3159:
3225:, which states "They are the wicked ones ... whose reign over Israel will be brought down ... his wives, his children, and his infant will go into captivity. His warriors and his honored ones by the sword." The reference to the Sadducees as those who reign over Israel corroborates their aristocratic status as opposed to the more fringe group of Essenes. Furthermore, it suggests that the Essenes challenged the authenticity of the rule of the Sadducees, blaming the downfall of ancient Israel and the siege of Jerusalem on their impiety. The Dead Sea Scrolls specify the Sadducaic elite as those who broke the covenant with God in their rule of the Judean state, and thus became targets of divine vengeance.
3299:, he describes "the Pharisees have delivered to the people a great many observances by succession from their fathers, which are not written in the law of Moses, and for that reason it is that the Sadducees reject them and say that we are to esteem those observance to be obligatory which are in the written word, but are not to observe what are derived from the tradition of our forefathers." The Sadducees rejected the Pharisaic use of the Oral Torah to enforce their claims to power, citing the Written Torah as the sole manifestation of divinity.
2910:
worship in ancient Israel. This included presiding over sacrifices during the three festivals of pilgrimage to
Jerusalem. Their religious beliefs and social status were mutually reinforcing, as the priesthood often represented the highest class in Judean society. However, Sadducees and the priests were not completely synonymous. Cohen writes that "not all priests, high priests, and aristocrats were Sadducees; many were Pharisees, and many were not members of any group at all."
3221:, which would indicate that the group itself had priestly, and thus Sadducaic origins. Within the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Sadducees are often referred to as Manasseh. The scrolls suggest that the Sadducees (Manasseh) and the Pharisees (Ephraim) became religious communities that were distinct from the Essenes, the true Judah. Clashes between the Essenes and the Sadducees are depicted in the
2666:(3rd century BCE), Zadok and Boethus. Antigonus having taught the maxim, "Be not like the servants who serve their masters for the sake of the wages, but be rather like those who serve without thought of receiving wages", his students repeated this maxim to their students. Eventually, either the two teachers or their pupils understood this to express the belief that there was neither an
3416:
2686:. The two sects of the Sadducees and Boethusians are thus, in all later Rabbinic sources, always mentioned together, not only as being similar, but as originating at the same time. The use of gold and silver vessels perhaps argues against a priestly association for these groups, as priests at the time would typically use
3267:
by asking who the husband of a resurrected woman would be who had been married to each of seven brothers at one point. Jesus responds by saying that the resurrected "neither marry nor are given in marriage, but are like angels in heaven." He also insults them on their own terms as knowing neither the
3117:
The
Pharisees posited that false witnesses should be executed if the verdict was pronounced based on their testimony—even if not yet carried out. The Sadducees argued that false witnesses should be executed only if the death penalty had already been carried out on the falsely accused in Mishnah Makot
3068:, an inference from minor to major premise, saying: "If the daughter of his son's son can inherit him (i.e. such as when her father left no male issue), is it not then fitting that his own daughter inherit him?!" (i.e. who is more closely related to him than his great-granddaughter), according to the
2953:
Knowledge about the beliefs of the
Sadducees is limited by the fact that not a single line of their own writings has survived out of antiquity, as the destruction of Jerusalem and much of the Judean elite in 70 CE seems to have broken them. Extant writings on the Sadducees are often from sources
3083:
tore down their argument, saying that the only reason the daughter was empowered to inherit her father was because her father left no male issue. However, a man's daughter – where there are sons, has no power to inherit her father's estate. Moreover, a deceased man who leaves no issue always has a
3001:
for those who had died. Josephus also includes a claim that the
Sadducees are rude compared to loving and compassionate Pharisees, but this is generally considered more of a sectarian insult rather than an unbiased judgment of the Sadducees on their own terms. Similarly, Josephus brags that the
3314:
explains that the
Sadducees state, "So too, regarding the Holy Scriptures, their impurity is according to (our) love for them. But the books of Homer, which are not beloved, do not defile the hands." A passage from the book of Acts suggests that both Pharisees and Sadducees collaborated in the
2909:
The religious responsibilities of the
Sadducees included the maintenance of the Temple in Jerusalem. Their high social status was reinforced by their priestly responsibilities, as mandated in the Torah. The priests were responsible for performing sacrifices at the Temple, the primary method of
3158:
3058:. The Sadducees, however, whenever dividing the inheritance among the relatives of the deceased, such as when the deceased left no issue, would perfunctorily seek familial ties so that the near of kin to the deceased and who inherits his property could, hypothetically, be his
3084:
distant male relative to whom his estate can be given. The
Sadducees eventually agreed with the Pharisaic teaching. The vindication of Yohanan ben Zakkai and the Pharisees over the Sadducees gave rise to this date being held in honor in the
