169:
375:. Tandroy homes are traditionally square (not rectangular, as elsewhere on the island), raised on low stilts, topped with a peaked roof and constructed of vertically-hung planks of wood affixed to a wooden frame. These houses traditionally have no windows and feature three wooden doors: the front door is the women's entrance, the door at the rear of the house is for children, and the third door is used by the men. Fences are often constructed around Antandroy houses using
469:
456:("your eternal place"). These are large and rectangular - the larger the tomb, the more wealthy the man - and are decorated with colorful paintings. Tall stones are traditionally placed on each side to represent male and female; in recent years, towers are often constructed in lieu of the stones. The skulls of the zebu slaughtered for the funeral feast are placed on top of the tomb to indicate the deceased's wealth.
332:
160:
heavily on tubers, yams, millet and other crops that are less dependent on water for cultivation than the rice so prevalent elsewhere on the island. The herding of zebu remains the principal economic activity of the
Tandroy, and their tombs are commonly decorated with numerous zebu skulls as an indication of wealth.
459:
Transfer of the coffin to the tomb may take as long as several months while the building is completed. During this period of construction another two-day mourning ceremony takes place; zebu sacrifice and ritual wailing may again take place upon placing the coffin in the tomb. Once the coffin has been
447:
Upon the death of an
Tandroy, family members organize a communal funeral feast. Zebu are sacrificed and their meat given to the community. After laying in state for several days, the deceased's body is placed in a coffin, and more zebu are slaughtered. The mood at this ceremony can be celebratory,
159:
and complex funeral rites, certain practices set them apart. They are particularly known for their distinctive dances, cotton woven clothing, elaborately decorated tombs, and unique use of plank architecture in the construction of their houses. Also unlike most
Malagasy ethnic groups they rely more
103:
mainland. In the 17th century however, the
Tandroy emerged as a confederation of two groups ruled by the Zafimanara dynasty until flooding caused the kingdom to disband around 1790. The difficult terrain and climate of Tandroy protected and isolated the population, sparing them from subjugation by
227:
The inhabitants of the
Tandroy region identify with one of two distinct traditions. The oral history of the Karimbola clan inhabiting the western portion of Tandroy does not describe a migration into the area, but rather implies the inhabitants were always present. In the early 18th century, the
240:
refugees. By the early 18th century a centralized confederation emerged to unite all those living between the
Menarandra and Mendare rivers. This confederation was ruled by a dynasty of Zafimanara, a sub-group of the Mahandrovato clan, which gave the region and its people the name Tandroy.
300:
The
Tandroy share the common Malagasy beliefs in a creator god and the eternal life and power of the ancestors, who intervene in the affairs of the living and who must be respected. The Tandroy commune with and can be possessed by the ancestors by entering a trance state called
112:
also struggled to exert its influence over this population. Since independence the
Tandroy have suffered prejudice and economic marginalization, prompting widespread migration and intermarriage with other ethnic groups, and leading them to play a key role in
279:. The harshness of the environment they inhabit has historically served to largely isolate and protect them from attack by other Malagasy ethnic groups; the French also struggled to exert authority over the Antandroy after colonization. After national
248:(1897-1960), the Tandroy - alongside the Mahafaly - were viewed as the most uncivilized of the island's ethnic groups. This perception spread among fellow Malagasy, establishing a stereotype that characterized the Antandroy as half-clothed savages.
291:
Tandroy families are patriarchal and women are expected to be subordinate to the males in their family. Circumcision is an important ritual for male
Tandroy, and among some communities the foreskin is shot from the barrel of a gun in celebration.
396:
wrappers and loincloths. Weaving continues to be done uniquely by women, who use a wooden spindle rolled against their thigh to twist the cotton into threads for weaving. Before the thread is dipped in a stiffening solution it is called
577:. Described as "undoubtedly the best ethnographic museum in Madagascar", the Museum of the Tandroy features photo exhibitions and displays traditional arts and handicrafts; a model Tandroy house may be visited on the adjacent grounds.
448:
and among some
Tandroy, community members will pick up the coffin and run into the sea with it. Afterward the coffin is placed in a tomb for the male head of household and his immediate family members. Like the neighboring
390:
As the southern arid region of Tandroy is hot much of the year, clothing among the Tandroy is often minimal. Traditional clothing is mainly made of hand-carded and spun cotton which is woven to form
283:
in 1960, the Tandroy (as well as the Merina) became the most common practitioners of interethnic marriage, in large part to the frequent migration of Tandroy men in search of economic opportunity.
