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in this article. The reader can click on the tab "edit this page", to see the actual coding (or markup) for both pairs. You will see that the first pair is always used but for succeeding references to this same footnote, with this system, the second pair must be used - references after the first
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for details. How to add a *SEMI-AUTOMATICALLY NUMBERED* footnote: 1) Assign your footnote a unique name, for example TheSun_Dec9. 2) Add the macro {{ref|TheSun_Dec9}} to the body of the article, where you want the new footnote. 3) Take note of the name of the footnote that immediately precedes
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A footnote is a note placed at the bottom of a page of a document that comments on, and may cite a reference for, a part of the main text. The connection between the relevant text and its footnote is often indicated with a number or symbol which is used both after the text fragment and before the
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Superscripts cause an increase in line spacing for the line they are on. Because lines without superscripts are still displayed at the original line spacing, this makes the text unevenly spaced, and this looks bad. This is a general problem with superscripts. It may require CSS changes or even
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As the recommended footnote structure does not appear to be entirely intuitive to all editors, and as notes being placed in the wrong order can affect the order of all following notes, making notes appear as if they do not match up, this short HowTo description can be inserted at the top of the
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is easier, within just the
Footnote section, than trying to locate footnote references buried in a long text such as this article is. This alternative may cost the reader two extra clicks, a tradeoff against easier navigation. This approach is shown in this footnote.
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template. Note that one can choose only the number immediately after the footnote numbers automatically generated in the text. And you must (re)arrange the numbered list of footnotes accordingly, to end up with the expected matching numbers in text and footnote
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Because of the way links are numbered, some editors argue that inline external links cannot be used in combination with auto-numbered footnotes, but must be converted into footnotes too. Other editors argue that both citation styles can be used in the same
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Finally, the original footnote could be multiply repeated in the
Footnotes section, each time with a new number -- in this article footnote would appear five times, with five different numbers. This alternative is acceptable if done judiciously -- but
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to create an external wiki link back to a section in the same page (like ). This external link is then automatically numbered by the normal numbering system for external links without link text. The link is surrounded in a
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Migration from old footnote systems should be reasonably easy to automate. As an intermediate measure, the embedded footnote numbers can be used as temporary footnote names until better ones are generated manually.
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template can circumvent that sequence. This is an example. Most articles have little reason to do that, but it can be useful, for example, in indicating that multiple pieces of data in a table come from the same
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Footnotes are sometimes useful for relevant text that would distract from the main point if embedded in the main text, yet are helpful in explaining a point in greater detail. Footnotes are also often used to
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yours in the article body. 4) Add #{{Note|TheSun_Dec9}} to the list, immediately below the footnote you noted in step 3. No need to re-number anything! 5) Multiple footnotes to the same reference: see
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With multiple books by the same author, make a difference, e.g. hunterA and hunterB, as in hunterA-22, hunterA-46 & hunterB-35 for page 22 and 46 of hunter's first book and page 35 of her second book.
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Consider using a separate bibliography section if the same book reference is used in multiple footnotes. In this case, just the page number and book name can be given in each note, following
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They are also used for clarification or other notes about material. Common uses include explaining the meaning of a table header, or an exception regarding a specific entry in a table, etc.
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WARNING: It is not possible to test footnotes while previewing. Clicking on a footnote ejects the user, perhaps to the previous version of the article (use the back arrow to return). One
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WARNING: It is not possible to test footnotes while previewing. Clicking on a footnote ejects the user, perhaps to the previous version of the article (use the back arrow to return). One
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available which automatically converts numbered URL links in a page into footnotes with this system. The references should still be hand checked, but at least part of the work is done.
1440:(The reader's eyes can do the travel within this footnotes section, but the travel coding is needed to document this travel for purposes of future maintenance.) See above footnote 2c.
1537:(manually numbered system that allowed reuse of the same reference number multiple times in the same text, but has become deprecated after being incorporated into the footnote system)
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was used in another earlier proposal which was converted to use the same system as is listed here. Substituting {{endnote| with {{note| should update pages still using this system.
