3655:
38:
1913:
Cite to legal materials (constitutions, statutes, legislative history, administrative regulations, and cases) according to the generally accepted citation style for the relevant jurisdictions. If multiple citation styles are acceptable in a given jurisdiction, any may be used, but be consistent, and
892:
Knowledge (XXG) articles on legal topics should reflect appropriate style for an encyclopedia. Because
Knowledge (XXG) is not written for courts or legal experts more than for anyone else, standard legal styling does not always apply. Editors should always provide depth and detail appropriate to an
1763:
In articles with topics that cover multiple jurisdictions, such as multiple states or multiple countries, aim to provide a general overview for all jurisdictions. Within different legal systems, the law may have evolved in divergent ways. Because the law differs between jurisdictions, make clear
1681:
they set, or are primarily discussed within legal scholarship, should be titled according to the legal citation convention for the jurisdiction that handled the case. However, do not adjust a name that is common within legal citations to conform with contemporary style guides. For example, where
1823:
Legal usage of common terms often differs from that of the general public. In general, avoid using legal jargon outside of subject matter that focuses on legal concepts and arguments, and be careful when quoting more generalized sources using technical legal language. For example, a layman may
2473:
Do not confuse the abbreviations that the
Bluebook uses in textual sentences (rule 10.2.1(c), summarized below) with the hundreds more that it uses only in footnotes (table 6). In Knowledge (XXG) articles, often even case citations in footnotes do not use those additional abbreviations.
1931:
Where both primary and secondary sources are available, one should cite both. While primary sources are more "accurate", secondary sources provide more context and are easier on the layperson. Where primary and secondary sources conflict factually, the primary source should be given
2637:", are written with the full name of the state and distinguishing name of individual or entity, or distinguishing year, in parenthesis. If still further clarification is needed, then a comma and the year may be added after the identifying individual name.
2204:
Knowledge (XXG) articles are guided by
Knowledge (XXG)'s Manual of Style (including this page), and not by outside style guides. However, style guides can and do influence the MOS, and are useful for making style decisions within the bounds of the MOS.
1598:
1026:
When referring to the name of a judge or justice that was involved in a case in a judicial capacity, that person should be introduced with the prefix "Judge" or "Justice" before their name. For example, when discussing his opinion in
1914:
consider using the most common. Also consider using the citation style used in secondary sources (such as law reviews or academic journals) rather than the citation style used by a practitioner's legal briefs or a court's decision.
2990:
157:
1857:), for articles on cases, case law, or subjects which use a large amount of case law, it is recommended that editors use the referencing style for the jurisdiction that heard that case or for which that legal subject applies.
3458:
669:
2651:
2645:
3326:
3321:
544:
534:
1764:
what jurisdiction you are writing about. Try to incorporate a comparative perspective, if possible and appropriate. Use separate section headers when providing specifics as to a jurisdiction or system.
2604:
Unless needed for specificity, shorten "State of ___", "Commonwealth of ___", or "People of ___" to just "State", "Commonwealth", or "People", provided the case is in the courts of that state. E.g.,
2512:
1319:
1780:
Write the summary in fairly plain language, for a lay audience, possibly followed by a more detailed introduction. For those who do not read the whole decision, this is sufficient for a start.
2896:
3381:
1468:
594:
3541:
3468:
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1614:
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1228:
770:
679:
609:
480:
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1521:
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659:
604:
559:
2002:, as are internal cross-reference signals to another footnote. This is due to the fact that any reference may be edited or changed, and render the cross-reference signal inaccurate.
3438:
3376:
3366:
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Note that
Knowledge (XXG) uses the term "common name" to refer to what most people call a subject. This will not always be the same as what legal style guides call a "common name".
1486:
1280:
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696:
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3017:
564:
184:
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encyclopedia. Even where a topic is technical and primarily covered for interest to legal scholars, articles on legal topics should still aim for plain language that is
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describe the launch of a new television series as a "new intellectual property", which is a needlessly technical and ambiguous term. The legal term "
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299:
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Start with a summary why the case is encyclopedic. What is its impact on society, what makes it stand out from all the other cases heard this year?
