768:. Earlier work Dalldorf had done in monkeys suggested that fluid collected from a nonpolio virus preparation could protect against the crippling effects of polio. Using newborn mice as a vehicle, Dalldorf attempted to isolate such protective viruses from the feces of polio patients. In carrying out these experiments, he discovered viruses that often mimicked mild or nonparalytic polio. The virus family he discovered was eventually given the name Coxsackie, from
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782:), and were subdivided into groups A and B based on their pathology in newborn mice. (Coxsackie A virus causes paralysis and death of the mice, with extensive skeletal muscle necrosis; Coxsackie B causes less severe infection in the mice, but with damage to more organ systems, such as heart, brain, liver, pancreas, and skeletal muscles.)
987:
ICTV 7th Report van
Regenmortel, M.H.V., Fauquet, C.M., Bishop, D.H.L., Carstens, E.B., Estes, M.K., Lemon, S.M., Maniloff, J., Mayo, M.A., McGeoch, D.J., Pringle, C.R. and Wickner, R.B. (2000). Virus taxonomy. Seventh report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses. Academic Press, San
785:
The use of suckling mice was not
Dalldorf's idea but was brought to his attention in a paper written by Danish scientists Orskov and Andersen in 1947, who were using such mice to study a mouse virus. The discovery of the coxsackieviruses stimulated many virologists to use this system, and ultimately
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The discovery of the coxsackieviruses yielded further evidence that viruses can sometimes interfere with each other's growth and replication within a host animal. Other researchers found this interference can be mediated by a substance produced by the host animal, a protein now known as
2616:
124:. Coxsackieviruses share many characteristics with poliovirus. With control of poliovirus infections in much of the world, more attention has been focused on understanding the nonpolio enteroviruses such as coxsackievirus.
1510:
Werk D, Pinkert S, Heim A, et al. (September 2009). "Combination of soluble coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor and anti-coxsackievirus siRNAs exerts synergistic antiviral activity against coxsackievirus B3".
2609:
852:
Seitsonen, Jani; Shakeel, Shabih; Susi, Petri; Pandurangan, Arun P.; Sinkovits, Robert S.; Hyvönen, Heini; Laurinmäki, Pasi; Ylä-Pelto, Jani; Topf, Maya; Hyypiä, Timo; Butcher, Sarah J. (2012).
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resulted in the isolation of a large number of so-called "enteric" viruses from the gastrointestinal tract that were unrelated to poliovirus, and some of which were oncogenic (cancer-causing).
901:
Ma E, Fung C, Yip SH, Wong C, Chuang SK, Tsang T (Aug 2011). "Estimation of the basic reproduction number of enterovirus 71 and coxsackievirus A16 in hand, foot, and mouth disease outbreaks".
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In 2007, an outbreak of coxsackievirus occurred in eastern China. It has been reported that 22 children died. More than 800 people were affected, with 200 children hospitalized.
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The coxsackieviruses were discovered in 1948–49 by
Gilbert Dalldorf, a scientist working at the New York State Department of Health in
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There were 29 species of coxsackieviruses until 1999, when two of them were abolished and the rest merged into other species.
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viruses based on early observations of their pathogenicity in neonatal mice. Group A coxsackieviruses were noted to cause a
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Dalldorf G, Sickles GM (July 1948). "An
Unidentified, Filtrable Agent Isolated From the Feces of Children With Paralysis".
120:. Enteroviruses are among the most common and important human pathogens, and ordinarily its members are transmitted by the
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218:(R0) for Coxsackievirus A16 (Cox A16) was estimated to a median of 2.50 with an interquartile range of 1.96 to 3.67.
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811:(Soluble Receptor Analogue) is an experimental prophylactic treatment against coxsackievirus B3 (CVB) infections.
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posted to
Virology Blog 10 AUGUST 2009 by Professor Vincent Racaniello. Accessed via internet August 20, 2012.
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The coxsackieviruses subsequently were found to cause a variety of infections, including epidemic pleurodynia (
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Dalldorf G, Gifford R (June 1951). "Clinical and epidemiologic observations of
Coxsackie-virus infection".
794:. Interferon has since become prominent in the treatment of a variety of cancers and infectious diseases.