3596:
3453:
3113:
The
Sadducees demanded that a master pay for damages caused by his slave. The Pharisees imposed no such obligation, viewing that a slave could intentionally cause damage to see the liability for it brought on his master in Mishnah Yadaim
3045:
According to the
Sadducees, spilt water becomes ritually impure through its pouring. The Pharisees denied that this was sufficient grounds for impurity in Mishnah Yadaim 4:7. Many Pharisee–Sadducee disputes revolved around issues of
2749:
is the period between the construction of the Second Temple in
Jerusalem in 516 BCE and its destruction by the Romans during the Siege of Jerusalem. Throughout the Second Temple period, Jerusalem saw several shifts in rule. In
2769:
brought an end to Achaemenid control of Jerusalem (539–334/333 BCE) and ushered in the Hellenistic period, which saw the spread of Greek language, culture, and philosophical ideas, which intermixed with Judaism and created
3189:. These groups differed in their beliefs, social statuses, and sacred texts. Though the Sadducees produced no primary works themselves, their attributes can be derived from other contemporaneous texts, including the
3053:
According to the Jewish laws of inheritance, the property of a deceased man is inherited by his sons. If the man had only daughters, his property would be inherited by his daughters upon his death, according to
3521:
2569:, writing at the end of the 1st century CE, associates the sect with the upper echelons of Judean society. As a whole, they fulfilled various political, social, and religious roles, including maintaining the
3217:, which are often attributed to the Essenes, suggest clashing ideologies and social positions between the Essenes and the Sadducees. In fact, some scholars suggest that the Essenes originated as a sect of
1128:
3640:
1706:
4312:
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hostile to them; Josephus was a rival Pharisee, Christian records were generally not sympathetic, and the rabbinic tradition (descended from the Pharisees) is uniformly hostile.
1361:
1056:
2758:
became the center of worship in Judea. Its priests and attendants appear to have been powerful and influential in secular matters as well, a trend that would continue into the
1248:
2811:
of the Seleucids began a persecution of traditional Jewish practices around 168–167 BCE, which set off a rebellion in Judea. The most successful rebels were led by the
2456:
2881:
After the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in 70 CE, the Sadducees appear only in a few references in the Talmud and some Christian texts. In the beginning of
2873:
broke out in 66 CE. After a few years of conflict, the Romans retook Jerusalem and destroyed the temple, bringing an end to the Second Temple period in 70 CE.
220:
1243:
2781:
in 323 BCE, his generals divided the empire amongst themselves, and for the next 30 years they fought for control of the empire. Judea was first controlled by
1491:
3873:
Proximity to Power and Jewish Sectarian Groups of the Ancient Period: a Review of Lifestyle, Values, and Halakha in the Pharisees, Sadducees, Essenes, and Qumran
4683:
3344:...while the Sadducees are able to persuade none but the rich, and have not the populace obsequious to them, but the Pharisees have the multitude on their side.
1745:
3268:
scriptures nor the power of God, presumably a claim that even though the Sadducee insisted on the written law, Jesus considered them to have gotten it wrong.
4220:
3138:
viewed the Sadducees as rejecting the Oral Torah as an excuse to interpret the Written Torah in a lenient, personally convenient manner in his commentary to
3002:
Sadducees were often forced to back down if their judgments clashed with the Pharisees, as he says that the Pharisees were more popular with the multitude.
2823:
around 142 BCE. While the Sadducees are not attested to this early, many scholars presume that the later sects began to form during the Maccabean era (see
730:
693:
4024:
2862:
2723:
1669:
1692:
4388:
4383:
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Josephus, the author of the most extensive historical account of the Second Temple Period, gives a lengthy account of Jewish sectarianism in both
2970:
as the sole source of divine authority. Later writings of the Pharisees criticized this belief as one that strengthened the Sadducees' own power.
2850:
1042:
2807:
was generally appointed with the direct approval of the Greek rulership, continuing the intermixing of religious politics with government. King
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below). It is often speculated that the Sadducees grew out of the Judean religious elite in the early Hasmonean period, under rulers such as
4687:
3937:
3918:
3899:
3880:
3861:
3838:
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3573:
740:
3566:
A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: The Maccabean Revolt, Hasmonaean Rule, and Herod the Great (174–4 BCE)
3483:
1178:
3017:
The Sadducees were associated with the party of the high priest of the era, and seem to have had a majority of the Sanhedrin, if not all (
4765:
1446:
1263:
1253:
493:
4441:
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in 70 CE. The Sadducees are described in contemporary literary sources in contrast to the two other major sects at the time, the
1842:
1792:
1757:
1451:
1316:
1183:
4667:
4257:
3306:, who are traditionally seen as the descendants of the Pharisees, describe the similarities and differences between the two sects in
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1534:
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1471:
1391:
1376:
1223:
1163:
1118:
4755:
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2614:(to be right, just), which could be indicative of their aristocratic status in society in the initial period of their existence.
