3648:
31:
1906:
Cite to legal materials (constitutions, statutes, legislative history, administrative regulations, and cases) according to the generally accepted citation style for the relevant jurisdictions. If multiple citation styles are acceptable in a given jurisdiction, any may be used, but be consistent, and
885:
Knowledge (XXG) articles on legal topics should reflect appropriate style for an encyclopedia. Because
Knowledge (XXG) is not written for courts or legal experts more than for anyone else, standard legal styling does not always apply. Editors should always provide depth and detail appropriate to an
1756:
In articles with topics that cover multiple jurisdictions, such as multiple states or multiple countries, aim to provide a general overview for all jurisdictions. Within different legal systems, the law may have evolved in divergent ways. Because the law differs between jurisdictions, make clear
1674:
they set, or are primarily discussed within legal scholarship, should be titled according to the legal citation convention for the jurisdiction that handled the case. However, do not adjust a name that is common within legal citations to conform with contemporary style guides. For example, where
1816:
Legal usage of common terms often differs from that of the general public. In general, avoid using legal jargon outside of subject matter that focuses on legal concepts and arguments, and be careful when quoting more generalized sources using technical legal language. For example, a layman may
2466:
Do not confuse the abbreviations that the
Bluebook uses in textual sentences (rule 10.2.1(c), summarized below) with the hundreds more that it uses only in footnotes (table 6). In Knowledge (XXG) articles, often even case citations in footnotes do not use those additional abbreviations.
1924:
Where both primary and secondary sources are available, one should cite both. While primary sources are more "accurate", secondary sources provide more context and are easier on the layperson. Where primary and secondary sources conflict factually, the primary source should be given
2630:", are written with the full name of the state and distinguishing name of individual or entity, or distinguishing year, in parenthesis. If still further clarification is needed, then a comma and the year may be added after the identifying individual name.
2197:
Knowledge (XXG) articles are guided by
Knowledge (XXG)'s Manual of Style (including this page), and not by outside style guides. However, style guides can and do influence the MOS, and are useful for making style decisions within the bounds of the MOS.
1591:
1019:
When referring to the name of a judge or justice that was involved in a case in a judicial capacity, that person should be introduced with the prefix "Judge" or "Justice" before their name. For example, when discussing his opinion in
1907:
consider using the most common. Also consider using the citation style used in secondary sources (such as law reviews or academic journals) rather than the citation style used by a practitioner's legal briefs or a court's decision.
2983:
150:
1850:), for articles on cases, case law, or subjects which use a large amount of case law, it is recommended that editors use the referencing style for the jurisdiction that heard that case or for which that legal subject applies.
3451:
662:
2644:
2638:
3319:
3314:
537:
527:
1757:
what jurisdiction you are writing about. Try to incorporate a comparative perspective, if possible and appropriate. Use separate section headers when providing specifics as to a jurisdiction or system.
2597:
Unless needed for specificity, shorten "State of ___", "Commonwealth of ___", or "People of ___" to just "State", "Commonwealth", or "People", provided the case is in the courts of that state. E.g.,
2505:
1312:
1773:
Write the summary in fairly plain language, for a lay audience, possibly followed by a more detailed introduction. For those who do not read the whole decision, this is sufficient for a start.
2889:
3374:
1461:
587:
3534:
3461:
3389:
3272:
1607:
1431:
1221:
763:
672:
602:
473:
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3441:
3384:
3339:
1514:
728:
652:
597:
552:
1995:, as are internal cross-reference signals to another footnote. This is due to the fact that any reference may be edited or changed, and render the cross-reference signal inaccurate.
3431:
3369:
3359:
2777:
Note that
Knowledge (XXG) uses the term "common name" to refer to what most people call a subject. This will not always be the same as what legal style guides call a "common name".
1479:
1273:
1263:
1226:
689:
582:
577:
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3010:
557:
177:
1031:
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encyclopedia. Even where a topic is technical and primarily covered for interest to legal scholars, articles on legal topics should still aim for plain language that is
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1544:
1447:
145:
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3149:
1580:
1469:
657:
615:
510:
332:
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640:
490:
128:
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3154:
3041:
1650:. For subjects that have wide coverage outside of legal scholarship the common name may not be the same as recorded in academic and court stylings. For example,
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1231:
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707:
627:
280:
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212:
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describe the launch of a new television series as a "new intellectual property", which is a needlessly technical and ambiguous term. The legal term "
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292:
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Start with a summary why the case is encyclopedic. What is its impact on society, what makes it stand out from all the other cases heard this year?