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the footnotes section using the auto-numbered "ref/note" template pair, the basic template. Then use the "ref label/note label" template pair, exactly as in the preceding
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Editors must make sure to keep the numbered list at the bottom of the page in the same order as the references in the article text, or else the numbers may not match up.
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Where possible choose a name for each link which matches the author/page system used by academics - use a single word and a hyphen to connect the page number (hunter-47)
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templates generate automatically-numbered links in text to connect to footnotes in the section, most commonly named Notes or
References, and footnotes contain matching
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Every footnote number in the text refers to a separate note at the bottom: if you want to reuse a number so that it refers to the same footnote at the bottom, the
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IMPORTANT: Footnotes using {{ref}}/{{note}} templates (and their variants) are becoming obsolete: A more up-to-date system uses MediaWiki software <ref: -->
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Either the page is no longer relevant or consensus on its purpose has become unclear. To revive discussion, seek broader input via a forum such as the
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To avoid an editor having to renumber footnotes due to insertion or deletion, this method uses automatically-generated numbers as much as possible (
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788:, but now entirely within the Footnotes section. Say something like "See above footnote 2c" to help the reader navigate. Future maintenance of
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Some people like the idea of "hover" or "tooltip" notes, that appear only when "hovering" over the superscript with the mouse point. (See e.g.
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Footnote in this article is referred to multiple times in the text, as well as in latter sections of the article, following this example.
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attributes per the template table above, so it is possible to identify the intended footnote even if numbering becomes incorrect.
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The footnote connection is intended to be robust so content can be converted for use with future versions of supporting software.
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footnote system, an alternate version of the ref/note system. The an/anb system is completely identical to the ref/note system
875:. IF CONTINUING TO USE {{ref}}/{{note}} FOOTNOTES ON THIS PAGE: Footnotes in this article use names, not numbers. Please see
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improvements in web browsers or OS font rendering systems. (This should be filed as a bug in
Bugzilla if it hasn't already.)
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and this is a note about the text from page 25 of a book. If known, give full reference including title, author, and ISBN.
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software support for automatically generating and/or numbering footnotes. Reportedly, Magnus Manske added code for this to
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Converting citation styles should not be done without first gaining consensus for the change on the article's talk page.
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test the back link, which should really confirm the forward link as well. This repeated warning may save you some time.
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templates. The second example explains how to build identical references, referring to the same footnote, using the
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for a how-to. NOTE: It is important to add footnotes in the right order in the list! HARVARD REFERENCES See:
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To reduce disruption in the flow of text, footnote references are displayed as small, superscripted numbers.
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Another way to get to and use the same footnote is by travelling within the
Footnotes section itself. Get
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maintain nice features of fn/fnb template (back link from footnote to text, & simplicity, for example)
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can be simply changed to match an and note templates. The following substitution (untested perl code).
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This section describes the technical implementation based upon characteristics of the current software.
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footnote. The third example is a combination of the two, but with the multiple references made only
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Similarly, individual users may be forbidden to "manually convert citation styles on any articles."
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provide semantic markup to help future enhancements by labeling information about source materials.
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For the same footnote to be used several times, the additional template pairs now also include the
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tag which makes it look like a footnote and gives a reference that the footnote can link back to.
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template, but this should only be used when necessary due to the lack of automatic numbering.
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templates should only be used in specific circumstances, not for general purpose referencing.
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templates. Each footnote shows as many backlinks (^, a,b,...) as there are references to it.
909:}} (don't forget the "subst:" as only then is the template tag replaced by the commentary!).
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It is encouraged that other, non-numbered references use citation templates such as shown in
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the footnotes section for easier maintenance by editors and easier navigation by the reader.
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This is no longer the recommended method of citing sources (but is still fully operational).
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In this case, "1" is the number in the
References section and "a" is the backlink label.