460:
placed, stones are heaped over it to fill the tomb. The deceased's house is then destroyed by fire to complete the funeral rites. Family and community members will not return to visit the tomb.
305:. Crocodiles are commonly feared among the Tandroy, and members of the Zafindravoay clan believe they are the descendants of a union between a Tandroy woman and a crocodile. In addition, the
554:
Cattle herding is the main economic activity of the Antandroy. They also practice subsistence farming of cassava, millet, rice and maize. Honey is also a major product of the Antandroy.
1292:
371:
Whereas most dwellings in Madagascar are traditionally constructed from pliable plant materials, the Tandroy are one of the few ethnic groups to use wood plank to build their
514:. Tandroy vocal music features rich polyharmonic melodies. The unique traditional dances of the Tandroy are performed with spears and accompanied by
1285:
557:
Historically, the Tandroy were known as great ironsmiths; their skill in repairing firearms was particularly reputed in the imperial period prior to
241:
Zafimanara power waned around 1790 when significant flooding and the consequent ecological upheaval prompted them to flee to the Manombo plateau.
1261:
1240:
1219:
1116:
1095:
1074:
1053:
319:
missionaries; this remains the predominant form of Christianity among the Tandroy, although most continue to adhere to traditional beliefs.
1496:
1278:
1463:
500:
but with nylon fishing line for strings and five or seven movable frets that facilitate modification of the instrument's tuning. The
1198:
1177:
1156:
1137:
155:
While the Tandroy share many common cultural features with other ethnic groups in Madagascar, such as respect for the ancestors, a
232:
people. In the eastern portion of Tandroy, the original population of the Mahandrovato clan was gradually outnumbered by
1453:
256:
1458:
535:
323:
soothsayers are a common feature of Tandroy village society and are a respected authority in traditional communities.
272:
92:
506:
is a stringed instrument popular with the Tandroy that has a gourd resonator and is played with a bow, much like the
427:(taboos) established by elders and ancestors. Antandroy women are prohibited from milking zebu. There is a general
1301:
372:
312:
405:
is used in numerous Antandroy rituals such as the circumcision ceremony, and is tied around others' wrists by an
181:
55:
309:
spirit is believed to be able to exert positive or negative influence over events in the life of a Tandroy.
219:
There are around 600,000 Tandroy as of 2013. They constitute the fifth largest ethnic group on the island.
1448:
357:
342:
1367:
72:
368:, generally boiled in water and occasionally served in whole milk or flavored with crushed peanuts.
561:
in 1897. Today, many Antandroy men travel seasonally to neighboring areas to search for paid work.
515:
252:
168:
118:
851:
105:
468:
1257:
1236:
1215:
1194:
1173:
1152:
1133:
1112:
1091:
1070:
1049:
558:
531:
432:
280:
245:
156:
109:
792:
1417:
1327:
1309:
882:
843:
804:
539:
315:
was introduced in southern Madagascar beginning in the late 19th century, predominantly by
1402:
1362:
1347:
1322:
570:
392:
349:
233:
228:
westernmost portion of Tandroy was conquered by the Menarandra dynasty of the neighboring
213:
68:
1490:
1392:
189:
76:
435:, and a particular Tandroy king was forbidden to so much as look at one. It is also
401:("living yarn") and is believed to be imbued with spiritual power. For this reason,
1397:
1332:
519:
502:
423:
384:
337:
887:
870:
1251:
1230:
1209:
1188:
1167:
1127:
1106:
1085:
1064:
510:
played further north, but with the resonator carved to resemble a three-stringed
1422:
1352:
1342:
1147:
Emoff, Ron (2008). "Music of Madagascar: An Overview". In Koskoff, Ellen (ed.).
