Elfering A, Semmer N, Birkhofer D, Zanetti M, Hodler J, Boos N (January 2002). "Risk factors for lumbar disc degeneration: a 5-year prospective MRI study in asymptomatic individuals".
863:
for back pain is often used in combination with other approaches, there appears to be little or no impact on pain intensity, functional status, global improvement or return to work.
2575:
2788:
Oland G, Hoff TG (September 1996). "Intraspinal cross-section areas measured on myelography–computed tomography. The relation to outcome in nonoperated lumbar disc herniation".
3440:"The effectiveness of acupuncture, acupressure and chiropractic interventions on treatment of chronic nonspecific low back pain in Iran: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
971:
may be performed, in which the material compressing on the nerve is removed. A multi-level laminectomy can be done to widen the spinal canal in the case of spinal stenosis. A
400:
can occur in cases of severe lumbar spinal stenosis and presents with symptoms of pain in the lower back, buttock or leg that is worsened by standing and relieved by sitting.
389:
is the anterior shift of one vertebra compared to the neighboring vertebra. It is associated with age-related degenerative changes as well as trauma and congenital anomalies.
2510:
548:
from another source. Referred pain occurs when pain is felt at a location different than the source of the pain. Disease processes that can present with back pain include
2212:
4874:
202:, acute low back pain is the fifth most common reason for physician visits and causes 40% of missed work days. It is the single leading cause of disability worldwide.
997:
and metal hardware is used to fix together two or more vertebrae, thus preventing the bones of the spinal column from compressing on the spinal cord or nerve roots.
1470:
3479:"Benefits and harms of spinal manipulative therapy for the treatment of chronic low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"
1807:
605:
history of cancer, fever, weight loss, urinary incontinence, progressive weakness or expanding sensory changes, which can indicate a medically urgent condition.
2831:
Kapeller P, Fazekas F, Krametter D, Koch M, Roob G, Schmidt R, Offenbacher H (1997). "Pyogenic infectious spondylitis: clinical, laboratory and MRI features".
693:
628:
that causes neurologic symptoms such as numbness and tingling. Non-radicular back pain is most commonly caused by injury to the spinal muscles or ligaments,
1227:
1037:. This softening and increased flexibility of the ligaments and joints in the lower back can result in pain. Back pain in pregnancy is often accompanied by
2595:
111:
depending on the duration. The pain may be characterized as a dull ache, shooting or piercing pain or a burning sensation. Discomfort can radiate to the
4533:
2621:"Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society"
1491:"Diagnosis and treatment of low back pain: a joint clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians and the American Pain Society"
5107:
1070:
321:
In as many as 90 percent of cases, no physiological causes or abnormalities on diagnostic tests can be found. Nonspecific back pain can result from
1722:
van den Bosch MA, Hollingworth W, Kinmonth AL, Dixon AK (January 2004). "Evidence against the use of lumbar spine radiography for low back pain".
406:
occur in four percent of patients presenting with lower back pain. Risk factors include age, female gender, history of osteoporosis, and chronic
1141:
5399:
2909:
Patel ND, Broderick DF, Burns J, Deshmukh TK, Fries IB, Harvey HB, et al. (September 2016). "ACR Appropriateness
Criteria Low Back Pain".
709:
Imaging is not typically needed in the initial diagnosis or treatment of back pain. However, if there are certain "red flag" symptoms present,
4500:"Noninvasive Treatments for Acute, Subacute, and Chronic Low Back Pain: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians"
2663:
2121:
1598:
1199:
658:
Early imaging studies during the acute phase do not improve care or prognosis. Imaging findings are not correlated with severity or outcome.
2112:
Lavelle WF, Kitab SA, Ramakrishnan R, Benzel EC (2017). "Anatomy of Nerve Root
Compression, Nerve Root Tethering, and Spinal Instability".
3170:
French SD, Cameron M, Walker BF, Reggars JW, Esterman AJ (April 2006). "A Cochrane review of superficial heat or cold for low back pain".
701:
Because laboratory testing lacks specificity, MRI with and without contrast media and often, biopsy are essential for accurate diagnosis
103:(tailbone or sacral pain) based on the segment affected. The lumbar area is the most common area affected. An episode of back pain may be
2138:
4170:
2253:
Burton AK, Tillotson KM, Main CJ, Hollis S (March 1995). "Psychosocial predictors of outcome in acute and subchronic low back trouble".
877:
666:
Laboratory studies are employed when there are suspicions of autoimmune causes, infection or malignancy. Laboratory testing may include
372:
and presents initially with pain followed by motor and sensory. Bladder incontinence is seen in later stages of cauda equina syndrome.
4430:
4397:
4307:
4205:
4103:
4070:
3832:
3274:
2472:
1889:
1652:
1558:
444:. Risk factors include skin infection, urinary tract infection, IV catheter use, IV drug use, previous endocarditis and lung disease.
1004:, is the source of the back pain, surgery may be indicated when a trial of antibiotics is ineffective. Surgical evacuation of spinal
364:
Severe spinal-cord compression is considered a surgical emergency and requires decompression to preserve motor and sensory function.
3996:
3154:
4869:
4829:
3526:
Rubinstein SM, Terwee CB, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW, et al. (Cochrane Back and Neck Group) (September 2012).
4230:
2745:
Chou R, Fu R, Carrino JA, Deyo RA (February 2009). "Imaging strategies for low-back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis".
2521:
4990:
1060:(paracetamol) and massage can be used to help relieve pain. Avoiding standing for prolonged periods of time is also suggested.
812:(drugs and surgery) for back pain and hence non-interventional treatments should be prioritized in the vast majority of cases.
584:
may correlate more closely with back pain than do structural abnormalities revealed in X-rays and other medical imaging scans.
4474:
4676:
2866:
Deyo RA, Diehl AK (May 1988). "Cancer as a cause of back pain: frequency, clinical presentation, and diagnostic strategies".
2539:
2502:
671:
403:
2590:
1187:
1025:
Biomechanical factors of pregnancy shown to be associated with back pain include increased curvature of the lower back, or
4796:
2600:
1618:
5364:
2370:"Psychological distress confirmed as predictor of long-term back-related functional limitations in primary care settings"
5100:
4762:
1846:
1324:
880:
are typically attempted first. NSAIDs have been proven more effective than placebo, and are usually more effective than
520:
2683:
Casazza BA. Diagnosis and treatment of acute low back pain. Am Fam
Physician. 2012 Feb 15;85(4):343-50. PMID 22335313.
2506:
1679:
Orendácová J, Cízková D, Kafka J, Lukácová N, Marsala M, Sulla I, et al. (August 2001). "Cauda equina syndrome".
