1413:. It was not impossible to recover land left to noble families for generations. But the longer the family held church land, the more difficult it was to oust them from the land. Some church officials came to view granting land to noble families amounted to outright alienation. By the twelfth century great churches in Germany, like those elsewhere were finding it difficult to hold out against the accumulation of lay custom and lay objections to temporary inheritance. The Bishop of Worms issued a statement in 1120 indicating the poor and unfree should be allowed to inherit tenancy without payment of fees. It appears to have been something novel. The growing masses of unfree and the marginal were needed for labour, and to bolster the military of both nobility and the church. By the time of Henry IV, bargaining by the peasants for the benefit of the group was the norm.
1401:. Counts' benefices came to be inherited as counties were broken up and as counts assimilated their offices and ex-officio lands to their family property. In central Europe, kings and counts probably were willing to allow the inheritance of small parcels of land to the heirs of those who had offered military or other services in exchange for tenancy. This was contingent on the heirs being reasonably loyal and capable. Churches in Germany, as elsewhere, were willing to allow peasants to inherit their land. This was a source of profit to both churches and lords when the inheritors were charged a fee to inherit the land. Most bishops had a different attitude toward freemen and nobles. To these peasants, grants were made
1042:
bordering France). Counts and bishops still functioned as royal appointees rather than hereditary lords, and it was still common for the peasants to be free tenants or freeholders instead of serfs. Feudatories were also much more limited in their powers, not being permitted to mint coinage, wage war or construct independent castles as their French counterparts did, although German nobles were more autonomous than Anglo-Norman nobles. However, with the civil wars in the reign of Henry IV and the suppression of the Duchy of Saxony by
Frederick Barbarossa, the Holy Roman Empire rapidly fragmented into feudal estates.
237:
1433:
1254:). This was usually done in the hope that the liege lord could defend his estate better in the event of a dispute in the field or at court. The lord purchased or accepted the gift because he might have the intention or hope, for example, of merging unrelated fiefdoms into a whole and thus extending his sphere of influence, for example, in terms of jurisdiction, or the appointment of clergy.
36:
755:
presence of vassals at the court in order to offer advice). From court service, the state and imperial diets emerged. The fief was only given to the vassal to utilize; later, the vassal also became a sub-owner, but the feudal lord always retained the rights to this office. Eventually, the heritability of fiefs evolved later, but the landowner nevertheless remained the liege lord.
1429:) considerably. Also, the opportunity to inherit a fief diminished the ability of the lord to intervene and loosened the personal loyalty of liegemen. Over time, the importance of fiefdoms increased more and more, whilst the duty of loyalty faded increasingly into the background. In the end, a fief was simply an estate for which the heir had to perform a certain ceremony.
1226:), which involved the handclasping ceremony as well as a declaration of intent. The liege lord could also make a declaration, but he would often forego this. This was followed by the loyalty oath and sometimes a kiss. Since, in the Middle Ages, a binding legal act could be constituted by a symbolic action, an object was symbolically handed over in a process known as
921:
1270:
usually implied assistance in terms of military service that the vassal had to render. This could be unlimited, i.e. the vassal had to assist his lord in every conflict, or it could be limited in time, space and in the number of troops to be raised. With the advent of the mercenaries, the reliance on
1041:
Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire differed from the situation elsewhere in Europe. Until the end of the Salian dynasty, royal powers were strong enough to prevent the decentralisation of power to the minor nobles like France; it was not yet common for vassals to be granted fiefs (except in the areas
1382:
were inheritance and security against confiscation. Benefices were lands granted by the Church to faithful lords. In exchange, the Church expected rent or other services, such as military protection. These lands would then be further divided between lesser lords and commoners. This was the nature of
799:
in a dependent relationship, known as patronage. In some cases, populations of conquered areas would become clients of the general who conquered the area. This required the client to accompany his patron to war and protect him if the latter so wished, to accompany him to court as a vocal supporter
294:
of the fief, founded and maintained on a relationship of mutual loyalty between the lord and the beneficiary. The Latin term "beneficum" encompassed not only the tangible estate or property, commonly referred to as the fief or "feodum" in Latin, but also encompassed the related legal relationship.