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854:"Structural analysis of coxsackievirus A7 reveals conformational changes associated with uncoating"
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has recently been associated with recent enteroviral infection, particularly coxsackievirus B
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Triantafyllopoulou, Antigoni; Tapinos, Nikos; Moutsopoulos, Haralampos; et al. (2004).
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In general, group A coxsackieviruses tend to infect the skin and mucous membranes, causing
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1249:"A virus recovered from the feces of poliomyelitis patients pathogenic for suckling mice"
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Group B coxsackieviruses tend to infect the heart, pleura, pancreas, and liver, causing
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The entry of coxsackievirus into cells, especially endothelial cells, is mediated by
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Both group A and group B coxsackieviruses can cause nonspecific febrile illnesses,
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Dalldorf, in collaboration with Grace
Sickles, had been searching for a cure for
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170:(due to focal muscle injury and degeneration of neuronal tissue). At least 23
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is also being studied in connection with coxsackievirus, as of
January 2010.
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DALLDORF G, GIFFORD R (February 1955). "Recognition of mouse ectromelia".
831:(in Spanish). Vol. 6 (3rd ed.). Barcelona: Salvat. p. 598.
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174:(1–22, 24) of group A and six serotypes (1–6) of group B are recognized.
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49: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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946:"Evidence for Coxsackievirus Infection in Primary Sjogren's Syndrome"
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1352:"Adaptation of Group B Coxsackie virus to adult mouse pancreas"
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Dalldorf also collaborated with
Gifford on many early papers.
18:
1401:"Susceptibility of gravid mice to Coxsackie virus infection"
16:
Virus that causes digestive upset and sometimes heart damage
990:
https://ictv.global/ictv/proposals/ICTV%207th%20Report.pdf
267:. This relationship is currently being studied further.
166:) while group B coxsackieviruses were noted to cause a
1184:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
1142:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
1113:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
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International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
1033:
International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)
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1492:"China says it controls viral outbreak in children"
252:). Coxsackie B infection of the heart can lead to
2625:Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology
127:Coxsackieviruses are among the leading causes of
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248:(inflammation of the liver not related to the
131:(the other usual suspects being echovirus and
3110:Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta
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8:
2764:Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma)
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1862:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
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106:positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
1733:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
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1296:Coxsackie NY and the virus named after it
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65:Learn how and when to remove this message
1350:Dalldorf G, Gifford R (November 1952).
983:
981:
819:
3417:Disseminated intravascular coagulation
1399:Dalldorf G, Gifford R (January 1954).
140:coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor
7:
1247:DALLDORF G, SICKLES GM (June 1949).
1085:from the original on 6 February 2020
47:adding citations to reliable sources
1883:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
3199:Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation
150:Coxsackieviruses are divided into
14:
3100:Transient acantholytic dermatosis
2202:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
1728:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
162:(which was caused by generalized
3209:Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis
2188:Middle East respiratory syndrome
1549:
23:
3219:Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides
1525:10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.07.002
209:upper respiratory tract disease
34:needs additional citations for
3460:Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus
3168:Subcorneal pustular dermatosis
2794:Infantile digital fibromatosis
1787:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
1773:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
1:
3052:Epidermolysis bullosa simplex
2889:Langerhans cell histiocytosis
198:hand, foot, and mouth disease
3528:Systemic lupus erythematosus
3283:Systemic lupus erythematosus
2974:Systemic lupus erythematosus
1992:Tropical spastic paraparesis
1897:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
915:10.1097/INF.0b013e3182116e95
827:Pedro-Pons, AgustĂn (1968).
2809:Lymphangioma circumscriptum
2355:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
2275:Human parainfluenza viruses
1948:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
1329:10.1056/NEJM195106072442302
1226:10.1126/science.108.2794.61
829:PatologĂa y ClĂnica MĂ©dicas
3712:
3631:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
950:Arthritis & Rheumatism
261:insulin-dependent diabetes
225:
211:, and aseptic meningitis.