2543:
1954:. Bethesda, MD: U.S. National Library of Medicine, Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). 2020.
905:
For patients with nerve root pain and acute radiculopathy, there is evidence that a single dose of steroids, such as
5059:
912:
648:
533:
823:
or other conditions. A review concluded that heat therapy can reduce symptoms of acute and subacute low-back pain.
5341:
4336:
Katonis P, Kampouroglou A, Aggelopoulos A, Kakavelakis K, Lykoudis S, Makrigiannakis A, Alpantaki K (July 2011).
2698:"Diagnostic imaging for low back pain: advice for high-value health care from the American College of Physicians"
1258:
949:
629:
561:
791:
Patients with uncomplicated back pain should be encouraged to remain active and to return to normal activities.
5028:
4602:
1033:
is released during pregnancy, which softens the structural tissues in the pelvis and lower back to prepare for
5165:
198:, rest, injections or surgery have similar general pain-resolution outcomes on average after one year. In the
4544:
5093:
3037:
1001:
732:
557:
488:
447:
437:
397:
5346:
5204:
3820:
3439:
985:
941:
860:
667:
633:
508:
451:
5351:
5074:
4962:
4791:
3718:
Wegner I, Widyahening IS, van Tulder MW, Blomberg SE, de Vet HC, Brønfort G, et al. (August 2013).
937:
757:
365:
330:
4985:
1164:
581:
553:
516:
3477:
Rubinstein SM, de Zoete A, van
Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW (March 2019).
356:
5404:
5328:
4591:
2947:
Steffens D, Maher CG, Pereira LS, Stevens ML, Oliveira VC, Chapple M, et al. (February 2016).
843:
834:
months of treatment. There do not appear to be any serious adverse effects associated with massage.
682:
Elevated ESR could indicate infection, malignancy, chronic disease, inflammation, trauma or tissue
512:
139:
840:
may provide some relief for back pain. However, further research with stronger evidence is needed.
4739:
4669:
4277:
4152:
3195:
3094:
2891:
2813:
2770:
2727:
2278:
2169:
2010:
1959:
1838:
1704:
675:
617:
135:
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Parreira P, Heymans MW, van Tulder MW, Esmail R, Koes BW, Poquet N, et al. (August 2017).
5252:
5226:
5064:
5044:
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4642:
4613:
4521:
4436:
4426:
4403:
4393:
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4066:
4043:
3992:
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3933:
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3828:
3798:
3749:
3700:
3663:
3611:
3557:
3508:
3459:
3420:
3334:
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3187:
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3086:
3019:
2970:
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2883:
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2762:
2719:
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2478:
2468:
2442:
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2314:
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2002:
1925:
1895:
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1739:
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1658:
1648:
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1512:
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1305:
1250:
1195:
1156:
763:
753:
727:
386:
243:
108:
55:
4484:
4174:
1586:
430:. Infectious causes that lead to back pain involve various structures surrounding the spine.
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5131:
4902:
4752:
4511:
4349:
4261:
4136:
4033:
4025:
3961:
3923:
3915:
3874:
3864:
3788:
3780:
3739:
3731:
3690:
3653:
3645:
3601:
3591:
3547:
3539:
3498:
3490:
3451:
3410:
3400:
3362:
3324:
3314:
3222:
3179:
3125:
3076:
3009:
3001:
2960:
2918:
2875:
2840:
2797:
2754:
2714:
2709:
2697:
2637:
2632:
2620:
2434:
2384:
2342:
2306:
2262:
2227:
2157:
2153:
2086:
2049:
2041:
1994:
1822:
1778:
1770:
1731:
1688:
1507:
1502:
1490:
1431:
1381:
1371:
1295:
1242:
1034:
464:
454:. Risk factors include recent administration of epidurals, IV drug use or recent infection.
427:
350:
338:
251:
104:
92:
42:
2656:
Occupational medicine practice guidelines : evaluation and management of common health
5378:
5296:
5264:
5005:
4972:
4957:
4464:
4252:
Ostgaard HC, Andersson GB, Karlsson K (May 1991). "Prevalence of back pain in pregnancy".
3114:"The fight between medicine and scepticism needs to be resolved by evidence: Book reviews"
2552:
2548:
1971:
945:
899:
893:
830:
795:
476:
392:
230:
96:
3215:"Advice to rest in bed versus advice to stay active for acute low-back pain and sciatica"
640:
likely to receive a better outcome than are those who wait for the condition to resolve.
3879:
3852:
3606:
3579:
3329:
3302:
5269:
5257:
5116:
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4952:
4819:
4354:
4337:
4038:
4013:
3928:
3903:
3793:
3768:
3744:
3719:
3681:
Sahar T, Cohen MJ, Ne'eman V, Kandel L, Odebiyi DO, Lev I, et al. (October 2007).
3658:
3633:
3578:
Poquet N, Lin CW, Heymans MW, van Tulder MW, Esmail R, Koes BW, Maher CG (April 2016).
3552:
3527:
3503:
3478:
3415:
3388:
3183:
3081:
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3014:
2989:
2054:
2029:
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1386:
1359:
1103:
916:
441:
407:
334:
191:
4596:
3965:
3851:
Chaparro LE, Furlan AD, Deshpande A, Mailis-Gagnon A, Atlas S, Turk DC (August 2013).
3367:
3354:
2758:
2346:
1692:
636:. Disc herniation and foraminal stenosis are the most common causes of radiculopathy.
410:
use. Fractures can occur as a result of trauma but in many cases can be asymptomatic.
5394:
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5318:
5301:
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5184:
4947:
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2090:
1998:
1205:
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247:
199:
155:
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2965:
2948:
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Shiri R, Karppinen J, Leino-Arjas P, Solovieva S, Viikari-Juntura E (January 2010).
2014:
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3199:
2731:
2438:
2388:
2030:"Cauda equina syndrome: a review of the current clinical and medico-legal position"
972:
816:
697:
CT scan of the spine, showing calcification of the longitudinal posterior ligament.
596:
577:
549:
369:
3147:
Back up: why back pain treatments aren't working and the new science offering hope
2619:
Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, Casey D, Cross JT, Shekelle P, Owens DK (October 2007).
2604:
2173:
1489:
Chou R, Qaseem A, Snow V, Casey D, Cross JT, Shekelle P, Owens DK (October 2007).
4607:
4140:
3130:
3113:
2310:
2231:
1436:
1419:
1300:
1283:
1017:
third of pregnant women. Back pain typically begins at approximately 18 weeks of
483:-associated back pain is constant, dull, poorly localized and worsens with rest.