491:
316:
237:
212:
than Austronesian facial features. The Tandroy trace their ancestry back to the
209:
100:
1427:
1372:
1270:
574:
331:
185:
43:
482:(box zithers) from pine planks, using unwound bicycle cables as strings. The
1317:
205:
193:
808:
1432:
1407:
1387:
1377:
478:
449:
229:
1477:
855:
376:
353:
260:
89:
569:
A museum dedicated to Tandroy culture and history operates within the
1412:
1108:
Encyclopedia of National Dress: Traditional Clothing Around the World
543:
511:
496:
365:
276:
201:
197:
114:
96:
847:
476:
Stringed instruments are common among the Tandroy. They construct
1382:
1357:
651:
649:
467:
330:
259:
in 1972 was sparked by the armed protest of Antandroy peasants in
167:
361:
1274:
184:
of endemic plants that characterize the southwestern region of
952:
950:
948:
946:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
1087:
David Griffiths and the Missionary "History of Madagascar"
1069:(9th ed.). Guilford, CT: The Globe Pequot Press Inc.
364:
milk and curd. Other staples include yams, taro root, and
834:
Chapman, Olive (1940). "Primitive tribes in Madagascar".
706:
694:
275:
inhabiting the arid southern part of the island called
95:
inhabiting the arid southern part of the island called
1250:
Raison-Jourde, Françoise; Randrianja, Solofo (2002).
666:
664:
624:
622:
620:
618:
1232:
The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
1441:
1308:
1211:
Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
61:
49:
37:
27:
766:
718:
655:
180:means "people of the thorns" in reference to the
1149:The Concise Garland Encyclopedia of World Music
348:The Tandroy consume less rice than the average
1166:Fage, J.D.; Crowder, M.; Oliver, R.A. (1984).
490:are the Antandroy names of a popular Southern
188:. Their traditional homeland forms the modern
1286:
1172:. Cambridge, MS: Cambridge University Press.
793:"L'alimentation des Bara (Sud de Madagascar)"
640:
204:; the population is most concentrated around
8:
22:
1028:
980:
968:
956:
778:
742:
730:
609:
413:) is also sometimes used to make clothing.
1293:
1279:
1271:
356:province. They have rather subsisted on a
21:
1253:La nation malgache au défi de l'ethnicité
1151:. New York: Routledge. pp. 123–129.
886:
431:in Antandroy society against killing the
1016:
1004:
754:
439:to mention the name of a deceased king.
409:(healer) to offer protection. Raw silk (
271:The Tandroy are a traditionally nomadic
821:
585:
1063:Bradt, Hilary; Austin, Daniel (2007).
1048:(in French). Berlin: Berger-Levrault.
937:
925:
913:
901:
797:Journal de la Société des Africanistes
452:, the tombs of the Tandroy are called
263:against corruption in tax collection.
172:Distribution of Malagasy ethnic groups
1235:. Westport CT: Greenwood Publishing.
992:
628:
518:punctuated with shrill whistles and
7:
682:
670:
387:from the surrounding spiny forests.
360:of maize, sweet potato, manioc, and
99:, tracing their origins back to the
38:Regions with significant populations
1193:(in French). Paris: Ernest Leroux.
707:Raison-Jourde & Randrianja 2002
695:Raison-Jourde & Randrianja 2002
573:, approximately two hours north of
530:The Tandroy speak a dialect of the
421:The Tandroy adhere to a variety of
192:, which is roughly located between
128:, but it is technically redundant:
124:The Tandroy may also be called the
1090:. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill.
352:because of the extreme aridity of
117:that sparked the end of President
14:
246:French colonization of Madagascar
1132:. San Francisco, CA: Routledge.
536:Malayo-Polynesian language group
472:A performance of Antandroy dance
341:played by a member of the group
108:in the 19th century; later, the
1190:Tabou Et Totémisme à Madagascar
1169:The Cambridge History of Africa
1129:Encyclopedia of African Peoples
767:Fage, Crowder & Oliver 1984
719:Fage, Crowder & Oliver 1984
656:Fage, Crowder & Oliver 1984
1256:(in French). Paris: Karthala.
208:. They tend to bear stronger
1:
888:10.1525/aa.1928.30.3.02a00010
871:"Culture Areas in Madagascar"
1044:Acquier, Jean-Louis (1997).
1497:Ethnic groups in Madagascar
1302:Ethnic groups of Madagascar
1046:Architectures de Madagascar
534:, which is a branch of the
121:'s administration in 1972.
1513:
273:ethnic group of Madagascar
255:presidency and end of the
200:and between the ocean and
93:ethnic group of Madagascar
16:Ethnic group in Madagascar
1472:
1111:. Los Angeles: ABC Clio.
791:Faublée, Jacques (1942).
110:French colonial authority
66:
56:Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy
54:
42:
32:
836:The Geographical Journal
281:independence from France
1208:Ogot, Bethwell (1999).