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template there can only be one sequence of footnotes from the text -- although using the
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templates, plus a "numbered list" of footnotes to give automatic numbering of footnotes).
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894:{{ref_harvard}}/{{ref_harv}} + {{note_label}} templates can be used as explained in
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Normal link and list numbering then produces automatic numbering of the footnotes.
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Instead of copy-pasting this text, it is possible to insert the following: {{subst:
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If footnotes are too small, then they are difficult for some people to use. See
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which are relevant to a text. Citation of sources is important in supporting
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test the back link, which should really confirm the forward link as well.
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with which to identify the backlink (usually a letter "a" through "z").
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There are three examples below: The first is for this basic use of the
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The following code will warn about pages which use links without text.
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Knowledge (XXG):Template messages/Sources of articles/Generic citations
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The connection between text and footnote uses appropriately-created
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Footnotes section, marked off to hide it from the actual article:
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Example of non-continuous numbering of text references, with the
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If you don't know the page number, just use a single word (field)
1451:, Jukka "Yucca" Korpela, 2003-08-22, retrieved 2005-02-19 from
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for complete list of templates that are available for citations
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templates which generate backlinks back to the referring text.
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There have been several other footnote proposals. See also
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and not automatically assigned) can be used instead of the
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An explanation on how to create 'numbered footnotes' is at
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ruled that following scripts could no longer be used by a
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get something working with the current
Wikimedia software.
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Internal links should still be used as normal, like this:
919:}}; these were made obsolete and have been deleted. The
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Bug 2745: Have
References text edit window on Edit pages
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The pairs of templates discussed in this guideline are:
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is a bit simpler, and is basically a copy of the older
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will provide automatic numbering of footnote comments.
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template (where the numbers of the text references are
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not all footnotes are citations of information sources.
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This is an example of a whole document in wiki format.
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Knowledge (XXG):Template messages/Sources of articles
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Miller, E: "The Sun.", page 23. Academic Press, 2005
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Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Fact and
Reference Check
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Originally this proposal used the {{an|<name: -->
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This page is currently inactive and is retained for
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704:Another reference to the same source can be made.
128:system, which is totally superseded by the newer
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518:According to scientists, the Sun is pretty big.
1277:Knowledge (XXG) talk:Footnote3/numlink2note.pl
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333:This method has the following disadvantages:
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1503:: Proposal for use of database of citations.
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1485:Knowledge (XXG):Citing sources/example style
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932:The design goals behind this system were
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1547:Knowledge (XXG):VisualEditor/User guide
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939:make a very short easy to use template
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1408:The first two pairs of templates are
1306:Disadvantages and future improvements
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1501:Knowledge (XXG):WikiProject Wikicite
1449:Footnotes (or endnotes) on Web pages
1336:Some people like the idea of having
1845:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC
1784:Referencing without using templates
1779:Referencing with citation templates
1487:, listing also several examples of
918:}} template and {{anb|<name: -->
270:, a key aspect of Knowledge (XXG).
786:Example with multiple references..
193:- followed by comment or citation
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532:The Moon, however, is not so big.
395:for a concise manual and examples
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1835:Reference display customization
913:Other (obsolete) template names
443:at the bottom of your document
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582:Smith, R: "Size of the Moon",
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18:Knowledge (XXG):Footnotes3
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1736:Punctuation and footnotes
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1512:Knowledge (XXG):Footnote1
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1083:uses tricks listed in
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584:''Scientific American''
1970:Knowledge (XXG) how-to
1955:Inactive project pages
1854:Template documentation
1794:Citing Knowledge (XXG)
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670:Example with multiple
1317:We would like to see
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822:Style recommendations
632:<fixed number: -->
400:The basic use of the
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1629:Scientific citations
1602:No original research
1300:seek consensus first
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1219:"endnote_Jefferson"
984:{{fnb|<name: -->
1756:Help for beginners
1708:Citation templates
1665:Referencing styles
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979:{{fn|<name: -->
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865:-- <nowiki: -->
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