181:
2019:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
1462:10.3181/00379727-88-21566
1450:Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med
216:basic reproduction number
3396:Thrombocytopenic purpura
3042:Dermatitis herpetiformis
3027:Acute contact dermatitis
2979:Pityriasis rubra pilaris
2904:Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome
2874:Lichen simplex chronicus
2754:Epidermal inclusion cyst
2121:Infectious mononucleosis
1938:Chandipura vesiculovirus
1768:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1713:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
1646:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1176:"ICTV Taxonomy history:
1134:"ICTV Taxonomy history:
1105:"ICTV Taxonomy history:
1071:"ICTV Taxonomy history:
1025:"ICTV Taxonomy history:
641:Human coxsackievirus A24
625:Human coxsackievirus A22
609:Human coxsackievirus A21
593:Human coxsackievirus A20
577:Human coxsackievirus A19
561:Human coxsackievirus A18
545:Human coxsackievirus A17
529:Human coxsackievirus A16
513:Human coxsackievirus A15
497:Human coxsackievirus A14
481:Human coxsackievirus A13
465:Human coxsackievirus A12
449:Human coxsackievirus A11
433:Human coxsackievirus A10
3661:Squamous-cell carcinoma
3656:Systemic histoplasmosis
3047:Porphyria cutanea tarda
2677:Squamous-cell carcinoma
1917:Encephalitis lethargica
1618:viral systemic diseases
1136:Human coxsackievirus A6
1107:Human coxsackievirus A4
737:Human coxsackievirus B6
721:Human coxsackievirus B5
705:Human coxsackievirus B4
689:Human coxsackievirus B3
673:Human coxsackievirus B2
657:Human coxsackievirus B1
417:Human coxsackievirus A9
401:Human coxsackievirus A8
385:Human coxsackievirus A7
373:Human coxsackievirus A6
357:Human coxsackievirus A5
345:Human coxsackievirus A4
329:Human coxsackievirus A3
313:Human coxsackievirus A2
297:Human coxsackievirus A1
108:, as well as its genus
3636:Cicatricial pemphigoid
3553:Acne keloidalis nuchae
3548:Folliculitis decalvans
2289:Human orthopneumovirus
1943:Herpesviral meningitis
1904:Arbovirus encephalitis
112:, which also includes
84:
3691:Unaccepted virus taxa
3538:Loose anagen syndrome
3465:Necrobiosis lipoidica
3401:Actinic/solar purpura
3075:Insect bite reactions
2864:Seborrheic dermatitis
2687:Merkel-cell carcinoma
2667:Molluscum contagiosum
1747:Merkel-cell carcinoma
80:
3361:Annulare centrifugum
2884:Glucagonoma syndrome
2682:Basal-cell carcinoma
2657:Seborrheic keratosis
2392:Adenovirus infection
1856:Human polyomavirus 2
1685:Oropharyngeal cancer
1368:10.1084/jem.96.5.491
1265:10.1084/jem.89.6.567
903:Pediatr Infect Dis J
870:10.1128/JVI.06425-11
254:pericardial effusion
250:hepatotropic viruses
192:; acute hemorrhagic
43:improve this article
3696:Polyphyletic groups
3606:Aphthous stomatitis
3543:Lichen planopilaris
3518:Androgenic alopecia
3324:Fixed drug eruption
2899:Pemphigus foliaceus
2799:Granular cell tumor
1978:Post-polio syndrome
1614:Infectious diseases
1417:10.1084/jem.99.1.21
1218:1948Sci...108...61D
858:Journal of Virology
770:Coxsackie, New York
259:The development of
94:that belong to the
3626:Pemphigus vulgaris
3455:Granuloma annulare
3319:Carcinoid syndrome
3204:Tuberous sclerosis
3163:Coccidioidomycosis
3037:Bullous pemphigoid
3032:Pemphigus vulgaris
2964:Secondary syphilis
2854:Contact dermatitis
2111:Epstein–Barr virus
2081:Respiratory system
1718:Burkitt's lymphoma
1301:2017-05-28 at the
129:aseptic meningitis
90:are a few related
85:
82:Coxsackie B4 virus
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3513:Telogen effluvium
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3095:Lichen spinulosus
3090:Keratosis pilaris
2969:Mycosis fungoides
2869:Stasis dermatitis
2859:Atopic dermatitis
2822:
2821:
2697:Trichoepithelioma
2672:Actinic keratosis
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2591:
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2553:
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2236:Influenza virus A
2153:Human coronavirus
2043:
2042:
2033:Herpes of the eye
963:10.1002/art.20463
864:(13): 7207–7215.