5242:
5199:
5170:
5069:
4995:
4980:
4942:
4897:
4854:
4849:
4747:
4721:
4637:
4198:
Benzel's spine surgery : techniques, complication avoidance, and management
1949:
1246:
964:
881:
853:
837:
710:
380:
322:
167:
143:
138:. Common underlying mechanisms include degenerative or traumatic changes to the
128:
60:
4618:
3455:
2922:
1917:
1774:
1735:
1614:
17:
5306:
5018:
4932:
4770:
4706:
4029:
2482:
2045:
1899:
1376:
1360:"What have we learned from ten years of trajectory research in low back pain?"
1008:
can also be attempted, if the blood products fail to break down on their own.
981:
968:
933:
625:
503:
Back pain can be caused by the vertebrae compressing the intervertebral discs.
499:
484:
238:
234:
124:
100:
4440:
4407:
4317:
4215:
4113:
4080:
3284:
1759:"Central sensitization: implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain"
1662:
1568:
1344:
5291:
5149:
5054:
5023:
5013:
4834:
4814:
4806:
4778:
4729:
4716:
4581:
2187:
1018:
749:
Minor fall or heavy lift in a potentially osteoporotic or elderly individual
529:
120:
88:
4525:
4363:
4148:
4047:
3973:
3937:
3888:
3853:"Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low-back pain"
3802:
3753:
3704:
3667:
3615:
3561:
3512:
3463:
3424:
3338:
3236:
3191:
3090:
3065:"New Clinical Guideline for Low Back Pain Says Try Nondrug Therapies First"
3023:
2988:
Baron R, Binder A, Attal N, Casale R, Dickenson AH, Treede RD (July 2016).
2974:
2930:
2766:
2723:
2646:
2569:
2446:
2396:
2354:
2318:
2239:
2165:
2098:
2063:
2006:
1929:
1834:
1792:
1743:
1700:
1516:
1445:
1395:
1340:
1309:
1254:
1160:
717:
or magnetic resonance imaging may be recommended. These red flags include:
4273:
2887:
2852:
2809:
2274:
5311:
5216:
5144:
5139:
4711:
1026:
1005:
977:
957:
953:
683:
480:
472:
468:
423:
195:
186:, neural tissues and adjacent structures can also manifest as back pain.
183:
171:
4564:
2571:
Low back pain: early management of persistent non-specific low back pain
2116:(4th ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier. pp. 200–205.
1420:"Comprehensive review of epidemiology, scope, and impact of spinal pain"
915:(ESI) is a procedure in which steroid medications are injected into the
329:
Chronic back pain in people with otherwise normal scans can result from
4783:
3387:
Furlan AD, Giraldo M, Baskwill A, Irvin E, Imamura M (September 2015).
2879:
2413:. International Asscosiation for the Study of Pain (IASP). 9 July 2021.
1030:
963:
When a herniated disc is compressing the nerve roots, hemi- or partial-
714:
525:
3919:
3767:
Staal JB, de Bie R, de Vet HC, Hildebrandt J, Nelemans P (July 2008).
2844:
2511:"Imaging tests for lower-back pain: Why you probably don't need them."
4576:
4516:
4499:
4490:
National
Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
4478:
4388:
Benzon HT, Rathmell JP, Wu CL, Turk DC, Argoff CE, Hurley RW (2013).
3494:
3438:
Yeganeh M, Baradaran HR, Qorbani M, Moradi Y, Dastgiri S (May 2017).
2188:"COVID and back pain - Omicron variant invades skeletal muscle cells"
1457:
1455:
1418:
Manchikanti L, Singh V, Datta S, Cohen SP, Hirsch JA (Jul–Aug 2009).
888:
803:
of people with back pain (most estimates are 1–10%) require surgery.
179:
147:
4094:
Daroff RB, Jankovic J, Mazziotta JC, Pomeroy SL, Bradley WG (2015).
3005:
2949:"Prevention of Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
2213:"The association between smoking and low back pain: a meta-analysis"
2589:
National
Collaborating Centre for Primary Care (13 January 2011),
1806:
Verdu B, Decosterd I, Buclin T, Stiefel F, Berney A (2008-01-01).
820:
692:
498:
491:
or vertebral fractures that require emergency surgical treatment.
355:
175:
163:
151:
72:
5085:
4392:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier/Saunders.
2139:"Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain with emphasis on imaging"
4685:
4012:
van Tulder MW, Touray T, Furlan AD, Solway S, Bouter LM (2003).
3580:"Back schools for acute and subacute non-specific low-back pain"
1551:
Rosen's emergency medicine : concepts and clinical practice
1029:, to support the added weight on the abdomen. Also, the hormone
610:
159:
116:
84:
80:
5089:
4658:
3269:(6th ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier/Saunders.
3303:"Exercise therapy for treatment of non-specific low back pain"
2463:
Chumley HS (2019). Usatine R, Smith MA, Mayeaux Jr EJ (eds.).
112:
4065:(Thirteenth ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier.
3301:
Hayden JA, van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, Koes BW (July 2005).
1593:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Saunders Elsevier. p. 13.
229:
There are many causes of back pain, including blood vessels,
932:
Surgery may sometimes be appropriate for people with severe
620:
is a maneuver used to determine the presence of lumbosacral
2568:
1358:
Kongsted A, Kent P, Axen I, Downie AS, Dunn KM (May 2016).
4200:(Fourth ed.). Saint Louis: Elsevier Health Sciences.
3825:
Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice
3769:"Injection therapy for subacute and chronic low-back pain"
210:
Back pain is classified in terms of duration of symptoms.
3989:
Empire Of Pain: The Secret History Of The Sackler Dynasty
4880:
congenital insensitivity to pain with partial anhidrosis
3213:
Dahm KT, Brurberg KG, Jamtvedt G, Hagen KB (June 2010).
2696:
Chou R, Qaseem A, Owens DK, Shekelle P (February 2011).
1553:(Ninth ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier.
182:
may also cause referred pain in the back. Tumors of the
4654:
4498:
Qaseem A, Wilt TJ, McLean RM, Forciea MA (April 2017).
1589:. In Slipman CW, Derby R, Simeone FA, Mayer TG (eds.).
1587:"Past, Present, and Future of Interventional Physiatry"
768:
Global or progressive motor weakness in the lower limbs
50:
Different regions (curvatures) of the vertebral column
5362:
3720:"Traction for low-back pain with or without sciatica"
3634:"Back Schools for chronic non-specific low back pain"
3528:"Spinal manipulative therapy for acute low-back pain"
2576:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
2544:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
1284:"Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of neck pain"
1041:, suggested to be caused by the baby pressing on the
4554:
760:, loss of anal sphincter tone, or fecal incontinence
5327:
5282:
5235:
5192:
5183:
5158:
5130:
5123:
5037:
5004:
4971:
4925:
4890:
4805:
4761:
4738:
4699:
4692:
4628:
4558:
3683:"Insoles for prevention and treatment of back pain"
1808:"Antidepressants for the treatment of chronic pain"
1645:
Symptom to diagnosis : an evidence-based guide
1591:
Interventional spine : an algorithmic approach
856:
appear to be an ineffective treatment intervention.