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1280:
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1228:
1148:
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3177:
The Jewish community of the Second Temple period is often defined by its sectarian and fragmented attributes. Josephus, in
4785:
4248:
4243:
4165:
2239:
1777:
1762:
1725:
1687:
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1589:
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1847:
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1730:
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1168:
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1138:
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1016:
484:
479:
88:
3144:, 1.3.1 1:3. He describes the Sadducees as "harming Israel and causing the nation to stray from following God" in the
1837:
1832:
1787:
1740:
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1396:
1356:
1351:
1208:
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2838:
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2311:
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1258:
454:
444:
180:
801:
4010:
2425:
2118:
1969:
1910:
4572:
4562:
4471:
4461:
4267:
3264:
2994:
2671:
2128:
2108:
1218:
698:
239:
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3434:
2702:
2586:
2269:
2259:
2224:
2103:
2093:
1876:
1047:
989:
823:
502:
459:
174:
3205:. Overall, the Sadducees represented an aristocratic, wealthy, and traditional elite within the hierarchy.
3185:. The Sadducees are also notably distinguishable from the growing Jesus movement, which later evolved into
4517:
4307:
2808:
2518:
2388:
2123:
2037:
1103:
655:
274:
244:
3516:
See: Philippe Bobichon, "Autorités religieuses juives et ‘sectes’ juives dans l’œuvre de Justin Martyr",
3356:
650:
4547:
4507:
4190:
3699:
2804:
2736:
2631:
2279:
2274:
2219:
2007:
922:
637:
532:
249:
3993:
3615:
4692:
4632:
4497:
4253:
3695:
3010:
2889:
were called "Sadducees" and set a claim of the former being a historical continuity from the latter.
2746:
2548:
2350:
2302:
2042:
1900:
713:
578:
567:
525:
4775:
4612:
4542:
4225:
4175:
3722:
3672:
3402:
3055:
2866:
2771:
2766:
2755:
2740:
2728:
2659:
2635:
2570:
2530:
2403:
776:
643:
546:
539:
469:
357:
232:
114:
3009:, but without much detail: usually merely as parts of a list of opponents of Jesus. The Christian
4697:
4597:
4302:
4210:
4185:
4125:
3656:
3291:
3234:
3080:
2759:
2663:
2254:
2204:
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2146:
2060:
1930:
1198:
1027:
786:
706:
560:
126:
47:
4415:
3652:
2935:
Collected taxes. These also came in the form of international tribute from Jews in the Diaspora.
2722:
3955:
3028:
chose this point of division to attempt to gain the protection of the Pharisees (around 59 CE).
4724:
4707:
4617:
4607:
4567:
4512:
4277:
4215:
4205:
3933:
3914:
3895:
3876:
3857:
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3815:
3789:
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3569:
3479:
3251:, describe anecdotes which hint at hostility between Jesus and the Sadducaic establishment. A
3248:
3095:
3047:
2820:
2812:
2782:
2678:
sects. They lived luxuriously, using silver and golden vessels, because (as they claimed) the
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387:
254:
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4033:
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3272:
3214:
3194:
3130:
but also due to their attempts to persuade the common folk to join their ranks according to
3103:
3069:
3025:
2986:
The soul is not immortal and there is no afterlife, and no rewards or penalties after death.
2846:
2816:
2476:
2368:
2249:
2209:
2173:
1871:
1421:
932:
688:
592:
507:
397:
189:
4627:
4532:
4522:
4502:
4492:
4395:
3969:
3459:
3429:
3170:
3086:
2882:
2854:
2793:
2509:
2330:
2289:
2284:
2264:
2186:
2180:
2113:
2065:
1905:
1886:
1037:
766:
678:
661:
205:
3710:
2997:, but believed (contrary to the claim of Josephus) in the traditional Jewish concept of
152:
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4652:
4642:
4622:
4602:
4582:
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4262:
4195:
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3285:
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2751:
2623:
2430:
2229:
2098:
2084:
1964:
1943:
1920:
1915:
1893:
1881:
1476:
957:
891:
856:
834:
771:
609:
587:
449:
428:
404:
170:
52:
4292:
3621:. Translated by Thackeray, Henry St. John. Cambridge, Harvard University Press. 2.162.
4744:
4647:
4587:
4466:
4456:
4297:
4230:
4200:
4180:
4135:
3420:
3240:
3218:
3190:
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2643:
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839:
791:
553:
392:
297:
259:
210:
101:
42:
3126:, not only due to their perceived carefree approach to keeping to the Torah and the
2710:, who taking with him Sadduc, a Pharisee, became zealous to draw them to a revolt".
4729:
4702:
4662:
4577:
4487:
4333:
3568:. Library of Second Temple Studies. Vol. 95. T&T Clark. pp. 137–143.