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In titles and the text of an article, do abbreviate the following words within a case name, except at the beginning of either party's name:
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Include the legal details, for those who need to better understand the legal issues involved and how the court arrived at its decision.
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2265:: "A citation to an Australian case should generally include the parties' names (as they appear on the first page of the decision)
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417:
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2014:
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Where the legal proceedings are covered under the broader topic of a person's death, the article should follow guidelines at
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Leave off given names and only include the first plaintiff/petitioner and the first defendant/respondent.
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they set, should be titled "Trial of (defendant)" or another commonly recognizable name. Examples include
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66:
1941:
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In article text (for citations, see below), the first mention of a case should normally be formatted as
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In
Scotland, the more serious criminal cases, likely to have a Knowledge (XXG) article, are brought by
2287:: "Bills should be cited in the same manner as Acts, except that the title and year of the Bill should
911:
800:
80:
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2826:). This distinction reflects a balance between a desire for consistency and the imperative to follow
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For Latin words and phrases, consider wiki-linking at the first appearance of the phrase, and using
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2333:, is the most commonly cited guide. It is a proprietary source and is only available by purchase.
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125:
2276:): "A citation to an Australian Act of Parliament should begin with the short title of the Act
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1999:
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1082:
978:
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1980:
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1007:
2881:, or similar free resource (instead of a pay-to-use resource, or internet news articles).
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If the article topic is fully within one legal system, indicate that legal system, e.g.,
946:. When referred to a second or third time within a section, cases may be referred to as
865:
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Criminal trials that are notable for the people or crimes involved, not for the legal
23:
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1945:), editors should cite the version of the case that appears in the official reporter.
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942:. Cases from some jurisdictions, particularly those within the United Kingdom, use
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It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though
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For reference, access to style guides from some jurisdictions are listed below.
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Words to watch include: Act, Bill, Commission, Charter, Code, Court, Tribunal.
1970:
1966:
1936:
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at first appearance, and simply the judge's surname at later instances. (See
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There are also two specific wikipedia articles which may be of assistance:
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1662:
2759:
1760:, should contain an overview of the law as it stands, and its development.
2868:
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format or the format for the jurisdiction from which the case originated.
1922:
The following guidelines will be generally useful in many jurisdictions:
1904:, or an official state system (e.g., the California or New York systems).
1897:
1794:
1013:
2588:
Don't abbreviate "United States" except as part of a longer name. E.g.,
1828:" should be reserved for legal subjects, referring more specifically to
2876:
2532:
National
Railroad Passenger Corporation v. Boston and Maine Corporation
2217:
Melbourne
University Law Review Association Inc. in collaboration with
2435:; these do not have a clear convention on Knowledge (XXG) at present.
897:. The article should strive to take naïve readers as far as possible.
2872:
2672:
The People of the State of
California v. Superior Court (Smith, 2010)
2668:
The People of the State of
California v. Superior Court (Smith, 2009)
2413:
2367:
1987:
Avoid citation signals when possible. On
Knowledge (XXG), the use of
1837:
2901:
2468:
Bell Atlantic Corp., et al. v. William Twombly and Lawrence Marcus
2860:
2652:
The People of the State of California v. Superior Court (Decker)
2646:
The People of the State of California v. Superior Court (Romero)
1886:
India, consider using the Standard Indian Legal Citation (SILC).
1798:
1757:
2905:
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126:
32:
2618:. For cases in federal court, instead drop "State of". E.g.,
2514:
National Railroad Passenger Corp. v. Boston & Maine Corp.
2879:
1793:
Provide a framework for the concept. E.g. – Contextualise
2371:
format. This would result in (note lack of punctuation):
2031:
To cite a simple court case the first time, use template
1079:
Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style#unwarranted abbreviations
1853:
While any citation style may be used in an article (see
981:). Any full title should be capitalized as usual, as in
1044:
Do not indicate judges by legal abbreviations, such as
919:
95:
88:
2691:, but several are available that work for most uses:
1815:
Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style § Technical language
3630:
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3257:
3191:
3170:
3139:
3108:
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1599:
Definite or indefinite article at beginning of name
2543:allows abbreviation of widely known acronyms like
2523:Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Bos. & Me. Corp.