743:
Back pain not improved with conservative management
475:, spinal cord tumors, primary vertebral tumors and
54:
35:
4302:(4th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Saunders/Elsevier.
4061:Azar FM, Canale ST, Beaty JH, Campbell WC (2016).
689:Elevated CRP levels are associated with infection.
220:Chronic back pain lasts for greater than 12 weeks.
166:and extremities. Diseases and inflammation of the
4014:"Muscle relaxants for non-specific low back pain"
3902:Deyo RA, Von Korff M, Duhrkoop D (January 2015).
1325:"Diagnosis and management of acute low back pain"
4875:congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
2990:"Neuropathic low back pain in clinical practice"
1549:Walls RM, Hockberger RS, Gausche-Hill M (2017).
217:Subacute back pain lasts between 6 and 12 weeks.
4331:
4329:
4327:
3296:
3294:
2942:
2940:
2465:The color atlas and synopsis of family medicine
1924:. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
624:, which occurs when there is irritation in the
3382:
3380:
3378:
1916:Donnally III CJ, Hanna A, Varacallo M (2020).
940:. Causes of neurological deficits can include
878:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
418:Common infectious causes of back pain include
5101:
4670:
4300:High risk pregnancy : management options
2679:
2677:
146:, which can then cause secondary pain in the
134:The majority of back pain is nonspecific and
8:
3444:Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice
2911:Journal of the American College of Radiology
2591:"ACR Appropriateness Criteria low back pain"
1188:"Chapter 3: The Anatomy of Pain in Backache"
450:is commonly caused by severe infection with
254:, accounting for approximately one percent.
4541:Kaiser Foundation Health Plan of Washington
4018:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3857:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3773:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3724:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3687:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3638:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3584:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3532:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3393:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3307:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3219:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2496:
2494:
2492:
2028:Gardner A, Gardner E, Morley T (May 2011).
1467:Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation
1053:pain that is increased during the daytime.
5189:
5127:
5108:
5094:
5086:
4696:
4677:
4663:
4655:
4555:
2596:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
1882:Harrison's principles of internal medicine
41:
32:
4515:
4353:
4037:
3927:
3878:
3868:
3792:
3743:
3694:
3657:
3605:
3595:
3551:
3502:
3414:
3404:
3366:
3328:
3318:
3226:
3129:
3080:
3040:. Harvard Health Publishing. 13 June 2014
3013:
2964:
2713:
2636:
2053:
1782:
1506:
1435:
1385:
1375:
1299:
4468:) is being considered for deletion. See
4096:Bradley's neurology in clinical practice
3038:"When is back surgery the right choice?"
1089:
1087:
1071:American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
595:
580:factors such as work-related stress and
436:is the bacterial infection of the bone.
256:
5369:
4421:Bope ET, Kellerman RD, Conn HF (2017).
2715:10.7326/0003-4819-154-3-201102010-00008
2638:10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006
2158:10.7326/0003-4819-137-7-200210010-00010
1508:10.7326/0003-4819-147-7-200710020-00006
1226:Deyo RA, Weinstein JN (February 2001).
1194:. Vancouver, BC: MacDonald Publishing.
1083:
600:Diagnostic work-up for acute back pain.
487:to the bone also increases the risk of
246:and serious infections, such as spinal
4383:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4373:
4293:
4291:
4098:(Seventh ed.). London: Elsevier.
3627:
3625:
3149:. Sydney, N.S.W: NewSouth Publishing.
2691:
2689:
2458:
2456:
1967:
1957:
1911:
1909:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1674:
1672:
1638:
1636:
1580:
1578:
1142:"Diagnosis and treatment of back pain"
3846:
3844:
3814:
3812:
3573:
3571:
3260:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3246:
3058:
3056:
3054:
1647:(3 ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1463:"2010 Global Burden of Disease Study"
7:
2868:Journal of General Internal Medicine
2079:Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
349:Spinal disc disease occurs when the
337:and directed rehabilitation such as
4534:"Non-specific Back Pain Guidelines"
4231:"Chapter 9: The Surgical Treatment"
3267:Wall and Melzack's textbook of pain
2137:Jarvik JG, Deyo RA (October 2002).
1235:The New England Journal of Medicine
368:involves severe compression of the
3184:10.1097/01.brs.0000214881.10814.64
3082:10.1097/01.naj.0000516263.01592.38
2520:, Consumer Reports, archived from
1918:"Lumbar Degenerative Disk Disease"
582:dysfunctional family relationships
131:or weakness in the legs and arms.
25:
4472:to help reach a consensus. ›
4338:"Pregnancy-related low back pain"
4063:Campbell's operative orthopaedics
2427:The Journal of Emergency Medicine
913:Epidural corticosteroid injection
507:Inflammatory arthritides such as
214:Acute back pain lasts <6 weeks
5372:
4870:Congenital insensitivity to pain
4830:Paroxysmal extreme pain disorder
4266:10.1097/00007632-199105000-00011
4196:Steinmetz MP, Benzel EC (2016).
2802:10.1097/00007632-199609010-00009
2796:(17): 1985–89, discussion 1990.
2556:, American College of Physicians
2377:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
2335:Journal of Clinical Epidemiology
2267:10.1097/00007632-199503150-00014
2220:The American Journal of Medicine
2091:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2014.10.006
1999:10.1097/00007632-200201150-00002
1621:from the original on May 6, 2011
1323:Patel AT, Ogle AA (March 2000).
740:Prolonged use of corticosteroids
613:, sensation and motor function.
4235:Backache from Occiput to Coccyx
3069:The American Journal of Nursing
2966:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7431
1827:10.2165/0003495-200868180-00007
1192:Backache:From Occiput to Coccyx
404:Vertebral compression fractures
283:Vertebral compression fracture
4485:"Handout on Health: Back Pain"
3987:Radden Keefe, Patrick (2021).
3870:10.1002/14651858.CD004959.pub4
3785:10.1002/14651858.CD001824.pub3
3736:10.1002/14651858.cd003010.pub5
3696:10.1002/14651858.cd005275.pub2
3650:10.1002/14651858.CD011674.pub2
3597:10.1002/14651858.CD008325.pub2
3544:10.1002/14651858.CD008880.pub2
3406:10.1002/14651858.CD001929.pub3
3320:10.1002/14651858.CD000335.pub2
3228:10.1002/14651858.CD007612.pub2
2540:American College of Physicians
2503:American College of Physicians
2439:10.1016/j.jemermed.2013.08.140
2389:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2004.12.005
672:erythrocyte sedimentation rate
1:
5400:Bones of the vertebral column
3966:10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00404-X
3827:. Elsevier. pp. 569–76.