3186:
3166:
3024:
The Sadducees did not believe in resurrection, whereas the Pharisees did. In Acts,
2408:
2234:
2075:
2070:
2028:
1981:
1075:
942:
927:
886:
851:
464:
306:
3850:
2918:
The Sadducees oversaw many formal affairs of the state. Members of the Sadducees:
4637:
4557:
4537:
4527:
4400:
3390:
3140:
3123:
2861:, the Romans moved power out of the hands of vassal kings and into the hands of
2842:
2393:
2335:
2000:
906:
901:
896:
866:
96:
4719:
3260:
3135:
3127:
3064:
2963:
2714:
suggests that the sect drew their name from the Sadduc mentioned by Josephus.
2675:
2051:
1065:
994:
952:
781:
761:
320:
227:
147:
3316:
2929:
2679:
2667:
2556:
2214:
2199:
1289:
1237:
999:
947:
937:
614:
604:
519:
279:
81:
967:
16:
Jewish sect or group active in Judea from 2nd century BCE to 1st century CE
2682:
led a hard life on earth and yet would have nothing to show for it in the
3592:
3449:
3252:
3018:
2697:
2566:
2383:
1993:
1925:
756:
264:
215:
3419: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
3335:
4431:
4410:
3311:
3256:
3198:
3182:
3091:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2560:
2359:
2325:
2194:
1988:
977:
972:
844:
735:
630:
626:
622:
371:
366:
343:
325:
200:
195:
185:
163:
138:
3954:
4451:
4405:
4328:
4233:
3307:
3202:
3077:
3006:
2892:
The Sadducee concept of the mortality of the soul is reflected on by
2835:
2019:
2014:
1974:
1959:
1070:
962:
382:
348:
334:
269:
3122:
Later rabbinic literature took a dim view of both the Sadducees and
4002:
3713:, accessed 14 February 2017; Commentary, New Oxford Annotated Bible
3263:
recounts a dispute between Jesus and a Sadducee who challenged the
3181:, contextualizes the Sadducees as opposed to the Pharisees and the
2841:, at which point the Roman period of Judea began. The province of
4170:
4140:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4072:
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4047:
3303:
3157:
3131:
3032:
2998:
2721:
2707:
2691:
2651:
2627:
2544:
982:
411:
315:
284:
2765:
This power and influence also brought accusations of corruption.
4130:
3641:
Sadducee and Pharisee - The Origin and Significance of the Names
2834:
Hasmonean rule lasted until 63 BCE, when the Roman general
2540:
2536:
134:
4006:
2626:, the Sadducee sect of Judaism derived their name from that of
4155:
4150:
4145:
3275:
calling both the Pharisees and Sadducees a "brood of vipers".
2989:
It is a virtue to debate and dispute with philosophy teachers.
2497:
4308:
The War of the Messiah/The Pierced Messiah Text (4Q285/11Q14)
3986:
by Lawrence H. Schiffman; The second is "Sadducees" from the
2983:
Man has free will; "man has the free choice of good or evil".
4313:
War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness (1QM)
2491:
2488:
2597:
2485:
2551:, from the second century BCE to the destruction of the
3765:
Flavius, Titus Josephus (1998). Tenney, Merrill (ed.).
2977:
Rejection of the idea of fate or a pre-ordained future.
2973:
According to Josephus, the Sadducees beliefs included:
2706:
that "one Judas, a Gaulonite, of a city whose name was
2500:
2494:
2482:
3005:
The Sadducees occasionally show up in the Christian
2609:
2523:
1998:
1979:
402:
4676:
4480:
4424:
4321:
4040:
3163:
The Pharisees and the Sadducees Come to Tempt Jesus
3134:
to Deuteronomy (p. 233, Torah Ve'Hamitzvah edition)
2966:as proposed by the Pharisees. Rather, they saw the
2479:
110:
87:
77:
69:
61:
35:
21:
3849:
3614:
3748:The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha
3062:. The Sadducees would justify their practice by
3031:The Sadducees rejected the notion of spirits or
2767:Alexander's conquest of the Mediterranean world
2638:. The leaders of the sect were proposed as the
4136:4QInstruction (4Q415–418, 4Q418a, 4Q423, 1Q26)
2575:destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE
2573:. The group became extinct sometime after the
4018:
2819:, and eventually established the independent
2450:
8:
4221:Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever
3831:The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Hasmonean State
3587:
3585:
2932:, and often encountered the Pharisees there.
2726:A Sadducee, illustrated in the 15th-century
2603:
4249:Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll (11QpaleoLev)
3814:. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press.
2851:cooperation between the Romans and the Jews
694:History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire
4288:Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (4Q400–407)
4191:The Book of Mysteries (1Q27 and 4Q299–301)
4025:
4011:
4003:
3035:, whereas the Pharisees acknowledged them.