838:978-84-345-1106-4
750:
749:
228:Coxsackie B virus
184:Coxsackie A virus
168:spastic paralysis
160:flaccid paralysis
75:
74:
67:
3703:
3611:Oral candidiasis
3488:
3386:
3314:Erythema nodosum
3258:
3247:
3240:
3184:Tinea versicolor
3022:Bullous impetigo
2959:Pityriasis rosea
2894:Lichen sclerosus
2879:Darier's disease
2844:
2833:
2789:Kaposi's sarcoma
2635:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2596:
2318:
2313:digestive system
2230:Orthomyxoviridae
2196:SARS coronavirus
2182:MERS coronavirus
2098:
1910:Orthomyxoviridae
1833:
1799:Immune disorders
1723:Hodgkin lymphoma
1699:Kaposi's sarcoma
1607:
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988:Diego. 1162 pp.
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956:(9): 2897–2902.
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891:
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843:
842:
824:
780:Bornholm disease
759:Albany, New York
284:
271:Sjögren syndrome
122:fecal–oral route
88:Coxsackieviruses
70:
63:
59:
56:
50:
27:
19:
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3523:Alopecia areata
3501:
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3405:
3381:
3371:
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3287:
3273:Viral exanthems
3251:
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3233:
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3194:Pityriasis alba
3172:
3114:
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2993:
2913:
2909:Zinc deficiency
2839:
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2701:
2692:Nevus sebaceous
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2588:
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2438:
2412:Gastroenteritis
2370:
2367:Gastroenteritis
2361:
2349:Cytomegalovirus
2312:
2301:
2269:Paramyxoviridae
2258:Avian influenza
2134:
2129:Cytomegalovirus
2093:viral pneumonia
2091:
2088:nasopharyngitis
2087:
2084:
2075:
2039:
2013:Cytomegalovirus
1998:
1952:
1840:
1827:
1820:
1793:
1660:Cervical cancer
1620:
1611:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1317:N. Engl. J. Med
1314:
1313:
1309:
1303:Wayback Machine
1294:
1290:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1212:(2794): 61–62.
1203:
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1198:
1188:
1186:
1174:
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1156:
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1127:
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1103:
1102:
1098:
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1086:
1069:
1068:
1047:
1037:
1035:
1023:
1022:
997:
986:
979:
943:
942:
938:
900:
899:
895:
851:
850:
846:
839:
826:
825:
821:
817:
805:oncolytic virus
755:
279:
230:
224:
186:
180:
148:
71:
60:
54:
51:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3709:
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3678:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3646:Coxsackievirus
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3602:
3600:
3592:
3591:
3589:
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3398:
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3356:Gyratum repens
3353:
3348:
3342:
3336:
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3329:
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3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3278:Toxic erythema
3275:
3270:
3268:Drug eruptions
3264:
3262:
3255:
3244:
3237:
3229:
3228:
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3112:
3107:
3105:Lichen nitidus
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3064:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3049:
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3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3007:Herpes simplex
3003:
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2995:
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2986:
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2572:
2564:
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2206:
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2192:
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2178:
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2176:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2125:
2124:
2123:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2053:
2051:
2049:Cardiovascular
2045:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1962:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1933:
1921:
1920:
1919:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1887:
1886:
1885:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1830:
1828:nervous system
1822:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1803:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1790:
1789:
1777:
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1770:
1758:
1752:
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1750:
1749:
1737:
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1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1680:Vaginal cancer
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1622:
1621:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1581:
1580:
1567:Coxsackievirus
1555:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1543:External links
1541:
1539:
1538:
1519:(3): 298–306.
1502:
1483:
1440:
1391:
1342:
1323:(23): 868–73.