3368:10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00755-4
2759:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60172-0
2601:American College of Radiology
2347:10.1016/S0895-4356(03)00010-6
1693:10.1016/S0301-0082(00)00065-4
1364:BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders
746:History of significant trauma
524:of possible symptoms such as
5329:Intervertebral disc disorder
4390:Practical management of pain
4141:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a105fc
3131:10.1016/j.jsampl.2023.100042
2467:. McGraw Hill Professional.
2311:10.1016/j.spinee.2004.05.250
2232:10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.05.028
1301:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.09.008
1155:(2): 126–151, quiz 152–155.
668:white blood cell (WBC) count
521:systemic lupus erythematosus
4504:Annals of Internal Medicine
4298:James DK, Steer PJ (2011).
3904:"Opioids for low back pain"
3821:"Musculoskeletal Back Pain"
3819:Sudhir A, Perina D (2018).
3389:"Massage for low-back pain"
2702:Annals of Internal Medicine
2625:Annals of Internal Medicine
2507:Annals of Internal Medicine
2146:Annals of Internal Medicine
1495:Annals of Internal Medicine
1247:10.1056/NEJM200102013440508
1140:Church EJ, Odle TG (2007).
1074:disability from back pain.
882:paracetamol (acetaminophen)
630:degenerative spinal disease
576:A few studies suggest that
440:is most commonly caused by
5421:
4425:. Philadelphia: Elsevier.
3991:. Doubleday. p. 560.
3456:10.1016/j.ctcp.2016.11.012
2923:10.1016/j.jacr.2016.06.008
1775:10.1016/j.pain.2010.09.030
1736:10.1016/j.crad.2003.08.012
1282:Cohen SP (February 2015).
909:, may provide pain relief.
649:Magnetic resonance imaging
562:abdominal aortic aneurysms
534:inflammatory bowel disease
269:% of people with back pain
87:. It may be classified as
5342:Degenerative disc disease
4030:10.1002/14651858.CD004252
2411:"Psychology of Back Pain"
2046:10.1007/s00586-010-1668-3
1884:. McGraw-Hill Education.
1377:10.1186/s12891-016-1071-2
1329:American Family Physician
950:degenerative disc disease
426:, paraspinal abscess and
49:
40:
4470:templates for discussion
3837:– via ClinicalKey.
3265:McMahon SB, ed. (2013).
3063:Stockwell S (May 2017).
2994:European Journal of Pain
1681:Progress in Neurobiology
1437:10.36076/ppj.2009/12/E35
1000:If infection, such as a
993:is a procedure in which
956:, infection, and spinal
900:Skeletal muscle relaxers
558:urinary tract infections
242:secondary factors, with
4991:Posteromarginal nucleus
4926:Measurement and testing
4171:"Surgery For Back Pain"
2551:: an initiative of the
2368:Dionne CE (July 2005).
1757:Woolf CJ (March 2011).
1335:(6): 1779–86, 1789–90.
1288:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
1002:spinal epidural abscess
724:Unexplained weight loss
489:spinal-cord compression
448:Spinal epidural abscess
438:Vertebral osteomyelitis
398:Neurogenic claudication
27:Area of body discomfort
5347:Spinal disc herniation
5205:Ankylosing spondylitis
4543:. 2017. Archived from
4423:Conn's Current Therapy
3112:Orchard, John (2023).
2953:JAMA Internal Medicine
2114:Benzel's Spine Surgery
2034:European Spine Journal
1951:Slipped disc: Overview
1099:Definition and Origin"
986:Total disc replacement
942:spinal disc herniation
698:
601:
544:Back pain can also be
509:ankylosing spondylitis
504:
361:
360:Lumbar disc herniation
5352:Facet joint arthrosis
5166:Scheuermann's disease
5075:Drug-seeking behavior
4963:Visual analogue scale
3145:Mannix, Liam (2023).
1170:on 18 September 2021.
1149:Radiologic Technology
938:cauda equina syndrome
758:overflow incontinence
696:
599:
502:
366:Cauda equina syndrome
359:
331:central sensitization
4986:Anterolateral system
2607:on 16 September 2012
1585:Masterson R (2008).
1473:on 26 February 2014.
1347:on 11 February 2001.
737:Intravenous drug use
517:rheumatoid arthritis
376:Degenerative disease
4550:on 14 January 2020.
1880:Jameson JL (2018).
844:Spinal manipulation
819:is useful for back
513:psoriatic arthritis
345:Spinal disc disease
259:
5065:Philosophy of pain
4740:Respiratory system
4629:External resources
4241:on 20 August 2016.
3960:(10398): 304–312.
2880:10.1007/BF02596337
2833:European Neurology
2542:(September 2013),
2527:on 15 January 2013
1769:(3 Suppl): S2–15.
1724:Clinical Radiology
1039:radicular symptoms
699:
676:C-reactive protein
662:Laboratory studies
602:
505:
362:
291:Metastatic cancer
257:
252:epidural abscesses
244:metastatic cancers
127:, and may include
5360:
5359:
5278:
5277:
5253:Spondylolisthesis
5179:
5178:
5083:
5082:
4938:Cold pressor test
4921:
4920:
4652:
4651:
3920:10.1136/bmj.g6380
2845:10.1159/000113167
2665:978-0-615-45228-9
2658:. : Acoem. 2011.
2654:"Low Back Pain".
2299:The Spine Journal
2192:www.colcorona.net
2123:978-0-323-40030-5
1852:on 9 August 2017.
1643:Stern SD (2014).
1600:978-0-7216-2872-1
1201:978-0-920406-47-2
1186:Burke GL (2008).
887:Long-term use of
764:Saddle anesthesia
754:urinary retention
733:Urinary infection
728:Immunosuppression
721:History of cancer
711:plain radiographs
618:straight leg test
314:
313:
237:, mechanical and
66:
65:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5412:
5377:
5376:
5375:
5368:
5236:non inflammatory
5222:Spondylodiscitis
5190:
5132:Spinal curvature
5128:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5087:
5038:Related concepts
5029:Pain eradication
4787:
4774:
4725:
4697:
4693:By region/system
4679:
4672:
4665:
4656:
4556:
4551:
4549:
4538:
4529:
4519:
4517:10.7326/M16-2367
4494:
4493:. 10 April 2017.