1284:
The vassal could even be required to pay money; though perhaps not to the extent of
England, where military service became a requirement for war funds and the English king used the money to pay for his mercenaries. Monetary payments were also required in other cases, such as to pay a ransom for a
859:
The vassal often enfeoffed the estate, usually divided into smaller parcels of land, to other lesser vassals, who in turn had to swear fealty to him. In return for the lease of land, the king could demand loyalty and allegiance from the vassal and his sub-vassals. This means that, in the event of
754:
Initially, only those of knightly birth were entitled to be enfeoffed, i.e. free knights who could bear arms and were in full possession of their title. Later, unfree ministeriales also rose to the knighthood. Vassalage consisted mainly of military campaigns (military service) and court duty (the
980:(original meaning of "benefit") - in the early Middle Ages land was leased, but there were also cases where estates were granted without requiring recompense, for example under duress or to do someone a favour. The lord then remained the true owner of the land, but was no longer its beneficiary.
1207:): the vassal clasped his hands together and placed them in the hands of his lord, who then clasped his hands around those of his vassal. He thereby symbolically received the protection of his new superior. From the end of the 9th century, this act was expanded to include an
1091:
In
England, feudal ties were abolished as early as the Revolution of 1649, and then by an express decree by Charles II in 1660. In France they were abolished by the decisions of the National Assembly on 4 and 5 August 1789. In Germany, the dissolution of feudal associations
194:: the lord to "shelter and protect", the vassal to "help and advise". Furthermore, feudal lord and vassal were bound to mutually respect one another, e.g. the lord could not, by law, beat his vassal, humiliate or lay hands on his wife or daughter.
1425:) was a lifelong, faithful relationship that could end only on death. It was also inconceivable that someone could be the vassal of more than one lord. In fact, multiple vassalage soon emerged and loosened the duty of loyalty for the liegeman (
1049:
It was not only the king who acquired vassals in this way. He was soon imitated by secular and ecclesiastical magnates. Gradually, the principle of the heritability of fiefs was established along with the admissibility of passing them on as
1088:), which replaced the feudal system empire-wide. This strengthening of territorial rulers had an impact that could not be reversed, so that the power of the various principalities did not reduce, unlike the situation in France and England.
832:. Only he could distribute land to his subjects. These subjects were usually family members, warriors who had performed outstanding feats, and noblemen. This land did not become the property of the subject, but was handed over to him only
803:
In return, the patron had to ensure the legal and practical support of his client in all aspects of life. A Roman citizen, a non-Roman and even entire tribes in the Roman Empire could have a patron-client relationship.
1045:
As the services of the vassal specifically included military service, under the
Frankish monarchy the feudal system was for centuries the basis of the army as well as the social organization of the Holy Roman Empire.
1067:
Within each of these ecclesiastical and secular territories, however, there was a variety of types of feudalism. Not until the 13th century, did the importance of the feudal system decline, because instead of vassals
1238:). As literacy rose, a charter of feoffment was also made out as part of the act that, over time, listed the feoffed estate and benefits that the vassal was to receive in ever increasing detail.
961:
themselves into the hands of a more powerful lord, receiving sustenance and shelter in return for an obligation of loyalty and service. They did not lose their status as free lords through the
469:
There were numerous different types of feudal arrangement depending on regional tradition and the nature of feudal lordship (secular or ecclesiastical/monastic). The best-known of these were:
1215:. The oath served to affirm the binding of the liegeman to his liege, but emphasized that the vassal had not lost his status as a free knight, because only the free could be bound by oath.
1359:
action or step in to prevent the deterioration of the estate, if necessary, by legal means. He could also assert his claim to ownership at any time against any unauthorized third parties.