1307:
1288:
1239:
1196:
1154:
1125:
1096:
1045:
995:
977:
936:
893:
844:
837:
818:
816:
813:
754:
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748:
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731:
724:
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684:
683:
676:
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588:
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516:
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459:
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444:
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396:
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388:
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368:
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360:
352:
351:
348:
340:
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332:
324:
323:
316:
308:
307:
300:
292:
291:
288:
278:
275:
226:Main article:
223:
220:
194:conjunctivitis
182:Main article:
179:
176:
147:
144:
97:Picornaviridae
73:
72:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3708:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3686:Enteroviruses
3684:
3683:
3681:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3616:Lichen planus
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:Onychomycosis
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:Tinea capitis
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:Miscellaneous
3480:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3380:Nonblanchable
3378:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3290:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3265:
3263:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3238:
3230:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:Hypopigmented
3175:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:Acne vulgaris
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3080:Lichen planus
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3012:Herpes zoster
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:Parapsoriasis
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2620:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2583:
2580:
2579:
2578:
2577:
2573:
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2566:
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2557:
2547:
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2526:
2522:
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2517:
2514:
2510:
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2502:
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2416:
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2399:
2398:
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2389:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
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2373:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2308:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:Parainfluenza
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:EBV infection
2115:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2078:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1973:Poliomyelitis
1971:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
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1764:
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1759:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1745:
1744:
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1742:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1675:Vulvar cancer
1673:
1671:
1670:Penile cancer
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1596:
1594:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1562:
1558:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1513:Antiviral Res
1506:
1503:
1498:. 2007-05-19.
1497:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1444:
1441:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1392:
1387:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1259:(6): 567–82.
1258:
1254:
1250:
1243:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1178:Enterovirus B
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1129:
1126:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1097:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1073:Enterovirus A
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1027:Enterovirus C
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
996:
993:
991:
984:
982:
978:
973:
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964:
959:
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951:
947:
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932:
928:
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916:
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871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
845:
840:
834:
830:
823:
820:
814:
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
795:
793:
787:
783:
781:
776:
773:
771:
767:
766:poliomyelitis
762:
760:
752:
746:
745:
744:Enterovirus B
741:
739:
738:
734:
733:
730:
729:
728:Enterovirus B
725:
723:
722:
718:
717:
714:
713:
712:Enterovirus B
709:
707:
706:
702:
701:
698:
697:
696:Enterovirus B
693:
691:
690:
686:
685:
682:
681:
680:Enterovirus B
677:
675:
674:
670:
669:
666:
665:
664:Enterovirus B
661:
659:
658:
654:
653:
650:
649:
648:Enterovirus C
645:
643:
642:
638:
637:
634:
633:
632:Enterovirus C
629:
627:
626:
622:
621:
618:
617:
616:Enterovirus C
613:
611:
610:
606:
605:
602:
601:
600:Enterovirus C
597:
595:
594:
590:
589:
586:
585:
584:Enterovirus C
581:
579:
578:
574:
573:
570:
569:
568:Enterovirus C
565:
563:
562:
558:
557:
554:
553:
552:Enterovirus C
549:
547:
546:
542:
541:
538:
537:
536:Enterovirus A
533:
531:
530:
526:
525:
522:
521:
520:Enterovirus C
517:
515:
514:
510:
509:
506:
505:
504:Enterovirus A
501:
499:
498:
494:
493:
490:
489:
488:Enterovirus C
485:
483:
482:
478:
477:
474:
473:
472:Enterovirus A
469:
467:
466:
462:
461:
458:
457:
456:Enterovirus C
453:
451:
450:
446:
445:
442:
441:
440:Enterovirus A
437:
435:
434:
430:
429:
426:
425:
424:Enterovirus B
421:
419:
418:
414:
413:
410:
409:
408:Enterovirus A
405:
403:
402:
398:
397:
394:
393:
392:Enterovirus A
389:
387:
386:
382:
381:
377:
375:
374:
370:
369:
366:
365:
364:Enterovirus A
361:
359:
358:
354:
353:
349:
347:
346:
342:
341:
338:
337:
336:Enterovirus A
333:
331:
330:
326:
325:
322:
321:
320:Enterovirus A
317:
315:
314:
310:
309:
306:
305:
304:Enterovirus C
301:
299:
298:
294:
293:
290:Current name
289:
286:
285:
282:
276:
274:
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268:
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136:
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125:
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107:
103:
99:
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93:
92:enteroviruses
89:
83:
79:
69:
66:
58:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This section
30:
26:
21:
20:
3645:
3586:Ingrown nail
3158:Dermatophyte
3153:Gonococcemia
3138:Folliculitis
2779:Neurofibroma
2747:subcutaneous
2574:
2567:
2543:
2536:Pancreatitis
2518:
2506:
2494:
2482:
2475:
2456:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2405:
2384:
2347:
2333:
2294:
2287:
2273:
2267:
2234:
2228:
2208:
2194:
2180:
2151:
2127:
2109:
2064:Pericarditis
2056:
2025:
2011:
1984:
1965:
1923:
1908:
1889:
1875:
1854:
1837:Encephalitis
1806:
1779:
1760:
1739:
1705:
1691:
1652:
1638:
1565:
1564:
1563:profile for
1560:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1495:
1486:
1456:(2): 290–2.