4445:
4444:
4418:
4412:
4411:
4385:
4368:
4367:
4357:
4333:
4322:
4321:
4295:
4286:
4285:
4249:
4243:
4242:
4237:. Archived from
4226:
4220:
4219:
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4173:. Archived from
4167:
4161:
4160:
4135:(10): 1094–109.
4124:
4118:
4117:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4041:
4009:
4003:
4002:
3984:
3978:
3977:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3931:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3882:
3872:
3848:
3839:
3838:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3747:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3698:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3629:
3620:
3619:
3609:
3599:
3575:
3566:
3565:
3555:
3523:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3495:10.1136/bmj.l689
3474:
3468:
3467:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3408:
3384:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3349:
3343:
3342:
3332:
3322:
3298:
3289:
3288:
3262:
3241:
3240:
3230:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3167:
3161:
3160:
3142:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3084:
3060:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3034:
3028:
3027:
3017:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2944:
2935:
2934:
2917:(9): 1069–1078.
2906:
2900:
2899:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2785:
2779:
2778:
2753:(9662): 463–72.
2742:
2736:
2735:
2717:
2693:
2684:
2681:
2672:
2669:
2650:
2640:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2603:, archived from
2585:
2584:
2582:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2515:
2498:
2487:
2486:
2460:
2451:
2450:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2374:
2365:
2359:
2358:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2217:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2143:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2057:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1969:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1913:
1904:
1903:
1877:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1845:. Archived from
1812:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1754:
1748:
1747:
1719:
1713:
1712:
1676:
1667:
1666:
1640:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1582:
1573:
1572:
1546:
1521:
1520:
1510:
1486:
1475:
1474:
1469:. Archived from
1459:
1450:
1449:
1439:
1415:
1400:
1399:
1389:
1379:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1343:. Archived from
1320:
1314:
1313:
1303:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:
1263:
1257:. Archived from
1232:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1213:
1204:. Archived from
1183:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1163:. Archived from
1146:
1137:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1091:
1035:vaginal delivery
787:Nonspecific pain
465:multiple myeloma
428:epidural abscess
387:Spondylolithesis
351:nucleus pulposus
339:physical therapy
260:
93:middle back pain
45:
33:
21:
5420:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5411:
5410:
5409:
5385:
5384:
5383:
5373:
5371:
5363:
5361:
5356:
5337:Schmorl's nodes
5323:
5297:Upper back pain
5274:
5265:Spinal stenosis
5231:
5175:
5154:
5119:
5114:
5084:
5079:
5033:
5000:
4973:Pathophysiology
4967:
4958:Tail flick test
4917:
4886:
4801:
4785:
4772:
4763:Musculoskeletal
4757:
4734:
4723:
4688:
4683:
4653:
4648:
4647:
4624:
4623:
4567:
4547:
4536:
4532:
4497:
4483:
4473:
4454:
4449:
4448:
4433:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4400:
4387:
4386:
4371:
4335:
4334:
4325:
4310:
4297:
4296:
4289:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4208:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4180:
4178:
4177:on May 17, 2008
4169:
4168:
4164:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4106:
4093:
4092:
4088:
4073:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4024:(2): CD004252.
4011:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3950:
3949:
3945:
3901:
3900:
3896:
3863:(8): CD004959.
3850:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3779:(3): CD001824.
3766:
3765:
3761:
3730:(8): CD003010.
3717:
3716:
3712:
3689:(4): CD005275.
3680:
3679:
3675:
3644:(8): CD011674.
3631:
3630:
3623:
3590:(4): CD008325.
3577:
3576:
3569:
3538:(9): CD008880.
3525:
3524:
3520:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3399:(9): CD001929.
3386:
3385:
3376:
3351:
3350:
3346:
3313:(3): CD000335.
3300:
3299:
3292:
3277:
3264:
3263:
3244:
3221:(6): CD007612.
3212:
3211:
3207:
3178:(9): 998–1006.
3169:
3168:
3164:
3157:
3144:
3143:
3139:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3062:
3061:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3035:
3031:
3006:10.1002/ejp.838
2987:
2986:
2982:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2865:
2864:
2860:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2787:
2786:
2782:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2695:
2694:
2687:
2682:
2675:
2666:
2653:
2618:
2610:
2608:
2588:
2580:
2578:
2567:
2559:
2557:
2553:ABIM Foundation
2549:Choosing Wisely
2538:
2530:
2528:
2524:
2518:High Value Care
2513:
2501:
2499:
2490:
2475:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2372:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2331:
2330:
2326:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2252:
2251:
2247:
2226:(1): 87.e7–35.
2215:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2141:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2111:
2110:
2106:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2027:
2026:
2022:
1984:
1983:
1979:
1966:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1932:
1915:
1914:
1907:
1892:
1879:
1878:
1857:
1849:
1821:(18): 2611–32.
1810:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1678:
1677:
1670:
1655:
1642:
1641:
1634:
1624:
1622:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1584:
1583:
1576:
1561:
1548:
1547:
1524:
1488:
1487:
1478:
1461:
1460:
1453:
1417:
1416:
1403:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1230:
1228:"Low back pain"
1225:
1224:
1220:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1185:
1184:
1175:
1167:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1093:
1092:
1085:
1080:
1066:
1049:in the pelvis.
1027:lumbar lordosis
1014:
946:spinal stenosis
926:
894:Opioid epidemic
870:
831:Massage therapy
809:
789:
784:
775:
752:Acute onset of
707:
664:
646:
594:
570:
542:
497:
477:prostate cancer
460:
424:septic discitis
416:
393:Spinal stenosis
378:
347:
335:antidepressants
319:
231:internal organs
227:
208:
192:herniated disks
119:as well as the
97:lower back pain
31:
28:
23:
22:
18:Upper back pain
15:
12:
11:
5:
5418:
5416:
5408:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5387:
5386:
5382:
5381:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5333:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5322:
5321:
5316:
5315:
5314:
5309:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5286:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5270:Facet syndrome
5267:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5258:Retrolisthesis
5250:
5245:
5239:
5237:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5229:
5227:Pott's disease
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5196:
5194:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5174:
5173:
5168:
5162:
5160:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5136:
5134:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5117:Spinal disease
5115:
5113:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5090:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5050:Pain tolerance
5047:
5045:Pain threshold
5041:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5032:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5010:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4977:
4975:
4969:
4968:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4953:Hot plate test
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4922:
4919:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4885:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4877:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4820:Pain asymbolia
4817:
4811:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4781:
4776:
4767:
4765:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4744:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4674:
4667:
4659:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4610:
4599:
4584:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4559:Classification
4553:
4552:
4530:
4495:
4481:
4475:Back and spine
4457:
4453:
4452:External links
4450:
4447:
4446:
4432:978-0323443203
4431:
4413:
4399:978-0323083409
4398:
4369:
4323:
4309:978-1416059080
4308:
4287:
4244:
4221:
4207:978-0323400305
4206:
4188:
4162:
4119:
4105:978-0323287838
4104:
4086:
4072:978-0323374620
4071:
4053:
4004:
3997:
3979:
3943:
3894:
3840:
3834:978-0323354790
3833:
3808:
3759:
3710:
3673:
3621:
3567:
3518:
3469:
3430:
3374:
3344:
3290:
3276:978-0702040597
3275:
3242:
3205:
3162:
3155:
3137:
3104:
3050:
3029:
2980:
2959:(2): 199–208.