1244:
The fief (benefice) that the vassal received could be owned by the lord or have been granted in fee by another. Sometimes the vassal even sold or gifted over his possessions to the lord (
1456:
Personal element: The lord and vassal committed themselves to mutual loyalty. The visible expression of this commitment was the act of the vassal placing his hands in those of his lord (
1467:
Material element: Based on the pledge of loyalty between them, the lord made land available to the vassal. The vassal was obliged, in return, to render various services and taxes.
1281:. Vassals whose feudal lord was not the king took part in the councils of their liege lords. They also had to administer justice over their subjects in the name of their master.
534:
a fee tail (entail) where the heirs of the vassal automatically inherited his rights and duties. The fief only first became hereditary through the granting of a deed of entail (
1362:
The duties of the lords were less precisely defined, however, they were largely discharged on the handover of the fief. The vassal always had a claim to loyalty from his lord (
53:
863:
The Roman patron-client relationship and the early clan-based feudal relationship in the
Germanic kingdoms merged during the early Middle Ages into the feudal law, or
1324:) within a year and a day (actually 1 year, 6 weeks, 3 days) and ask for the renewal of his investiture, but this term could be extended by a decree from the lord (
1387:. Inheritance was an important issue, since land could fall into the hands of those who did not have loyalty to the Church or the great lords. The usual grant was
1366:) and a breach of that by the lord meant the loss of his sovereignty over his vassal. The vassal had the "right of use" of the fief (the object of enfeoffment or
684:). The lower vassals would then hire the land to be cultivated by unfree farmers. There were no feudal relationships between farmers and the lower vassals.
1783:. Begriffsdefinition und historischer Überblick, in: Geschichte-erforschen.de – Online-Magazin für Geschichte in Wissenschaft und Unterricht, Berlin, 2010.
1112:
of 1849. One of the last fiefs was awarded in 1835, when the ailing Count
Friedrich Wilhelm von Schlitz, known as Görtz, was enfeoffed with the spring at
807:
In Late
Antiquity, this form of relationship was increasingly adopted in rural areas, because the Roman nomenklatura increasingly saw their vast estates (
792:) (Germanic kingdoms on Roman soil), relations between rulers and their subjects developed into a prevailing consensus that was commonplace and accepted.
449:("allodified fief"), a fief in which the feudal lord gave up direct ownership - usually in return for the payment of compensation or an allodified rent (
984:
It was from the combination of these institutions, especially as more and more lords achieved high social position, that the feudal system emerged. The
1778:
1397:, whereby the tenant stayed on the land only at the pleasure of the lord. The tenant could be expelled from the land at any time. His tenancy was
100:
813:) as their refuge and also as economically important pillars, over which they sometimes even had their own jurisdiction and fortified prisons.
72:
1756:
1734:
1690:
577:
a fief awarded for a specified period or the life of the vassal. Originally: a fief sealed by a handshake instead of a formal oath of fealty.
1105:
79:
1308:) from his vassals if they lost their fief or upon changes of lord - changes of ruler at any level, local lord, prince or king (known as
1140:) in return for his services. He could also provide services at the lord's residence and be accommodated there. Most of these so-called
368:) to one another. The rights conferred on the vassal were so similar to actual possession that it was described as beneficial ownership (
860:
war, they had to provide soldiers and assistance, or if money ran short or a ransom was needed, they were expected to support the king.
1004:(German), became the decisive legal device until well into the 12th century. Not until the spread of the system of legal deeds was the
1712:
1675:
1646:
1528:
973:
put his hands, folded, into the hands of his lord, who then enclosed them. This gesture made the relationship of the two very clear.
186:
to render personal services to the lord. These included e.g. holding his stirrup, joining him on festive occasions and service as a
119:
86:
287:
of the beneficiary on the basis of mutual loyalty, with the proviso that it would return to the lord under certain circumstances.
236:
609:
a fief in which the vassal was excluded from holding fiefs from other lords through a stronger contract between lord and vassal
244:
68:
57:
1737:. (account that looks at the current state of research and the perception of the 19th century compared with recent critics)
800:
and, if the patron held public office, to act as his assistant and to accompany him on representational events in public.