2457:
2443:
2307:
1948:
1021:
828:
433:
302:
121:
18:
3668:
3666:
3664:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3548:
2941:Regulated relations with the Roman Empire
3786:The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English
3229:Opposition to the early Christian church
2853:had been strongest during the reigns of
2824:
2662:tells the story of the two disciples of
2602:. The name Zadok is related to the root
2585:The English term entered via Latin from
3327:
2980:God does not commit or even think evil.
2358:
2310:
2136:
2083:
2050:
2027:
1951:
1817:
1705:
1679:
1514:
1308:
1083:
1055:
914:
748:
677:
577:
492:
436:
356:
333:
305:
133:
3336:"The Antiquities of the Jews (13.298)"
4196:Community Rule (1QS, 4QS, 5Q11, 5Q13)
2925:Represented the state internationally
2896:, who mentions them in his writings.
7:
3856:. San Francisco: Perennial Library.
3013:contains somewhat more information:
3997:4:6–8, The Pharisee–Sadducee Debate
3982:(The first is "Sadducees" from the
2922:Administered the state domestically
2845:was created in 6 CE (see also
2604:
2513:
3932:. Macon: Mercer University Press.
3476:The New Complete Works of Josephus
14:
4714:Discoveries in the Judaean Desert
3980:Two entries from Encyclopedia.com
3812:From the Maccabees to the Mishnah
3428:; et al., eds. (1901–1906).
2993:The Sadducees did not believe in
485:Historical population comparisons
3478:. Kregel Academic. p. 587.
3438:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
3414:
2475:
1129:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1043:Historical population by country
4283:The Seekers After Smooth Things
4273:Rule of the Congregation (1QSa)
4239:Nahum Commentary (4QpNah/4Q169)
4211:Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen ar)
3930:The Pharisees and the Sadducees
3913:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
3894:. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
3788:. Harmondsworth, ENG: Penguin.
3750:. US: Oxford University Press.
3711:Pulpit Commentary on Matthew 22
3627:Antiquities of the Jews 18 §1.2
3518:Revue des Études Augustiniennes
2798:
2787:
2674:, and founded the Sadducee and
3970:"Sadducees" by Kaufmann Kohler
3962:New International Encyclopedia
3892:Jewish Contemporaries of Jesus
3150:, Hilchoth Avodah Zarah 10:2.
2801: 200 – 142 BCE
1:
4771:Judaism-related controversies
4293:Songs of the Sage (4Q510–511)
3746:Coogan, Michael, ed. (2007).
3643:John Rylands Library, p. 154.
2690:, to prevent transmission of
700:Christianity and Judaism
4226:Habakkuk Commentary (1QpHab)
4161:11Q5 The Great Psalms Scroll
3243:, specifically the books of
2944:Mediated domestic grievances
2877:After the Temple destruction
2803:). During this period, the
2779:death of Alexander the Great
2598:
2535:'Zadokites') were a
4268:Rule of the Blessing (1QSb)
3928:Wellhausen, Julius (2001).
3911:Jesus in His Jewish Context
3890:Stemberger, Günter (1995).
3279:Opposition to the Pharisees
3040:Disputes with the Pharisees
2962:The Sadducees rejected the
2610:
2524:
1999:
1980:
1707:Latin America and Caribbean
403:
4802:
4766:Jewish religious movements
4553:Florentino García Martínez
3784:Vermes, Geza, ed. (2004).
3474:Josephus, Flavius (1999).
3232:
2734:
2590:
2312:Jewish political movements
2009:Conversion to Judaism
4668:José O'Callaghan Martínez
4181:Barkhi Nafshi (4Q434–438)
3625:Josephus, Titus Flavius.
3319:, the high Jewish court.
3209:Opposition to the Essenes
2938:Equipped and led the army
715:Hinduism and Judaism
4781:Extinct religious groups
4573:Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz
4563:Gerald Lankester Harding
4462:Teacher of Righteousness
4303:Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH)
3984:Encyclopedia of Religion
3833:. City: Wm.B. Eerdmans.
3265:resurrection of the dead
2995:resurrection of the dead
2718:The Second Temple period
2672:resurrection of the dead
541:Temple in Jerusalem
234:Bar and bat mitzvah
26:
4756:1st-century BCE Judaism
4751:2nd-century BCE Judaism
3871:Newman, Hillel (2006).
3598:Antiquities of the Jews
3520:48/1 (2002), pp. 3–22 (
3435:The Jewish Encyclopedia
2790: 301–200 BCE
2703:Antiquities of the Jews
503:Twelve Tribes of Israel
4206:Damascus Document (CD)
3848:Johnson, Paul (1988).
3174:
3021:is a Pharisee member).