2936:
2901:
2858:
2823:
2780:
2737:
2685:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2664:
2651:
2616:
2586:
2565:
2509:(April 2012),
2488:
2474:978-1259862052
2473:
2452:
2416:
2402:
2360:
2324:
2288:
2245:
2203:
2179:
2129:
2122:
2104:
2069:
2040:(5): 690–697.
2020:
1993:(2): 125–134.
1977:
1941:
1905:
1891:978-1259644030
1890:
1855:
1798:
1749:
1714:
1687:(6): 613–637.
1668:
1654:978-0071803441
1653:
1632:
1606:
1599:
1574:
1560:978-0323354790
1559:
1522:
1476:
1451:
1430:(4): E35–E70.
1424:Pain Physician
1401:
1350:
1315:
1274:
1218:
1200:
1173:
1117:
1104:dictionary.com
1082:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1065:
1062:
1013:
1010:
925:
922:
921:
920:
917:epidural space
910:
903:
897:
885:
869:
866:
865:
864:
857:
851:
848:
841:
835:
828:
824:
808:
805:
788:
785:
783:
780:
774:
771:
770:
769:
766:
761:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
730:
725:
722:
706:
703:
691:
690:
687:
663:
660:
645:
642:
634:herniated disc
593:
590:
569:
566:
541:
538:
496:
493:
459:
456:
415:
412:
408:glucocorticoid
377:
374:
346:
343:
318:
315:
312:
311:
308:
304:
303:
300:
296:
295:
292:
288:
287:
284:
280:
279:
276:
272:
271:
266:
258:Common causes
226:
223:
222:
221:
218:
215:
207:
206:Classification
204:
107:, subacute or
64:
63:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5417:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5392:
5390:
5380:
5370:
5366:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5319:Radiculopathy
5317:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5304:
5303:
5302:Low back pain
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5248:Spondylolysis
5246:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5195:
5191:
5188:
5186:
5185:Spondylopathy
5182:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5163:
5161:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5133:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5111:
5106:
5104:
5099:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4978:
4976:
4974:
4970:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4948:Grimace scale
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4924:
4914:
4913:Low back pain
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4865:Referred pain
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4825:Pain disorder
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4797:Delayed-onset
4795:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4775:
4769:
4768:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:Head and neck
4698:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4680:
4675:
4673:
4668:
4666:
4661:
4660:
4657:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4627:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4561:
4557:
4546:
4542:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4510:(7): 514–30.
4509:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4455:
4451:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4428:
4424:
4417:
4414:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4391:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4370:
4365:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4348:(3): 205–10.
4347:
4343:
4339:
4332:
4330:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4305:
4301:
4294:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4260:(5): 549–52.
4259:
4255:
4248:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4225:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4189:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4123:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4087:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4008:
4005:
4000:
3998:9781529063073
3994:
3990:
3983:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3955:
3947:
3944:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3921:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3898:
3895:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3804:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3763:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3628:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3574:
3572:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3434:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3383:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3369:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3304:
3297:
3295:
3291:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3255:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3206:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3158:
3156:9781742238081
3152:
3148:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3051:
3039:
3033:
3030:
3025:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
3000:(6): 861–73.
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2874:(3): 230–38.
2873:
2869:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2824:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2784:
2781:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2708:(3): 181–89.
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2631:(7): 478–91.
2630:
2626:
2622:
2617:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2577:
2573:
2572:
2566:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2466:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2383:(7): 714–18.
2382:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2361:
2356:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:(5): 463–71.
2340:
2336:
2328:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2261:(6): 722–28.
2260:
2256:
2249:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2207:
2204:
2193:
2189:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2152:(7): 586–97.
2151:
2147:
2140:
2133:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2115:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2085:(5): 571–85.
2084:
2080:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1978:
1973:
1961:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1750:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1650:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1607:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1501:(7): 478–91.
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1294:(2): 284–99.
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1275:
1264:on 2022-01-28
1260:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1241:(5): 363–70.
1240:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1219:
1208:on 2019-03-16
1207:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1143:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1098:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1058:acetaminophen
1054:
1050:
1048:
1047:lumbar plexus
1044:
1043:sacral plexus
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1023:
1020:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
998:
996:
992:
991:Spinal fusion
987:
983:
979:
974:
970:
966:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
923:
918:
914:
911:
908:
907:dexamethasone
904:
901:
898:
895:
890:
886:
883:
879:
876:
875:
874:
867:
862:
858:
855:
852:
849:
845:
842:
839:
836:
832:
829:
825:
822:
818:
815:
814:
813:
806:
804:
800:
797:
792:
786:
781:
779:
772:
767:
765:
762:
759:
755:
751:
748:
745:
742:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
723:
720:
719:
718:
716:
712:
704:
702:
695:
688:
685:
681:
680:
679:
677:
673:
669:
661:
659:
656:
652:
650:
643:
641:
637:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:radiculopathy
619:
614:
612:
606:
598:
591:
589:
585:
583:
579:
574:
567:
565:
563:
559:
555:
554:kidney stones
551:
547:
540:Referred pain
539:
537:
535:
531:
527:
522:
518:
514:
510:
501:
494:
492:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
457:
455:
453:
449:
445:
443:
442:staphylococci
439:
435:
434:Osteomyelitis
431:
429:
425:
421:
420:osteomyelitis
413:
411:
409:
405:
401:
399:
394:
390:
388:
384:
382:
375:
373:
371:
367:
358:
354:
352:
344:
342:
340:
336:
332:
327:
324:
316:
309:
307:Cauda equina
306:
305:
301:
298:
297:
293:
290:
289:
285:
282:
281:
277:
274:
273:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
255:
253:
249:
248:osteomyelitis
245:
240:
236:
232:
224:
219:
216:
213:
212:
211:
205:
203:
201:
200:United States
197:
193:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
156:referred pain
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
62:
59:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
34:
19:
5283:
5212:Sacroiliitis
5193:inflammatory
4907:
4860:Phantom pain
4845:Hyperalgesia
4840:Chronic pain
4724:(swallowing)
4722:Odynophagia
4636:
4612:
4601:
4586:
4571:
4545:the original
4540:
4507:
4503:
4488:
4463:
4422:
4416:
4389:
4345:
4341:
4299:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4239:the original
4234:
4224:
4197:
4191:
4179:. Retrieved
4175:the original
4165:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4095:
4089:
4062:
4056:
4021:
4017:
4007:
3988:
3982:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3911:
3907:
3897:
3860:
3856:
3824:
3776:
3772:
3762:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3686:
3676:
3641:
3637:
3587:
3583:
3535:
3531:
3521:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3396:
3392:
3358:
3347:
3310:
3306:
3266:
3218:
3208:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3146:
3140:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3072:
3068:
3042:. Retrieved
3032:
2997:
2993:
2983:
2956:
2952:
2914:
2910:
2904:
2871:
2867:
2861:
2839:(2): 94–98.