393:) usually comprised an estate or a complex of estates, but also specified rights of use and rights of taxation or duties.
852:), a formal legal ceremony, had to take place. These transitions were fluid and there were exceptions to the practice of
1812:
946:- these were the inner circle of the king's retinue; they were distinguished by the fact that a multiple of the usual
1241:
In the late Middle Ages, an entry fee was demanded for feoffment, which was often based on the fief's annual income.
1802:
1101:
629:
a fief that expired on the death of the vassal. His heirs were figuratively seen as "pushed" (Old German/Alemannic
230:
965:
ceremony, but the royal court continued to be responsible for them. The commendation was enacted by the so-called
46:
1807:
1700:
769:
175:
1116:
and began to excavate it again. Those fiefs still in existence in the 20th century were abolished in 1947 by an
93:
1483:, Lehle, Horrigan and Lenherr as well as in numerous house and even place names, that even today have the term
1271:
vassals became less important and their service increasingly took the form of administration and court duties.
1156:
445:
An institution during the transition from feudal states to what is now the free ownership of property, was the
493:). Its purpose was to allocate annual revenue from the property to a specific primate for his abbey or church
240:
1774:, Inaugural-Dissertation, Juristische Fakultät der Bayerischen Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 2002.
1797:
1176:
1080:
system) - were appointed. The kings encouraged this development, for political reasons, and so strengthened
1488:
1187:). Also, cash payments from the royal treasury or profits from certain duties could be awarded as a fief.
1117:
1109:
909:
1453:
In summary, the feudal system was based on two main components - the personal and the material elements.
795:
In Roman culture, it was common for a patron (a wealthy Roman citizen) to automatically retain his freed
1200:
1165:
or postal service rights. In addition, there were numerous enfeoffments of church rights, church fiefs (
1064:. So it came to pass that as early as the 12th century, all duchies and counties were awarded as fiefs.
1060:
1011:
962:
894:
867:, a legal and social set of relationships, which effectively formed a pyramid with the king at the top.
1539:
Thompson, James
Westfall. “German Feudalism.” The American Historical Review 28, no. 3 (1923): 440–74.
546:("banner fief") a fief to a secular prince, in which banners symbolised the fief and the duties to the
1081:
1521:
Pope
Eugenius IV, the Council of Basel and the Secular and Ecclesiastical Authorities in the Empire
453:) - but the vassal's ownership of the fief with an agreed agnatic succession - resembling a family
1033:
necessary to make regular payments was still far too underdeveloped during the early Middle Ages.
1335:, the vassal might be liable, apart from the fee, for the renewal of the enfeoffment (called the
1208:
933:
1752:
1730:
1708:
1686:
1671:
1642:
1524:
376:
152:
136:
1249:
1227:
1029:
The award of fiefs often replaced the remuneration for work. This was necessary because the
902:
785:
319:
179:
156:
148:
1683:
Das
Lehnswesen im Hochmittelalter. Forschungskonstrukte – Quellenbefunde – Deutungsrelevanz
1113:
1055:
1030:
454:
417:
256:
816:
Clients at that time were usually bound to their patrons through the allocation of land.
481:
A subfief whereby the vassal awarded a part of his fief to a third party (subinfeudation)
1432:
848:
and remained permanently bound to it. Upon the death of one party, a new act of homage (
221:
by them and who were often subordinate to the liege lord in the aristocratic hierarchy.