2871:First Jewish–Roman War
2809:Antiochus IV Epiphanes
2732:
4548:Jean-Baptiste Humbert
4508:Sidnie White Crawford
4298:Temple Scroll (11Q19)
3988:Encyclopaedia Judaica
3909:Vermes, Geza (2003).
3852:A History of the Jews
3829:Eshel, Hanan (2008).
3810:Cohen, Shaye (2006).
3161:
2900:Role of the Sadducees
2865:, beginning with the
2805:High Priest of Israel
2737:Second Temple Judaism
2725:
2632:High Priest of Israel
1249:São Tomé and Príncipe
1244:Republic of the Congo
638:Second Temple Judaism
509:Kingdom of Judah
480:Modern historiography
4786:Extinct Jewish sects
4693:Aramaic Enoch Scroll
4633:Carsten Peter Thiede
4498:Joseph M. Baumgarten
4244:New Jerusalem Scroll
4231:Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa
4201:Copper Scroll (3Q15)
4131:4QDeuteronomy (4Q41)
3769:. Nelson Reference.
3733:Mishnah Yadaim 4:6–8
3011:Acts of the Apostles
2928:Participated in the
2863:Roman administrators
2747:Second Temple period
2549:Second Temple period
2351:World Agudath Israel
1492:United Arab Emirates
579:Second Temple period
569:Babylonian captivity
4761:1st-century Judaism
4613:Solomon H. Steckoll
4543:David Noel Freedman
4518:André Dupont-Sommer
4176:11Q18 New Jerusalem
3990:by Menahem Mansoor)
3974:Jewish Encyclopedia
3403:Avot of Rabbi Natan
3154:Jewish sectarianism
2885:, the followers of
2867:Census of Quirinius
2839:conquered Jerusalem
2825:Jewish sectarianism
2815:in what became the
2792:) and later by the
2772:Hellenistic Judaism
2756:Temple in Jerusalem
2741:Hellenistic Judaism
2729:Nuremberg Chronicle
2660:Avot of Rabbi Natan
2571:Temple in Jerusalem
644:Hellenistic Judaism
222:Land of Israel
181:Principles of faith
115:Hellenistic Judaism
4698:Shrine of the Book
4598:Lawrence Schiffman
4493:John Marco Allegro
4258:Horoscopes (4Q186)
4216:Genesis Commentary
4186:The Book of Giants
3292:Jewish Antiquities
3235:Early Christianity
3175:
3081:Yohanan ben Zakkai
2869:in 6 CE. The
2857:and his grandson,
2760:Hellenistic period
2733:
2664:Antigonus of Sokho
2646:", descendants of
2205:Jewish Koine Greek
1747:Dominican Republic
1028:Judaism by country
707:Jews and Christmas
562:Assyrian captivity
48:Alexander Jannaeus
36:Historical leaders
4738:
4737:
4725:Muhammed edh-Dhib
4618:Hartmut Stegemann
4608:Patrick W. Skehan
4568:Yizhar Hirschfeld
4513:Frank Moore Cross
4472:Calendrical texts
4171:11Q13 Melchizedek
4141:4QMMT (4Q394–399)
3956:"Sadducees"
3939:978-0-86554-729-2
3920:978-0-8006-3623-4
3901:978-0-8006-2624-2
3882:978-90-04-14699-0
3875:. Leiden: Brill.
3863:978-0-06-091533-9
3840:978-0-8028-6285-3
3821:978-0-664-22743-2
3795:978-0-14-044952-5
3776:978-0-7852-1427-4
3757:978-0-19-528882-7
3613:Josephus (1966).
3575:978-0-5676-9294-8
3562:Grabbe, Lester L.