1085:for how to address other titles judges may hold.)
2818:), while other jurisdictions may abbreviate the
2431:. However, less serious cases are brought by a
1804:Link to landmark cases which define the concept
2641:People v. Superior Court, 41 Cal. 4th 1 (2007)
1935:When a case has been published in an official
1819:Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Words to watch
895:understandable to the widest possible audience
2917:
2400:Siebe Gorman & Co Ltd v Barclays Bank Ltd
1653:Articles should be titled according to their
1634:
873:
8:
2449:. Knowledge (XXG) articles generally follow
3542:Categories, lists, and navigation templates
2252:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2241:Republished in 2019 with minor corrections.
1756:Articles about broad areas of law, such as
1686:is appropriately abbreviated to "R", as in
1115:Category:Knowledge (XXG) naming conventions
1005:
771:Categories, lists, and navigation templates
49:is a part of the English Knowledge (XXG)'s
2924:
2910:
2902:
2810:For instance, US cases will usually use a
2453:format for case names and case citations.
1641:
1627:
1093:
880:
866:
396:
360:
107:
2822:without a full stop (as in New Zealand's
2443:The predominant legal style guide is the
1973:information is presented in normal font.)
1840:(or even more complex legal constructs).
2326:Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation
929:Legal case names are always italicized (
3682:Knowledge (XXG) Manual of Style (legal)
2895:) is being considered for merging. See
2751:
2409:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
1579:
1445:
1409:
1383:
1362:
1336:
1302:
1253:
1213:
1144:
1123:
1105:
1096:
460:
110:
2679:While case citations generally follow
2245:
2219:Melbourne Journal of International Law
1030:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
965:Do not capitalize distinct words like
69:. When in doubt, discuss first on the
1959:Case names are italicised, as in the
7:
2839:A similar table of abbreviations is
2687:citations are often written without
2043:To create Bluebook-style citations:
2615:State of Vermont v. Raleigh Elliott
2428:HM Advocate v Sheridan and Sheridan
977:as a form of special emphasis (see
2224:Australian Guide to Legal Citation
31:
2411:cases may be titled according to
2272:Section 3.1 (p.67) for statutes (
2221:Inc. Melbourne 2018 (2018–2019).
1788:Writing about particular concepts
65:edit to this page should reflect
3654:
3653:
2816:United States v. Microsoft Corp.
2342:Citation of Canadian legislation
2331:McGill University Faculty of Law
1809:Using technical terms and jargon
1767:Avoid becoming overly technical.
1677:primarily notable for the legal
36:
2814:abbreviated by a period (as in
2070:For citations to websites, use
2058:For citations to journals, use
2015:Category:Law citation templates
1889:United Kingdom, consider using
984:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
18:Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style
2461:Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly
2115:template for law related stubs
1896:United States, consider using
1881:Neue Juristische Wochenschrift
1861:Australia, consider using the
1772:Writing about particular cases
1659:R v Aubrey, Berry and Campbell
1:
3459:References and external links
2662:United States v. Smith (2010)
2658:United States v. Smith (2009)
2387:Regina v. Dudley and Stephens
2375:In re D'Jan of London Limited
670:References and external links
2899:to help reach a consensus. ›
2824:Ngati Apa v Attorney-General
2200:Style guides by jurisdiction
2046:For citations to cases, use
1875:Germany, consider using the
954:does not disambiguate (e.g.
3312:Specific naming conventions
2845:Legal Information Institute
2354:New Zealand Law Style Guide
1868:Canada, consider using the
1704:should not be abbreviated.
1655:commonly recognizable names
525:Specific naming conventions
3698:
2991:Organizing by subject area
2310:), rule 3.1 applies, i.e.
1962:Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.