1634:
1203:. In Frankish times, commendation centered around the so-called handclasping ceremony (
906:
879:
875:
775:
370:
357:
264:
828:
with Germanic kingdoms on Roman soil, it was common for all the land to belong to the
404:, to lend or loan, and meant something like "loaned property" (c.f. the modern German
1791:
1616:
725:
1218:
In the 11th century, the commendation ceremony required the liegeman to pay homage (
322:
or reigning monarch. The beneficiary was his vassal, liegeman or feudatory (German:
942:
1441:
279:) was understood to be a thing (land, property), which its owner, the liege lord (
1653:(account dealing with criticism of the model of the feudal system and its extent)
1394:
853:
35:
1234:). The emperor could also symbolically hand over his sceptre (in the so-called
1694:
1663:
1077:
1014:
were still carried out at all levels. In lower classes they were based on the
809:
689:
475:
140:
932:
Under the feudal system, various legal institutions came together during the
687:
During the Middle Ages another structure developed in Germany, the so-called
1500:
1475:
An echo of the old feudal system in Europe is found in family names such as
1384:
1379:
1332:
1294:
1262:
From the 11th century, the obligations of vassals were usually described as
841:
517:
330:
284:
218:
187:
183:
1008:
dropped from the oath of allegiance, which was better recorded in writing.
1693:(description that offers a current record of the 11th and 12th centuries;
840:
returned to the new king. Over time, a practice developed that the person
1617:"Lenhardt Name Meaning, Family History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms"
1480:
1389:
1286:
1133:
1015:
947:
844:
with the land, together with his family, became the beneficiaries of the
837:
547:
522:
510:
363:
309:
291:
214:
17:
957:- free lords who could no longer look after for themselves were able to
374:), whereas the rights of the lord were referred to as direct ownership (
1152:
958:
191:
1355:
by the vassal, the lord could confiscate the fief under the so-called
1054:
to sub-vassals. The latter were also declared as heritable in 1037 by
1476:
1352:
1277:
898:
887:
336:
210:
144:
936:
that had previously existed independently. These institutions were:
920:
897:- compulsory allegiance) and at least in the early Middle Ages, the
778:, out of the Roman system of patronage (or clientage) and the clan (
1275:
meant primarily the obligation to appear at imperial assemblies or
1540:
1431:
1290:
1212:
1199:) involved the vassal being formally seized of his fief through a
1180:
1167:
919:
883:
825:
796:
780:
435:
235:
1707:, 7. Aufl., Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt, 1989.
1769:
845:
829:
252:
206:
202:
198:
1751:. 2nd improved and expanded edition, Steiner, Stuttgart, 2009,
298:
The owner was the so-called liege lord or feudal lord (German:
174:
Feudalism in Europe emerged in the Early Middle Ages, based on
27:
Medieval political and economic system in the Holy Roman Empire
29:
1749:
Das Lehnswesen in Deutschland im hohen und späten Mittelalter
1740:
Karl-Heinz Spieß: Stichwort „Lehn(s)recht, Lehnswesen.“ In:
442:, which roughly corresponds to the present freehold estate.
1151:) and sovereign rights over a particular territory (feudal
1124:
Important principles of feudal law in the Holy Roman Empire
874:
is associated with the reduced circulation of money in the
1670:, durchgesehene Neuausgabe, Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart, 1999,
1155:) could be awarded as a fief. It was in this way that the
1370:). The lord also had to represent his vassals in court.
890:
to a king, only land. Unlike money, this was plentiful.
431:), originally "cattle", but later generally "chattel".
412:, which some etymologists suggest comes from the Latin
1639:
Fiefs and Vassals. The Medieval Evidence Reinterpreted
1378:
The most prized and contested rights that attached to
621:, but where the vassal held the rank of count or lower
1460:- comparable with today's handshake, except that the
558:
a fief that expired on the death of the vassal. See
1320:). The latter had to submit a written application (
1144:were given a fief as soon as one became available.
1076:) - well-educated men (c.f. the development of the
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
680:), who, in turn, passed them on to lower vassals (
585:a fief to a vassal who was a woman (also called a
569:a fief that could be cancelled at 12 months notice
290:Enfeoffment gave the vassal extensive, hereditary
416:(loyalty), is more likely to be derived from the
159:. In Germany the system is variously referred to
1409:, usually for a specified and limited number of
1293:of his eldest daughter, or for a journey to the
1096:) was a long process. Legally, it was abolished
750:) (who could only receive a fief, not grant one)
641:the fief was granted by an abbey, also called a
229:"Lehnsherr" redirects here. For other uses, see
836:. On the death of king or vassal, the land was
1742:Handwörterbuch zur deutschen Rechtsgeschichte.