1084:Campbell, Gwyn (2012).
1029:Bradt & Austin 2007
981:Bradt & Austin 2007
969:Bradt & Austin 2007
957:Bradt & Austin 2007
875:American Anthropologist
779:Bradt & Austin 2007
743:Bradt & Austin 2007
731:Bradt & Austin 2007
610:Bradt & Austin 2007
1126:Diagram Group (2013).
869:Linton, Ralph (1928).
809:10.3406/jafr.1942.2534
565:Additional information
473:
345:
173:
1229:Olson, James (1996).
1187:Gennep, A.V. (1904).
1105:Condra, Jill (2013).
542:, spoken in southern
471:
385:indigenous succulents
334:
296:Religious affiliation
171:
144:; and the additional
62:Related ethnic groups
251:The toppling of the
88:are a traditionally
73:Austronesian peoples
995:, pp. 123–129.
559:French colonization
377:prickly-pear cactus
119:Philibert Tsiranana
24:
641:Diagram Group 2013
474:
346:
287:Family affiliation
174:
106:Kingdom of Imerina
1484:
1483:
1464:Vazaha (European)
1459:Vazaha (European)
1263:978-2-84586-304-0
1242:978-0-313-27918-8
1221:978-0-85255-095-3
1214:. Paris: UNESCO.
1118:978-0-313-37637-5
1097:978-90-04-19518-9
1076:978-1-84162-197-5
1055:978-2-7003-1169-3
538:derived from the
532:Malagasy language
516:distinctive music
433:radiated tortoise
82:
81:
1504:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1272:
1267:
1246:
1225:
1204:
1183:
1162:
1143:
1122:
1101:
1080:
1059:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
941:
935:
929:
923:
917:
911:
905:
899:
893:
892:
890:
866:
860:
859:
831:
825:
819:
813:
812:
788:
782:
776:
770:
764:
758:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
680:
674:
668:
659:
653:
644:
638:
632:
626:
613:
607:
540:Barito languages
383:) or lengths of
358:traditional diet
28:Total population
25:
1512:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1468:
1454:Sinoa (Chinese)
1449:Karana (Indian)
1437:
1304:
1299:
1264:
1249:
1243:
1228:
1222:
1207:
1201:
1186:
1180:
1165:
1159:
1146:
1140:
1125:
1119:
1104:
1098:
1083:
1077:
1062:
1056:
1043:
1040:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1011:
1003:
999:
991:
987:
979:
975:
967:
963:
955:
944:
936:
932:
924:
920:
912:
908:
900:
896:
868:
867:
863:
848:10.2307/1788495
833:
832:
828:
820:
816:
803:(12): 157–202.
790:
789:
785:
777:
773:
765:
761:
753:
749:
741:
737:
729:
725:
717:
713:
705:
701:
693:
689:
681:
677:
669:
662:
654:
647:
639:
635:
627:
616:
608:
587:
583:
571:Berenty Reserve
567:
552:
528:
494:similar to the
466:
464:Dance and music
445:
419:
329:
298:
289:
269:
225:
214:Sakalava people
166:
164:Ethnic identity
157:common language
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1510:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1314:
1312:
1306:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1262:
1247:
1241:
1226:
1220:
1205:
1199:
1184:
1178:
1163:
1157:
1144:
1138:
1123:
1117:
1102:
1096:
1081:
1075:
1060:
1054:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1033:
1031:, p. 245.
1021:
1019:, p. 423.
1009:
1007:, p. 441.
997:
985:
973:
961:
959:, p. 204.
942:
940:, p. 340.
930:
928:, p. 289.
918:
916:, p. 457.
906:
904:, p. 456.
894:
881:(1): 363–390.
861:
826:
814:
783:
771:
769:, p. 688.
759:
757:, p. 472.
747:
735:
723:
721:, p. 682.
711:
699:
697:, p. 142.
687:
685:, p. 426.
675:
673:, p. 435.
660:
658:, p. 686.
645:
633:
614:
584:
582:
579:
566:
563:
551:
548:
527:
524:
465:
462:
444:
441:
418:
415:
328:
325:
297:
294:
288:
285:
268:
265:
257:First Republic
224:
221:
182:spiny thickets
165:
162:
80:
79:
64:
63:
59:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
30:
29:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1509:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1479:
1476:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1368:Betsimisaraka
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1282:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1265:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1223:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1206:
1202:
1200:9785878397216
1196:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1179:9780521224093
1175:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1160:
1158:9780415972932
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1139:9781135963415
1135:
1131:
1130:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1103:
1099:
1093:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:Campbell 2012
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:Campbell 2012
1001:
998:
994:
989:
986:
983:, p. 18.