1812:
1717:O. J. Simpson robbery case
1320:Government and legislation
1037:should be referred to as "
909:
78:
3649:
3617:Wikimedia sister projects
2939:
1844:Citations and referencing
1721:Trial of Susan B. Anthony
1446:Language/country-specific
826:Wikimedia sister projects
2897:templates for discussion
2867:Try to link to cases on
2799:Death of Michael Stewart
2631:People v. Superior Court
2762:if you want to write a
2629:Ambiguous titles like "
2592:United States v. Jewell
2392:R v Dudley and Stephens
2294:Section 3.4 (p.75) for
2283:Section 3.2 (p.74) for
2261:Section 2.1 (p.39) for
1713:Trial of Saddam Hussein
1689:R v Dudley and Stephens
1673:Articles on cases that
1661:is better known as the
2635:United States v. Smith
2425:, and are titled e.g.
2423:His Majesty's Advocate
2403:being titled as shown.
2380:Re D'Jan of London Ltd
2338:Case citation § Canada
1909:Citing legal materials
1615:Technical restrictions
1229:Ethnicities and tribes
1106:All naming conventions
1006:
906:General considerations
24:Knowledge (XXG):MOSLAW
3249:Writing about fiction
2526:(except in footnotes)
2361:In the United Kingdom
2296:delegated legislation
2086:WikiProject templates
1942:United States Reports
1877:Author's Instructions
1826:intellectual property
1286:Programming languages
453:Writing about fiction
158:Organizing by subject
112:Manual of Style (MoS)
59:occasional exceptions
3592:Talk page guidelines
3280:Stringed instruments
2986:Disambiguation pages
2578:NLRB v. Noel Canning
2439:In the United States
2120:Navigation templates
1234:Royalty and nobility
1056:. Instead write out
806:Talk page guidelines
481:Stringed instruments
153:Disambiguation pages
3397:Trinidad and Tobago
3327:France (and French)
3322:China (and Chinese)
2622:Vermont v. Brillion
2182:Talk page templates
1004:. This results in
610:Trinidad and Tobago
545:France (and French)
535:China (and Chinese)
3597:Template namespace
2689:citation templates
2329:, prepared by the
2274:acts of Parliament
2026:Citation templates
1732:Broad areas of law
1701:Tuckiar v The King
1692:, case names like
932:Plessy v. Ferguson
811:Template namespace
755:Related guidelines
3669:
3668:
3607:Understandability
3469:Structure drawing
3418:Latter Day Saints
3219:Lyrics and poetry
3162:Stand-alone lists
3049:Dates and numbers
2843:from the Cornell
2433:procurator fiscal
2289:not be italicised
1849:Referencing style
1651:
1650:
1377:Numbers and dates
1350:Latter Day Saints
1330:Political parties
1041:Harlan F. Stone."
890:
889:
816:Understandability
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745:
680:Structure drawing
635:Latter Day Saints
488:
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423:Lyrics and poetry
345:Stand-alone lists
220:Dates and numbers
106:
105:
22:(Redirected from
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3567:Military history
3476:Computer science
3449:Compound classes
3296:Military history
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2570:McConnell v. FEC
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1981:Citation signals
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1083:MOS:PEOPLETITLES
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979:MOS:INSTITUTIONS
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660:Compound classes
505:Military history
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3131:Trivia sections
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3090:Image placement
3073:
3069:Titles of works
3064:Text formatting
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3018:Self-references
2998:Gender identity
2964:
2935:
2933:Manual of Style
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2892:Manual of Style
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1150:Entertainment
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357:By topic area
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143:Accessibility
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3622:WikiProjects
3532:Article size
3177:
3121:Lead section
2957:
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2943:
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2862:The Bluebook
2861:
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2828:common names
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1355:Sports teams
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1167:Broadcasting
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1060:John Roberts
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300:Lead section
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3514:Terminology
3434:Mathematics
3382:Philippines
3244:Visual arts
3239:Video games
3003:Hidden text
2300:regulations
2269:except:..."
2230:(4th ed.).