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In titles and the text of an article, do abbreviate the following words within a case name, except at the beginning of either party's name:
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172:
39:
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Include the legal details, for those who need to better understand the legal issues involved and how the court arrived at its decision.
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2258:: "A citation to an Australian case should generally include the parties' names (as they appear on the first page of the decision)
798:
410:
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2323:
1059:
2007:
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Where the legal proceedings are covered under the broader topic of a person's death, the article should follow guidelines at
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257:
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Leave off given names and only include the first plaintiff/petitioner and the first defendant/respondent.
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they set, should be titled "Trial of (defendant)" or another commonly recognizable name. Examples include
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846:
59:
1934:
1818:
931:
In article text (for citations, see below), the first mention of a case should normally be formatted as
3579:
2414:
In
Scotland, the more serious criminal cases, likely to have a Knowledge (XXG) article, are brought by
2280:: "Bills should be cited in the same manner as Acts, except that the title and year of the Bill should
904:
793:
73:
3473:
2819:). This distinction reflects a balance between a desire for consistency and the imperative to follow
2569:
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For Latin words and phrases, consider wiki-linking at the first appearance of the phrase, and using
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2043:
2028:
865:
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2326:, is the most commonly cited guide. It is a proprietary source and is only available by purchase.
2240:
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118:
2269:): "A citation to an Australian Act of Parliament should begin with the short title of the Act
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1992:
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2132:
1075:
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1973:
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1000:
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1730:
If the article topic is fully within one legal system, indicate that legal system, e.g.,
939:. When referred to a second or third time within a section, cases may be referred to as
858:
1700:
Criminal trials that are notable for the people or crimes involved, not for the legal
3668:
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2879:
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2415:
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1945:
1938:), editors should cite the version of the case that appears in the official reporter.
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935:. Cases from some jurisdictions, particularly those within the United Kingdom, use
50:
It is a generally accepted standard that editors should attempt to follow, though
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For reference, access to style guides from some jurisdictions are listed below.
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Words to watch include: Act, Bill, Commission, Charter, Code, Court, Tribunal.
1963:
1959:
1929:
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at first appearance, and simply the judge's surname at later instances. (See
2329:
There are also two specific wikipedia articles which may be of assistance:
1826:
1822:
1701:
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1655:
2752:
1753:, should contain an overview of the law as it stands, and its development.
2861:
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2438:
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format or the format for the jurisdiction from which the case originated.
1915:
The following guidelines will be generally useful in many jurisdictions:
1897:, or an official state system (e.g., the California or New York systems).
1890:
1787:
1006:
2581:
Don't abbreviate "United States" except as part of a longer name. E.g.,
1821:" should be reserved for legal subjects, referring more specifically to
2869:
2525:
National
Railroad Passenger Corporation v. Boston and Maine Corporation
2210:
Melbourne
University Law Review Association Inc. in collaboration with
2428:; these do not have a clear convention on Knowledge (XXG) at present.
890:. The article should strive to take naïve readers as far as possible.
2865:
2665:
The People of the State of
California v. Superior Court (Smith, 2010)
2661:
The People of the State of
California v. Superior Court (Smith, 2009)
2406:
2360:
1980:
Avoid citation signals when possible. On
Knowledge (XXG), the use of
1830:
2894:
2461:
Bell Atlantic Corp., et al. v. William Twombly and Lawrence Marcus
2853:
2645:
The People of the State of California v. Superior Court (Decker)
2639:
The People of the State of California v. Superior Court (Romero)
1879:
India, consider using the Standard Indian Legal Citation (SILC).
1791:
1750:
2898:
3635:
119:
25:
2611:. For cases in federal court, instead drop "State of". E.g.,
2507:
National Railroad Passenger Corp. v. Boston & Maine Corp.
2872:
1786:
Provide a framework for the concept. E.g. – Contextualise
2364:
format. This would result in (note lack of punctuation):
2024:
To cite a simple court case the first time, use template
1072:
Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style#unwarranted abbreviations
1846:
While any citation style may be used in an article (see
974:). Any full title should be capitalized as usual, as in
1037:
Do not indicate judges by legal abbreviations, such as
912:
88:
81:
2684:, but several are available that work for most uses:
1808:
Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style § Technical language
3623:
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3184:
3163:
3132:
3101:
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1592:
Definite or indefinite article at beginning of name
2536:allows abbreviation of widely known acronyms like
2516:Nat'l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Bos. & Me. Corp.