1453:
1449:
1443:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1362:(5): 491–7.
1359:
1355:
1345:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1291:
1256:
1252:
1242:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1183:
1177:
1145:. Retrieved
1141:
1135:
1128:
1116:. Retrieved
1112:
1106:
1099:
1087:. Retrieved
1078:
1072:
1036:. Retrieved
1032:
1026:
953:
949:
939:
909:(8): 675–9.
906:
902:
896:
861:
857:
847:
828:
822:
799:
796:
788:
784:
777:
774:
763:
756:
742:
735:
726:
719:
710:
703:
694:
687:
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671:
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630:
623:
614:
607:
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591:
582:
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486:
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463:
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431:
422:
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406:
399:
390:
383:
371:
362:
355:
343:
334:
327:
318:
311:
302:
295:
280:
269:
265:pancreatitis
258:
242:pericarditis
231:
213:
202:
187:
149:
137:
126:
109:
102:nonenveloped
95:
87:
86:
61:
55:October 2013
52:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
3641:Herpesvirus
3621:Leukoplakia
3446:Scleroderma
3333:Specialized
3261:Generalized
3236:involvement
3148:Candidiasis
2840:involvement
2814:Myxoid cyst
2662:Acrochordon
2433:Coronavirus
2174:Common cold
2086:acute viral
2069:Myocarditis
1913:(probable)
1665:Anal cancer
1411:(1): 21–7.
1405:J. Exp. Med
1356:J. Exp. Med
1253:J. Exp. Med
287:Former name
238:myocarditis
234:pleurodynia
133:mumps virus
110:Enterovirus
3680:Categories
3581:Paronychia
3422:Vasculitis
3346:Multiforme
3344:Erythema (
3299:Cellulitis
3250:Blanchable
2999:Blistering
2989:Ichthyosis
2847:Eczematous
2759:Hemangioma
2560:Urogenital
2426:Astrovirus
2386:Adenovirus
2210:SARS-CoV-2
1967:Poliovirus
1842:meningitis
1189:6 February
1147:6 February
1118:6 February
1089:6 February
1038:6 February
815:References
792:interferon
378:abolished
350:abolished
190:herpangina
114:poliovirus
104:, linear,
100:family of
3576:Psoriasis
3484:disorders
3439:Indurated
3340:Urticaria
3292:Localized
3234:epidermal
3017:Varicella
2927:Psoriasis
2838:epidermal
2804:Leiomyoma
2706:Pigmented
2639:Epidermal
2471:RNA virus
2452:DNA virus
2444:Hepatitis
2419:Norovirus
2407:Rotavirus
2401:RNA virus
2380:DNA virus
2326:Esophagus
2254:Influenza
2140:RNA virus
2102:DNA virus
1871:RNA virus
1850:DNA virus
1756:RNA virus
1634:DNA virus
1626:Oncovirus
246:hepatitis
172:serotypes
118:echovirus
3651:Syphilis
3598:membrane
3253:Erythema
3189:Vitiligo
3143:Impetigo
3120:Pustular
3085:Miliaria
2933:Corporis
2784:Xanthoma
2733:Melanoma
2713:Freckles
2569:BK virus
2372:diarrhea
2216:COVID-19