2173:EvidenceLaw
2151:PropertyLaw
2129:ContractLaw
1593:Use English
1547:New Zealand
1207:Visual arts
1202:Video games
1182:Manuscripts
1050:Blackburn J
736:Terminology
692:Mathematics
595:Philippines
448:Visual arts
443:Video games
170:Hidden text
63:substantive
3612:User pages
3577:Signatures
3572:Notability
3497:Cue sports
3234:Television
3229:Philosophy
3183:Trademarks
3032:Formatting
2706:Cite court
2312:in italics
2278:in italics
2267:in italics
2263:case names
2051:Cite court
2036:Cite court
1971:law report
1965:article. (
1939:(e.g. the
1926:In general
1918:Guidelines
1855:WP:CITEVAR
1813:See also:
1747:common law
1743:sharia law
1580:Formatting
1537:Macedonian
1487:Bangladesh
1434:Long lists
1424:Categories
1415:Categories
1305:Government
1259:Technology
1197:Television
1081:; and see
1054:Bramwell B
901:Formatting
821:User pages
796:Signatures
791:Notability
722:Cue sports
438:Television
433:Philosophy
379:Trademarks
203:Formatting
3454:Chemicals
3444:Chemistry
3392:Singapore
3372:Macedonia
3347:Indonesia
3008:Infoboxes
2981:Biography
2952:Directory
2795:WP:DEATHS
2760:Wikibooks
2758:Consider
2319:In Canada
2298:(such as
2248:cite book
2021:Templates
2009:Templates
1932:priority.
1834:trademark
1830:copyright
1739:civil law
1709:precedent
1684:the Crown
1679:precedent
1663:ABC trial
1572:Ukrainian
1552:Old Norse
1542:Mongolian
1345:Companies
1276:Chemistry
1271:Astronomy
1262:Transport
1067:Blackburn
950:, or, if
665:Chemicals
655:Chemistry
605:Singapore
580:Macedonia
560:Indonesia
175:Infoboxes
148:Biography
96:MOS:LEGAL
81:Shortcuts
71:talk page
67:consensus
47:guideline
3676:Category
3660:Category
3587:Subpages
3582:Overview
3562:Hatnotes
3557:Contents
3481:Taxonomy
3439:Medicine
3406:Religion
3377:Pakistan
3367:Malaysia
3305:Regional
3085:Captions
3059:Spelling
2945:Overview
2887:template
2869:WorldLII
2764:textbook
2685:Bluebook
2681:Bluebook
2541:Bluebook
2451:Bluebook
2446:Bluebook
2357:format.
2191:Bluebook
2110:law-stub
2105:Use the
2095:template
2091:Use the
1937:reporter
1898:Bluebook
1795:trespass
1610:Acronyms
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1308:Politics
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1065:Justice
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590:Pakistan
585:Malaysia
518:Regional
260:Captions
230:Spelling
3525:Related
3502:Snooker
3427:Science
3352:Ireland
3289:History
3209:Blazons
3013:Linking
2969:Content
2889:below (
2877:AustLII
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2162:CrimLaw
2140:TortLaw
1879:of the
1605:Plurals
1567:Tibetan
1562:Russian
1497:Chinese
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1365:Numbers
1256:Science
1039:Justice
1012:. (See
726:Snooker
648:Science
565:Ireland
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180:Linking
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3631:Search
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3337:Hawaii
3317:Canada
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3204:Comics
3126:Tables
3116:Layout
3109:Layout
3100:Images
3078:Images
2885:‹ The
2873:BAILII
2612:, not
2596:, not
2566:E.g.,
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2308:orders
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1817:, and
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1532:Korean
1512:Hebrew
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1398:Places
1389:Events
1386:Places
1239:Sports
1224:Clergy
1215:People
1192:Operas
1172:Comics
1124:Nature
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1021:Judges
940:A v. B
920:MOS:v.
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675:Safety
600:Poland
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305:Tables
295:Layout
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275:Images
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3413:Islam
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3357:Japan
3342:India
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3265:Music
3258:Music
3178:Legal
3171:Legal
3147:Lists
3140:Lists
3095:Icons
2797:(eg,
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