1078:for how to address other titles judges may hold.)
2811:), while other jurisdictions may abbreviate the
2424:. However, less serious cases are brought by a
1797:Link to landmark cases which define the concept
2634:People v. Superior Court, 41 Cal. 4th 1 (2007)
1928:When a case has been published in an official
1812:Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style/Words to watch
888:understandable to the widest possible audience
2910:
2393:Siebe Gorman & Co Ltd v Barclays Bank Ltd
1646:Articles should be titled according to their
1627:
866:
8:
2442:. Knowledge (XXG) articles generally follow
3535:Categories, lists, and navigation templates
2245:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2234:Republished in 2019 with minor corrections.
1749:Articles about broad areas of law, such as
1679:is appropriately abbreviated to "R", as in
1108:Category:Knowledge (XXG) naming conventions
998:
764:Categories, lists, and navigation templates
42:is a part of the English Knowledge (XXG)'s
2917:
2903:
2895:
2803:For instance, US cases will usually use a
2446:format for case names and case citations.
1634:
1620:
1086:
873:
859:
389:
353:
100:
2815:without a full stop (as in New Zealand's
2436:The predominant legal style guide is the
1966:information is presented in normal font.)
1833:(or even more complex legal constructs).
2319:Canadian Guide to Uniform Legal Citation
922:Legal case names are always italicized (
3675:Knowledge (XXG) Manual of Style (legal)
2888:) is being considered for merging. See
2744:
2402:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council
1572:
1438:
1402:
1376:
1355:
1329:
1295:
1246:
1206:
1137:
1116:
1098:
1089:
453:
103:
2672:While case citations generally follow
2238:
2212:Melbourne Journal of International Law
1023:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
958:Do not capitalize distinct words like
62:. When in doubt, discuss first on the
1952:Case names are italicised, as in the
7:
2832:A similar table of abbreviations is
2680:citations are often written without
2036:To create Bluebook-style citations:
2608:State of Vermont v. Raleigh Elliott
2421:HM Advocate v Sheridan and Sheridan
970:as a form of special emphasis (see
2217:Australian Guide to Legal Citation
24:
2404:cases may be titled according to
2265:Section 3.1 (p.67) for statutes (
2214:Inc. Melbourne 2018 (2018–2019).
1781:Writing about particular concepts
58:edit to this page should reflect
3647:
3646:
2809:United States v. Microsoft Corp.
2335:Citation of Canadian legislation
2324:McGill University Faculty of Law
1802:Using technical terms and jargon
1760:Avoid becoming overly technical.
1670:primarily notable for the legal
29:
2807:abbreviated by a period (as in
2063:For citations to websites, use
2051:For citations to journals, use
2008:Category:Law citation templates
1882:United Kingdom, consider using
977:Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976
18:Knowledge (XXG):Manual of Style
2454:Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly
2108:template for law related stubs
1889:United States, consider using
1874:Neue Juristische Wochenschrift
1854:Australia, consider using the
1765:Writing about particular cases
1652:R v Aubrey, Berry and Campbell
1:
3452:References and external links
2655:United States v. Smith (2010)
2651:United States v. Smith (2009)
2380:Regina v. Dudley and Stephens
2368:In re D'Jan of London Limited
663:References and external links
2892:to help reach a consensus. ›
2817:Ngati Apa v Attorney-General
2193:Style guides by jurisdiction
2039:For citations to cases, use
1868:Germany, consider using the
947:does not disambiguate (e.g.
3305:Specific naming conventions
2838:Legal Information Institute
2347:New Zealand Law Style Guide
1861:Canada, consider using the
1697:should not be abbreviated.
1648:commonly recognizable names
518:Specific naming conventions
3691:
2984:Organizing by subject area
2303:), rule 3.1 applies, i.e.
1955:Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.