982:
977:
974:
971:, p. 16.
970:
965:
962:
958:
953:
951:
949:
947:
943:
939:
934:
931:
927:
922:
919:
915:
910:
907:
903:
898:
895:
889:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
862:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
830:
827:
824:, p. 45.
823:
818:
815:
810:
806:
802:
799:(in French).
798:
794:
787:
784:
781:, p. 19.
780:
775:
772:
768:
763:
760:
756:
755:Campbell 2012
751:
748:
745:, p. 14.
744:
739:
736:
733:, p. 22.
732:
727:
724:
720:
715:
712:
709:, p. 56.
708:
703:
700:
696:
691:
688:
684:
679:
676:
672:
667:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
637:
634:
631:, p. 32.
630:
625:
623:
621:
619:
615:
612:, p. 24.
611:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
586:
580:
578:
576:
572:
564:
562:
560:
555:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
525:
523:
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520:fipple flutes
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190:Androy Region
187:
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147:
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139:
136:; the prefix
135:
131:
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77:Bantu peoples
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36:
31:
26:
1474:
1337:
1333:Antambahoaka
1252:
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1189:
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1128:
1107:
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1065:
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842:(1): 14–25.
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822:Acquier 1997
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508:jejy voatavo
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343:Vilon'androy
336:
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313:Christianity
311:
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210:East African
177:
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129:
125:
123:
85:
83:
19:Ethnic group
1343:Antankarana
938:Gennep 1904
926:Gennep 1904
914:Condra 2013
902:Condra 2013
492:chordophone
244:Throughout
101:East Africa
1428:Zafimaniry
1373:Bezanozano
1310:Indigenous
1066:Madagascar
1038:References
993:Emoff 2008
629:Olson 1996
575:Taolagnaro
186:Madagascar
44:Madagascar
33:c. 600,000
1475:See also:
1442:Immigrant
1418:Tsimihety
1338:Antandroy
1328:Antaisaka
1318:Antaifasy
683:Ogot 1999
671:Ogot 1999
484:mandolina
403:fole velo
399:fole velo
307:kokolampo
253:Tsiranana
206:Ambovombe
194:Amboasary
176:The name
126:Antandroy
50:Languages
1491:Category
1433:Zafisoro
1408:Sihanaka
1403:Sakalava
1388:Masikoro
1378:Mahafaly
1363:Betsileo
1348:Antanosy
1323:Antemoro
526:Language
479:marovany
450:Mahafaly
350:Malagasy
317:Lutheran
234:Antanosy
230:Mahafaly
142:place of
115:protests
71:groups,
69:Malagasy
1478:Vazimba
856:1788495
550:Economy
503:lokanga
407:ambiasa
354:Toliara
338:lokanga
327:Culture
321:Mpisoro
267:Society
261:Toliara
223:History
178:Tandroy
90:nomadic
86:Tandroy
23:Tandroy
1413:Tanala
1393:Merina
1260:
1239:
1218:
1197:
1176:
1155:
1136:
1115:
1094:
1073:
1052:
854:
544:Borneo
512:fiddle
497:kabosy
488:gitara
454:fanesy
381:raketa
366:millet
277:Androy
202:Bekily
198:Beloha
148:means
140:means
132:means
97:Androy
67:Other
1398:Mikea
1383:Makoa
1358:Beosi
852:JSTOR
581:Notes
411:landy
393:lamba
373:homes
134:thorn
1423:Vezo
1353:Bara
1258:ISBN
1237:ISBN
1216:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1134:ISBN
1113:ISBN
1092:ISBN
1071:ISBN
1050:ISBN
486:and
437:fady
429:fady
424:fady
417:Fady
362:zebu
335:The
303:bilo
238:Bara
236:and
196:and
150:from
104:the
84:The
883:doi
844:doi
805:doi
522:.
130:roy
1493::
945:^
879:30
877:.
873:.
850:.
840:96
838:.
801:12
795:.
663:^
648:^
617:^
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546:.
216:.
152:.
138:an
75:,
1294:e
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807::
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379:(
146:t
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