1958:Myelitis
1533:19591879
1478:19245364
1470:14357417
1435:13118060
1386:13000059
1337:14843332
1299:Archived
1283:18144319
1234:17777513
1083:Archived
972:15457458
931:25977037
923:21326133
888:22514349
277:Taxonomy
164:myositis
3450:morphea
3410:Papular
3389:Macular
3382:Purpura
3366:Ab igne
3351:Migrans
3304:Abscess
3232:Without
3214:Leprosy
3133:Rosacea
3070:Scabies
3062:Papular
2931:Tinea (
2919:Scaling
2723:Melasma
2718:Lentigo
2631:Growths
2322:Pharynx
1826:Central
1557:Scholia
1496:Reuters
1426:2136322
1377:2136156
1274:2135891
1214:Bibcode
1206:Science
879:3416324
809:SCAR-Fc
801:Cavatak
753:History
156:group B
152:group A
3596:Mucous
3492:Ulcers
2953:Faciei
2948:Manuum
2938:Cruris
2828:Rashes
2774:Lipoma
2769:Keloid
2743:Dermal
2652:Callus
1986:HTLV-I
1931:Rabies
1781:HTLV-I
1559:has a
1531:
1476:
1468:
1433:
1423:
1384:
1374:
1335:
1281:
1271:
1232:
970:
929:
921:
886:
876:
835:
244:, and
205:rashes
196:; and
146:Groups
2943:Pedis
2728:Nevus
2582:Mumps
2341:Mumps
2311:Human
1741:MCPyV
1561:topic
1474:S2CID
927:S2CID
3563:Nail
3506:Hair
3309:Boil
2836:With
2647:Wart
2296:hMPV
2168:OC43
2164:HKU1
2160:NL63
2156:229E
1814:AIDS
1693:KSHV
1529:PMID
1466:PMID
1431:PMID
1382:PMID
1333:PMID
1279:PMID
1230:PMID
1191:2020
1149:2020
1120:2020
1091:2020
1040:2020
968:PMID
919:PMID
884:PMID
833:ISBN
214:The
154:and
116:and
3243:Red
2745:and
2576:MuV
2545:CBV
2520:HEV
2508:HDV
2496:HCV
2484:HAV
2477:CBV
2458:HBV
2335:MuV
2266:V,
2058:CBV
2027:HSV
2004:Eye
1891:LCV
1877:MeV
1808:HIV
1762:HCV
1707:EBV
1654:HPV
1640:HBV
1521:doi
1458:doi
1421:PMC
1413:doi
1372:PMC
1364:doi
1325:doi
1321:244
1269:PMC
1261:doi
1222:doi
1210:108
958:doi
911:doi
874:PMC
866:doi
135:).
45:by
3682::
2272::
2233::
2227:,
2150::
2148:IV
1925:RV
1616:–
1527:.
1517:83
1515:.
1494:.
1472:.
1464:.
1454:88
1452:.
1429:.
1419:.
1409:99
1407:.
1403:.
1380:.
1370:.
1360:96
1358:.
1354:.
1331:.
1319:.
1277:.
1267:.
1257:89
1255:.
1251:.
1228:.
1220:.
1208:.
1182:.
1157:^
1140:.
1111:.
1081:.
1077:.
1048:^
1031:.
998:^
980:^
966:.
954:50
952:.
948:.
925:.
917:.
907:30
905:.
882:.
872:.
862:86
860:.
856:.
807:.
761:.
256:.
240:,
236:,
207:,
200:.
142:.
3448:/
3368:)
2955:)
2618:e
2611:t
2604:v
2527:)
2525:E
2523:(
2515:)
2513:D
2511:(
2503:)
2501:C
2499:(
2491:)
2489:A
2487:(
2465:)
2463:B
2461:(
2414:)
2410:(
2369:/
2324:/
2256:/
2248:D
2246:/
2244:C
2242:/
2240:B
2238:/
2225:V
2166:/
2162:/
2158:/
2119:/
2090:/
2083:/
1839:/
1606:e
1599:t
1592:v
1571:.
1535:.
1523::
1500:.
1480:.
1460::
1437:.
1415::
1388:.
1366::
1339:.
1327::
1285:.
1263::
1236:.
1224::
1216::
1193:.
1180:"
1151:.
1138:"
1122:.
1109:"
1093:.
1075:"
1042:.
1029:"
974:.
960::
933:.
913::
890:.
868::
841:.
222:B
178:A
68:)
62:(
57:)
53:(
39:.
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