1805:
1710:O. J. Simpson robbery case
1313:Government and legislation
1030:should be referred to as "
902:
71:
3642:
3610:Wikimedia sister projects
2932:
1837:Citations and referencing
1714:Trial of Susan B. Anthony
1439:Language/country-specific
819:Wikimedia sister projects
2890:templates for discussion
2860:Try to link to cases on
2792:Death of Michael Stewart
2624:People v. Superior Court
2755:if you want to write a
2622:Ambiguous titles like "
2585:United States v. Jewell
2385:R v Dudley and Stephens
2287:Section 3.4 (p.75) for
2276:Section 3.2 (p.74) for
2254:Section 2.1 (p.39) for
1706:Trial of Saddam Hussein
1682:R v Dudley and Stephens
1666:Articles on cases that
1654:is better known as the
2628:United States v. Smith
2418:, and are titled e.g.
2416:His Majesty's Advocate
2396:being titled as shown.
2373:Re D'Jan of London Ltd
2331:Case citation § Canada
1902:Citing legal materials
1608:Technical restrictions
1222:Ethnicities and tribes
1099:All naming conventions
999:
899:General considerations
3242:Writing about fiction
2519:(except in footnotes)
2354:In the United Kingdom
2289:delegated legislation
2079:WikiProject templates
1935:United States Reports
1870:Author's Instructions
1819:intellectual property
1279:Programming languages
446:Writing about fiction
151:Organizing by subject
105:Manual of Style (MoS)
52:occasional exceptions
3585:Talk page guidelines
3273:Stringed instruments
2979:Disambiguation pages
2571:NLRB v. Noel Canning
2432:In the United States
2113:Navigation templates
1227:Royalty and nobility
1049:. Instead write out
799:Talk page guidelines
474:Stringed instruments
146:Disambiguation pages
3390:Trinidad and Tobago
3320:France (and French)
3315:China (and Chinese)
2615:Vermont v. Brillion
2175:Talk page templates
997:. This results in
603:Trinidad and Tobago
538:France (and French)
528:China (and Chinese)
3590:Template namespace
2682:citation templates
2322:, prepared by the
2267:acts of Parliament
2019:Citation templates
1725:Broad areas of law
1694:Tuckiar v The King
1685:, case names like
925:Plessy v. Ferguson
804:Template namespace
748:Related guidelines
3662:
3661:
3600:Understandability
3462:Structure drawing
3411:Latter Day Saints
3212:Lyrics and poetry
3155:Stand-alone lists
3042:Dates and numbers
2836:from the Cornell
2426:procurator fiscal
2282:not be italicised
1842:Referencing style
1644:
1643:
1370:Numbers and dates
1343:Latter Day Saints
1323:Political parties
1034:Harlan F. Stone."
883:
882:
809:Understandability
739:
738:
673:Structure drawing
628:Latter Day Saints
481:
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416:Lyrics and poetry
338:Stand-alone lists
213:Dates and numbers
99:
98:
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3560:Military history
3469:Computer science
3442:Compound classes
3289:Military history
2919:
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2834:available online
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2729:Bluebook website
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2709:Bluebook journal
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2601:State v. Elliott
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2563:McConnell v. FEC
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2027:
1974:Citation signals
1636:
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1237:Baseball players
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972:MOS:INSTITUTIONS
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653:Compound classes
498:Military history
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3124:Trivia sections
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3083:Image placement
3066:
3062:Titles of works
3057:Text formatting
3020:
3011:Self-references
2991:Gender identity
2957:
2928:
2926:Manual of Style
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2885:Manual of Style
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3047:Pronunciation
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3033:
3032:Abbreviations
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3023:
3017:
3014:
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2235:
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2229:9780646976389
2226:
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2199:
2192:
2185:
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2156:
2150:
2145:
2139:
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2069:
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2038:
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2035:
2030:
2023:
2022:
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2013:
2011:
2009:
2001:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1960:Case citation
1957:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1937:
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1931:
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1744:customary law
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1455:All languages
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1330:Organizations
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1143:Entertainment
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469:Record charts
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350:By topic area
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218:Pronunciation
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203:Abbreviations
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136:Accessibility
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3615:WikiProjects
3525:Article size
3170:
3114:Lead section
2950:
2943:
2936:
2883:
2855:The Bluebook
2854:
2828:
2821:common names
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2200:
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1348:Sports teams
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1160:Broadcasting
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293:Lead section
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3507:Terminology
3427:Mathematics
3375:Philippines
3237:Visual arts
3232:Video games
2996:Hidden text
2293:regulations
2262:except:..."
2223:(4th ed.).