2836:
2832:
2826:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2705:
2701:
2655:
2628:
2624:
2609:, retrieved
2605:the original
2594:
2579:, retrieved
2570:
2558:, retrieved
2547:
2529:, retrieved
2522:the original
2517:
2464:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2405:
2380:
2376:
2363:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2305:(1): 24–35.
2302:
2298:
2291:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2223:
2219:
2206:
2195:. Retrieved
2191:
2182:
2149:
2145:
2132:
2113:
2107:
2082:
2078:
2072:
2037:
2033:
2023:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1950:
1944:
1933:. Retrieved
1921:
1881:
1847:the original
1818:
1814:
1801:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1730:(1): 69–76.
1727:
1723:
1717:
1684:
1680:
1644:
1623:. Retrieved
1609:
1590:
1550:
1498:
1494:
1471:the original
1466:
1427:
1423:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1345:the original
1332:
1328:
1318:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1266:. Retrieved
1259:the original
1238:
1234:
1221:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:the original
1191:
1165:the original
1152:
1148:
1108:. Retrieved
1102:
1096:
1067:
1056:Local heat,
1055:
1051:
1024:
1015:
999:
973:foraminotomy
962:
931:
927:
871:
817:Heat therapy
810:
801:
793:
790:
776:
708:
700:
665:
657:
653:
647:
638:
615:
607:
603:
586:
578:psychosocial
575:
571:
568:Risk factors
550:pancreatitis
543:
506:
461:
446:
432:
417:
402:
391:
385:
379:
370:cauda equina
363:
348:
328:
320:
275:Nonspecific
268:
263:
228:
209:
188:
144:facet joints
133:
99:(lumbar) or
95:(thoracic),
91:(cervical),
83:felt in the
76:
68:
67:
5243:Spondylosis
5200:Spondylitis
5171:Torticollis
5070:Cancer pain
4996:Substance P
4981:Nociception
4943:Dolorimeter
4898:Pelvic pain
4855:Hyperpathia
4850:Hypoalgesia
4771:Arthralgia
4753:Pleurodynia
4748:Sore throat
4638:MedlinePlus
4458:‹ The
4342:Hippokratia
2611:9 September
2581:9 September
2560:10 December
2531:23 December
2433:(1): 1–11.
1968:|work=
1615:"Back Pain"
1097:Paresthesia
995:bone grafts
965:laminectomy
838:Acupuncture
674:(ESR), and
381:Spondylosis
323:back strain
317:Nonspecific
168:gallbladder
61:Orthopedics
5405:Human back
5389:Categories
5307:Coccydynia
5019:Anesthesia
5006:Management
4933:Pain scale
4903:Proctalgia
4807:Neurologic
4707:Eye strain
4614:DiseasesDB
4229:Burke GL.
3359:The Lancet
3124:: 100042.
3118:JSAMS Plus
3044:2019-12-24
2483:1080576440
2197:2022-12-09
1935:2021-01-29
1922:StatPearls
1900:1041928452
1268:2021-09-04
1212:2021-09-04
1078:References
982:nerve root
969:discectomy
934:myelopathy
868:Medication
807:Nonmedical
796:management
782:Management
773:Prevention
626:nerve root
495:Autoimmune
485:Metastasis
452:bacteremia
299:Infection
239:autoimmune
235:infections
136:idiopathic
101:coccydynia
5292:Neck pain
5284:Back pain
5150:Scoliosis
5124:Deforming
5055:Suffering
5024:Cordotomy
5014:Analgesia
4835:Allodynia
4815:Neuralgia
4779:Bone pain
4730:Toothache
4441:961064076
4408:859537559
4318:727346377
4216:953660061
4114:932031625
4081:962333989
3914:: g6380.
3450:: 11–18.
3285:841325533
3075:(5): 16.
1970:ignored (
1960:cite book
1663:894996548
1625:April 30,
1569:989157341
1064:Economics
1019:gestation
1012:Pregnancy
958:hematomas
713:(X-ray),
705:Red flags
592:Diagnosis
556:, severe
530:psoriasis
414:Infection
184:vertebrae
89:neck pain
77:dorsalgia
69:Back pain
56:Specialty
36:Back pain
5379:Medicine
5312:Sciatica
5217:Discitis
5145:Lordosis
5140:Kyphosis
5060:SOCRATES
4786:(muscle)
4784:Myalgia
4712:Headache
4526:28192789
4460:template
4364:22435016
4181:June 18,
4149:19363455
4048:12804507
3974:37392748
3938:25561513
3889:23983011
3880:11056234
3803:18646078
3754:23959683
3705:17943845
3668:28770974
3616:27113258
3607:11074243
3562:22972127
3513:30867144
3489:: l689.
3464:28438274
3425:26329399
3339:16034851
3330:10068907
3237:20556780
3192:16641776
3099:40086812
3091:28448354
3024:26935254
2975:26752509
2931:27496288
2896:22831204
2818:42667819
2775:31602395
2767:19200918
2724:21282698
2647:17909209
2447:24725822
2397:15939223
2355:12812821
2319:15653082
2283:21171676
2240:20102998
2166:12353946
2099:25684125
2064:21193933
2015:30267765
2007:11805656
1930:28846354
1843:10509699
1835:19093703
1793:20961685
1744:14697378
1709:27419841
1701:11311464
1619:Archived
1517:17909209
1446:19668291
1396:27209166
1341:10750882
1310:25659245
1255:11172169
1161:18032750
1110:1 August
1006:hematoma
978:pressure
861:traction
684:ischemia
546:referred
481:neoplasm
473:leukemia
469:lymphoma
196:stenosis
172:pancreas
129:numbness
4773:(joint)
4608:D001416
4462:below (
4355:3306025
4282:5546397
4274:1828912
4157:1504909
4039:6464310
3929:6882374
3794:7096223
3745:6823219
3659:6483296
3553:6885055
3504:6396088
3416:8734598
3200:9349942
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