1590:
1588:
1300:The feudal lord could also demand recompense (
912:) could be vassals of a king or another king.
197:The highest liege lord was the sovereign, the
147:(or feudatories) that formed the basis of the
1552:Urkundenbuch mittelrhein. Terr., I. No. 168,;
8:
1258:Legal relationship between lords and vassals
1312:) - as well as changes of vassal (known as
1230:and could be a staff or a banner (called a
988:, which together with the oath of loyalty (
213:. In turn, they could award fiefs to other
1681:JĂĽrgen Dendorfer / Roman Deutinger (ed.):
190:at the banquet table. Both pledged mutual
1374:Inheritance and alienation of church land
1211:, which was usually sworn on a religious
824:During the latter years of the period of
434:The opposite of a fief was the freehold,
255:(also fee, feu, feud, tenure or fiefdom,
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1715:. (classic overview of the feudal model)
1594:
1579:
1512:
1248:) and then received it back as a fief (
672:The king gave estates or appointments (
182:of lords and retainers. It obliged the
601:a fief to a vassal who had to be a man
1464:symbolized a hierarchical relation).
283:), had transferred to the hereditary
7:
1744:Vol. 2, Berlin, 1978. Sp. 1725–1741.
1417:Dissolution of a feudal relationship
1106:Final Recess of the Reichsdeputation
1022:), at the high levels on feudalism (
516:a fief in payment for services as a
69:"Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire"
58:adding citations to reliable sources
1641:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
663:a fief to an ecclesiastical prince
133:Feudalism in the Holy Roman Empire
25:
924:Acceptain of the oath of fealty (
916:Emergence of feudal relationships
1310:Herrenfall, Hauptfall, Thronfall
505:that was later rented to farmers
139:system of relationships between
34:
1685:. Thorbecke, Ostfildern, 2010,
1541:https://doi.org/10.2307/1836406
1421:Originally, a lord-vassal tie (
1345:Laudemium, Lehnsgeld, Lehnsware
693:, a medieval feudal hierarchy:
45:needs additional citations for
1720:L'avenir d'un passé incertain.
1570:Reg. Hist. Westfaliae, no. 198
1523:, E.J. Brill, Leiden, p. 124.
1351:). Finally, in the event of a
739:Vassals of the ministeriales (
1:
1519:Stieber, Joachim. W. (1978).
1471:Family, house and place names
1343:), to pay a special tax (the
1197:constitutio feudi, infeudatio
676:) to upper or crown vassals (
489:A medieval proto-foundation (
1487:in the names (see a list at
1289:of his eldest son, for the
408:, a loan), whilst the word
400:is connected with the word
1829:
1102:Confederation of the Rhine
969:ceremony, i.e. the future
767:
711:Secular, or lay, princes (
231:Lehnsherr (disambiguation)
228:
992:), became referred to as
770:Patronage in ancient Rome
356:). Both parties swore an
180:Germanic social hierarchy
1157:House of Thurn and Taxis
1128:In general, the vassal (
741:Männer der Ministerialen
704:Ecclesiastical princes (
396:Linguistically the term
1705:Was ist das Lehnswesen?
1314:Lehnsfall, Vasallenfall
950:had to be paid to them.
784:) relationships of the
461:) - remained in place.