2166:EvidenceLaw
2144:PropertyLaw
2122:ContractLaw
1586:Use English
1540:New Zealand
1200:Visual arts
1195:Video games
1175:Manuscripts
1043:Blackburn J
729:Terminology
685:Mathematics
588:Philippines
441:Visual arts
436:Video games
163:Hidden text
56:substantive
3605:User pages
3570:Signatures
3565:Notability
3490:Cue sports
3227:Television
3222:Philosophy
3176:Trademarks
3025:Formatting
2699:Cite court
2305:in italics
2271:in italics
2260:in italics
2256:case names
2044:Cite court
2029:Cite court
1964:law report
1958:article. (
1932:(e.g. the
1919:In general
1911:Guidelines
1848:WP:CITEVAR
1806:See also:
1740:common law
1736:sharia law
1573:Formatting
1530:Macedonian
1480:Bangladesh
1427:Long lists
1417:Categories
1408:Categories
1298:Government
1252:Technology
1190:Television
1074:; and see
1047:Bramwell B
894:Formatting
814:User pages
789:Signatures
784:Notability
715:Cue sports
431:Television
426:Philosophy
372:Trademarks
196:Formatting
3447:Chemicals
3437:Chemistry
3385:Singapore
3365:Macedonia
3340:Indonesia
3001:Infoboxes
2974:Biography
2945:Directory
2788:WP:DEATHS
2753:Wikibooks
2751:Consider
2312:In Canada
2291:(such as
2241:cite book
2014:Templates
2002:Templates
1925:priority.
1827:trademark
1823:copyright
1732:civil law
1702:precedent
1677:the Crown
1672:precedent
1656:ABC trial
1565:Ukrainian
1545:Old Norse
1535:Mongolian
1338:Companies
1269:Chemistry
1264:Astronomy
1255:Transport
1060:Blackburn
943:, or, if
658:Chemicals
648:Chemistry
598:Singapore
573:Macedonia
553:Indonesia
168:Infoboxes
141:Biography
89:MOS:LEGAL
74:Shortcuts
64:talk page
60:consensus
40:guideline
3669:Category
3653:Category
3580:Subpages
3575:Overview
3555:Hatnotes
3550:Contents
3474:Taxonomy
3432:Medicine
3399:Religion
3370:Pakistan
3360:Malaysia
3298:Regional
3078:Captions
3052:Spelling
2938:Overview
2880:template
2862:WorldLII
2757:textbook
2678:Bluebook
2674:Bluebook
2534:Bluebook
2444:Bluebook
2439:Bluebook
2350:format.
2184:Bluebook
2103:law-stub
2098:Use the
2088:template
2084:Use the
1930:reporter
1891:Bluebook
1788:trespass
1603:Acronyms
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1301:Politics
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1067:Bramwell
1058:Justice
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842:Contents
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616:Religion
583:Pakistan
578:Malaysia
511:Regional
253:Captions
223:Spelling
3518:Related
3495:Snooker
3420:Science
3345:Ireland
3282:History
3202:Blazons
3006:Linking
2962:Content
2882:below (
2870:AustLII
2626:", or "
2155:CrimLaw
2133:TortLaw
1872:of the
1598:Plurals
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1358:Numbers
1249:Science
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3197:Comics
3119:Tables
3109:Layout
3102:Layout
3093:Images
3071:Images
2878:‹ The
2866:BAILII
2605:, not
2589:, not
2559:E.g.,
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2333:, and
2301:orders
1988:, and
1884:OSCOLA
1831:patent
1810:, and
1550:Polish
1525:Korean
1505:Hebrew
1495:German
1396:Events
1391:Places
1382:Events
1379:Places
1232:Sports
1217:Clergy
1208:People
1185:Operas
1165:Comics
1117:Nature
1065:Baron
1014:Judges
933:A v. B
913:MOS:v.
708:Sports
668:Safety
593:Poland
543:Hawaii
523:Canada
421:Novels
401:Comics
298:Tables
288:Layout
281:Layout
268:Images
246:Images
3406:Islam
3355:Korea
3350:Japan
3335:India
3325:Egypt
3258:Music
3251:Music
3171:Legal
3164:Legal
3140:Lists
3133:Lists
3088:Icons
2790:(eg,
2739:Notes
2550:NAACP
2488:Corp.
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1829:, or
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1515:Irish
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1500:Greek
1422:Lists
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1361:Dates
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1289:Ships
1180:Music
1170:Films
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