318:), who was usually the
1701:François Louis Ganshof
1668:Die Feudalgesellschaft
1606:Dip. Hein. IV, no. 125
1561:Dip. Hein. II, no, 433
1489:Lehen (disambiguation)
1445:
1306:renovatio investiturae
1285:captive lord, for the
1175:) and enfeoffments of
1132:) was granted land or
1118:Allied Control Council
1110:Frankfurt Constitution
1037:Subsequent development
929:
910:Imperial church system
268:
260:
248:
1722:Le Seuil, Paris, 2001
1435:
1264:auxilium et consilium
1201:commendation ceremony
1061:constitutio de feudis
923:
895:Richard the Lionheart
720:Grafen und Freiherren
633:) out of the contract
606:ligisches Lehnswesen:
598:Mannlehen/Mannslehen:
538:) from the liege lord
451:Allodifikationsrenten
241:Götz von Berlichingen
239:
1479:, Lechner, Lehmann,
1393:, the granting of a
1173:feudal ecclesiastica
1147:Official positions (
1082:territorial lordship
820:Germanic clan system
790:Völkerwanderungszeit
748:RitterbĂĽrtige Mannen
447:allodifizierte Lehen
54:improve this article
1813:Medieval philosophy
1318:Mannfall, Nebenfall
1266:(help and advice).
1179:associated with an
870:The enforcement of
718:Counts and barons (
459:FamilienfideikommiĂź
243:was enfeoffed with
217:, who wanted to be
1747:Karl-Heinz SpieĂź:
1446:
1209:oath of allegiance
934:Carolingian period
930:
759:Roots of feudalism
706:Geistliche FĂĽrsten
383:The fief (German:
249:
1803:Medieval politics
1770:Thomas BrĂĽckner:
1757:978-3-515-09180-0
1735:978-3-406-63235-8
1725:Steffen Patzold:
1691:978-3-7995-4286-9
1440:built in 1710 in
1142:servi non cassati
886:could not bind a
713:Weltliche FĂĽrsten
690:Heerschildordnung
377:dominium directum
153:Holy Roman Empire
137:politico-economic
130:
129:
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16:(Redirected from
1820:
1808:German feudalism
1718:Alain Guerreau:
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1337:Schreibschilling
1228:livery of seizin
1185:feudum altaragli
1086:Landesherrschaft
893:Even kings (see
786:Migration Period
591:feudum femininum
320:territorial lord
176:Roman clientship
157:High Middle Ages
149:social structure
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1727:Das Lehnswesen.
1660:
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1635:Reynolds, Susan
1633:
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1624:
1619:. January 2000.
1615:
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1595:Reynolds (1994)
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1357:Privationsklage
1302:Lehnserneuerung
1260:
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1020:Grundherrschaft
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427:(whence modern
418:Old High German
245:Hornberg Castle
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169:Benefizialwesen
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1798:Social history
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1781:Das Lehnswesen
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1729:Munich, 2012,
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876:Late Antiquity
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776:Late Antiquity
768:Main article:
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746:Free knights (
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371:dominium utile
358:oath of fealty
342:Lehenempfänger
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143:and enfeoffed
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682:Untervasallen
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71: –
70:
66:
65:Find sources:
59:
55:
49:
48:
43:This article
41:
37:
32:
31:
19:
1780:
1779:Maik Hager:
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1423:Lehnsbindung
1422:
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1411:life tenures
1410:
1407:in beneficio
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1094:Lehnsverband
1093:
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1074:Dienstmannen
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963:commendation
954:
943:antrustiones
941:
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826:clan society
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734:Dienstmannen
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678:Kronvasallen
677:
673:
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660:Zepterlehen:
659:
658:
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649:Weiberlehen:
648:
647:
643:Klosterlehen
642:
638:Stiftslehen:
637:
636:
630:
626:Schupflehen:
625:
624:
618:
614:Schildlehen:
613:
612:
605:
604:
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582:Kunkellehen:
581:
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498:Beutellehen:
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247:in this deed
196:
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97:
90:
83:
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64:
52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1628:Works cited
1403:in precario
1395:life tenure
1390:in precaria
1368:Lehnsobjekt
1326:Lehnsindult
1322:Lehnsmutung
1236:Zepterlehen
1195:Feoffment (
1177:foundations
1134:free houses
1114:Salzschlirf
854:enfeoffment
654:Kunkellehen
619:Fahnenlehen
617:similar to
587:Weiberlehen
560:Schupflehen
503:Ritterlehen
486:Altarlehen:
165:Feudalwesen
155:during the
151:within the
141:liege lords
110:August 2018
1792:Categories
1664:Marc Bloch
1658:Literature
1507:References
1399:precarious
1232:Fahnenlehn
1224:Mannschaft
1138:Freihäuser
1098:inter alia
1078:university
1052:Afterlehen
1024:Lehnswesen
1002:mannschaft
978:beneficium
872:Lehnsrecht
865:Lehnsrecht
834:in persona
810:Latifundia
574:Handlehen:
566:Freistift:
555:Falllehen:
543:Fahnlehen:
476:Afterlehen
305:Lehnsgeber
277:beneficium
161:Lehnswesen
80:newspapers
1695:Rezension
1501:Feudalism
1442:Seegräben
1427:Lehnsmann
1385:feudalism
1383:European
1380:benefices
1341:Lehnstaxe
1333:local law
1295:Holy Land
1273:Consilium
1191:Feoffment
1162:Postlehen
1130:Lehnsmann
1070:Vassallen
1056:Conrad II
996:(Latin),
928:) in 1512
882:periods.
842:enfeoffed
631:geschupft
531:Erblehen:
518:castellan
348:; Latin:
331:Lehnsmann
307:; Latin:
301:Lehnsherr
285:ownership
281:Lehnsherr
219:enfeoffed
188:cupbearer
184:feudatory
18:Lehnsherr
1637:(1994).
1495:See also
1481:Lenhardt
1462:handgang
1458:handgang
1438:Lehenhof
1349:Handlohn
1287:accolade
1268:Auxilium
1220:homagium
1205:Handgang
1108:and the
1018:system (
1016:manorial
1006:handgang
994:homagium
986:handgang
967:handgang
948:weregild
926:Lehnseid
903:Ottonian
850:Lehnseid
838:de facto
548:Heerbann
523:Burgmann
511:Burglehn
440:allodium
406:Darlehen
390:Lehnsgut
364:Lehnseid
354:vasallus
292:usufruct
178:and the
1449:Summary
1278:Hoftage
1153:regalia
1120:edict.
1100:by the
1058:in the
990:Treueid
959:commend
310:dominus
211:princes
209:to his
192:loyalty
145:vassals
94:scholar
1755:
1733:
1711:
1689:
1674:
1645:
1527:
1477:Lehner
1353:felony
1168:Stifte
998:homage
971:vassus
907:Salian
899:clergy
888:vassal
797:slaves
697:King (
410:feudum
402:leihen
350:vassus
337:Knecht
325:Vasall
316:senior
273:feodum
269:feudum
257:German
215:nobles
135:was a
96:
89:
82:
75:
67:
1485:Lehen
1291:dowry
1213:relic
1181:altar
1149:Ă„mter
955:vassi
901:(see
884:Money
781:Sippe
699:König
674:Ă„mter
465:Types
436:allod
414:fides
398:Lehen
385:Lehen
312:feudi
265:Latin
261:Lehen
225:Terms
207:fiefs
101:JSTOR
87:books
1753:ISBN
1731:ISBN
1709:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1672:ISBN
1643:ISBN
1525:ISBN
1436:The
976:The
953:The
940:The
878:and
846:fief
830:king
652:see
429:Vieh
425:fehu
421:fihu
253:fief
203:duke
199:king
73:news
1491:).
1405:or
1347:or
1339:or
1328:).
1316:or
1304:or
1222:or
1171:or
1026:).
774:In
732:or
589:or
438:or
387:or
380:).
352:or
344:or
275:or
201:or
167:or
56:by
1794::
1703::
1666::
1587:^
1297:.
856:.
423:,
340:,
334:,
328:,
314:,
271:,
267::
263:,
259::
251:A
171:.
163:,
1759:.
1697:)
1678:.
1651:.
1543:.
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1136:(
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1068:(
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715:)
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593:)
550:.
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478::
457:(
360:(
233:.
123:)
117:(
112:)
108:(
98:·
91:·
84:·
77:·
50:.
20:)
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