3542:Wellhausen, p. 45
3507:Cohen, 1–5, 15–16
3197:, and later, the
3096:Babylonian Talmud
3090:according to the
3078:early Jewish sage
2821:Hasmonean kingdom
2596:
2534:
2522:
2467:
2466:
2416:
2415:
2164:
2163:
1911:Reconstructionist
1855:
1854:
1007:
1006:
814:
813:
651:Jewish–Roman wars
599:Hasmonean dynasty
515:Kingdom of Israel
419:
418:
120:
119:
4793:
4593:James A. Sanders
4034:Dead Sea Scrolls
4027:
4020:
4013:
4004:
3966:
3958:
3943:
3924:
3905:
3886:
3867:
3855:
3844:
3825:
3799:
3780:
3761:
3734:
3731:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3700:Matthew 22:23–33
3693:
3687:
3681:
3675:
3670:
3659:
3650:
3644:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3622:
3620:
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3589:
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3558:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3525:
3514:
3508:
3505:
3499:
3496:
3490:
3489:
3485:978-0-82542924-8
3471:
3465:
3463:
3460:Whiston, William
3458:. Translated by
3446:
3440:
3439:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3406:
3400:
3394:
3388:
3382:
3377:Abraham Geiger,
3375:
3369:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3332:
3273:John the Baptist
3271:Matthew records
3215:Dead Sea Scrolls
3195:Dead Sea Scrolls
3104:Jerusalem Talmud
3070:Jerusalem Talmud
2847:Syria Palaestina
2817:Maccabean Revolt
2813:Hasmonean family
2802:
2800:
2791:
2789:
2752:Achaemenid Judea
2636:Solomon's Temple
2613:
2607:
2606:
2601:
2595:romanized:
2594:
2592:
2529:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2459:
2452:
2445:
2308:
2189:
2010:
2004:
1985:
1949:
1896:
1843:New Zealand
1795:
1758:El Salvador
1748:
1680:Northern America
1672:
1266:
1022:
933:Crimean Karaites
829:
807:
805:
726:
724:
716:
710:
701:
689:Rabbinic Judaism
670:
664:
658:
646:
634:
600:
593:Maccabean Revolt
570:
563:
557:
549:
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536:
528:
510:
434:
408:
303:
235:
223:
122:
29:
19:
4801:
4800:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4672:
4628:Eleazar Sukenik
4533:Joseph Fitzmyer
4523:Robert Eisenman
4503:John J. Collins
4488:Martin G. Abegg
4476:
4420:
4416:Wadi Murabba'at
4396:Qumran cemetery
4317:
4036:
4031:
3995:Mishnah Yadayim
3953:
3950:
3940:
3927:
3921:
3908:
3902:
3889:
3883:
3870:
3864:
3847:
3841:
3828:
3822:
3809:
3806:
3796:
3783:
3777:
3764:
3758:
3745:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3721:
3717:
3709:
3705:
3694:
3690:
3684:Pesher on Nahum
3682:
3678:
3671:
3662:
3651:
3647:
3638:
3634:
3624:
3623:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3591:
3590:
3583:
3576:
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3515:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3497:
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3486:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3426:Singer, Isidore
3424:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3401:
3397:
3389:
3385:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3334:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3281:
3237:
3231:
3223:Pesher on Nahum
3211:
3171:Brooklyn Museum
3156:
3087:Megillat Taanit
3042:
2960:
2951:
2916:
2907:
2902:
2883:Karaite Judaism
2879:
2797:
2794:Seleucid Empire
2786:
2783:Ptolemaic Egypt
2743:
2720:
2642:(priests, the "
2620:
2583:
2478:
2474:
2463:
2418:
2417:
2305:
2295:
2294:
2285:Judeo-Malayalam
2265:Judaeo-Georgian
2185:
2176:
2166:
2165:
2066:Yiddish theatre
2008:
1946:
1936:
1935:
1894:
1867:
1857:
1856:
1793:
1746:
1670:
1264:
1048:Genetic studies
1019:
1009:
1008:
826:
816:
815:
803:
802:
722:
721:
714:
704:
699:
681:and Middle Ages
679:Rabbinic period
666:
660:
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568:
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531:
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4708:École Biblique
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
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4674:
4673:
4671:
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4660:
4655:
4653:Roland de Vaux
4650:
4645:
4643:John C. Trever
4640:
4635:
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4625:
4623:John Strugnell
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4603:Hershel Shanks
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
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4538:Peter W. Flint
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4447:Yahad Ostracon
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4263:Pseudo-Ezekiel
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3948:External links
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3767:Complete Works
3762:
3756:
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3735:
3726:
3715:
3703:
3688:
3676:
3660:
3645:
3639:Manson, T.W.:
3632:
3617:The Jewish War
3605:
3581:
3574:
3544:
3535:
3526:
3509:
3500:
3498:Cohen, 153–154
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3395:
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3308:Mishnah Yadaim
3286:The Jewish War
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980:
975:
970:
965:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
930:
925:
917:
916:
915:Related groups
912:
911:
910:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
848:
847:
842:
827:
822:
821:
818:
817:
812:
811:
810:
809:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
772:Jewish atheism
769:
764:
759:
751:
750:
746:
745:
744:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:Islamic–Jewish
718:
711:
696:
691:
683:
682:
675:
674:
673:
672:
648:
635:
607:
602:
595:
590:
588:Yehud Medinata
582:
581:
575:
574:
573:
572:
565:
558:
550:
537:
529:
517:
512:
505:
497:
496:
494:Ancient Israel
490:
489:
488:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
450:Land of Israel
447:
439:
438:
432:
427:
426:
423:
422:
417:
416:
415:
414:
409:
405:Shulchan Aruch
400:
395:
390:
385:
377:
376:
375:
374:
369:
361:
360:
354:
353:
352:
351:
346:
338:
337:
331:
330:
329:
328:
323:
318:
310:
309:
301:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
242:
237:
230:
225:
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
183:
178:
171:God in Judaism
167:
162:
161:
158:
157:
156:
155:
150:
142:
141:
131:
130:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
105:
104:
99:
93:
91:
85:
84:
79:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
63:
59:
58:
56:
55:
53:Aristobulus II
50:
45:
39:
37:
33:
32:
23:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4798:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4675:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4648:Eugene Ulrich
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4588:Elisha Qimron
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4479:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4467:Wicked Priest
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:Dual messiahs
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4442:Carbon dating
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4278:Samuel Scroll
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4254:Physiognomies
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4023:
4021:
4016:
4014:
4009:
4008:
4005:
3998:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3975:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3912:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3888:
3884:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3865:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3813:
3808:
3807:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3787:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3768:
3763:
3759:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3719:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3696:Mark 12:18–27
3692:
3689:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3628:
3619:
3618:
3609:
3606:
3600:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3487:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3467:
3461:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3431:
3427:
3422:
3421:public domain
3411:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3374:
3371:
3368:Newman, p. 76
3365:
3362:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3287:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3241:New Testament
3236:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3191:New Testament
3188:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3151:
3149:
3148:
3147:Mishneh Torah
3143:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:115b–116a);
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3060:paternal aunt
3057:
3052:
3049:
3048:ritual purity
3044:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3027:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Written Torah
2965:
2957:
2955:
2948:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2876:
2874:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2829:John Hyrcanus
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2795:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2730:
2724:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2712:Paul L. Maier
2709:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:stone vessels
2685:
2684:world to come
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2644:Sons of Zadok
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2622:According to
2617:
2615:
2612:
2600:
2588:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:Second Temple
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2511:
2505:
2472:
2460:
2455:
2453:
2448:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2298:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2270:Judeo-Aramaic
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2260:Judeo-Italian
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:Ghardaïa Sign
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2175:
2170:
2169:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1939:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1866:
1865:Denominations
1861:
1860:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1693:United States
1691:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1179:Guinea-Bissau
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1033:Lists of Jews
1031:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
920:
919:
918:
913:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
846:
843:
841:
838:
837:
836:
833:
832:
831:
830:
825:
820:
819:
808:
800:
798:
795:
793:
792:The Holocaust
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
752:
747:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
719:
717:
712:
708:
702:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
686:
685:
684:
680:
676:
669:
663:
657:
652:
649:
645:
639:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
596:
594:
591:
589:
586:
585:
584:
583:
580:
576:
571:
566:
564:
559:
555:
551:
548:
543:
538:
534:
530:
527:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
506:
504:
501:
500:
499:
498:
495:
491:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
442:
441:
440:
435:
430:
425:
424:
413:
410:
407:
406:
401:
399:
396:
394:
393:Mishneh Torah
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
379:
378:
373:
370:
368:
365:
364:
363:
362:
359:
355:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
340:
339:
336:
332:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
313:
312:
311:
308:
304:
299:
294:
293:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
256:
253:
251:
248:
246:
243:
241:
238:
236:
231:
229:
226:
224:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
191:
187:
184:
182:
179:
176:
172:
169:
168:
165:
160:
159:
154:
153:Who is a Jew?
151:
149:
146:
145:
144:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:
116:
113:
109:
103:
102:Written Torah
100:
98:
95:
94:
92:
90:
86:
83:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
54:
51:
49:
46:
44:
43:John Hyrcanus
41:
40:
38:
34:
20:
4730:Najib Albina
4712:
4703:Orion Center
4663:Yigael Yadin
4578:Jodi Magness
4436:
4334:Qumran Caves
3994:
3987:
3983:
3973:
3960:
3929:
3910:
3891:
3872:
3851:
3830:
3811:
3785:
3766:
3747:
3729:
3718:
3706:
3691:
3686:in Eshol, 40
3683:
3679:
3648:
3635:
3626:
3616:
3608:
3597:
3565:
3538:
3533:Cohen p. 155
3529:
3517:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3475:
3469:
3454:
3444:
3433:
3410:
3398:
3386:
3378:
3373:
3364:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3330:
3301:
3296:
3290:
3284:
3282:
3270:
3238:
3222:
3212:
3187:Christianity
3178:
3176:
3167:James Tissot
3162:
3145:
3139:
3121:
3107:
3099:
3085:
3073:
3063:
3056:Numbers 27:8
3004:
2992:
2972:
2961:
2952:
2917:
2908:
2891:
2880:
2833:
2776:
2764:
2744:
2727:
2701:
2700:mentions in
2696:
2634:to serve in
2630:, the first
2621:
2584:
2565:
2470:
2468:
2409:Post-Zionism
2280:Judeo-Berber
2275:Judeo-Arabic
2235:Judeo-Gascon
1982:Pidyon haben
1901:Conservative
1447:Saudi Arabia
1265:South Africa
1254:Sierra Leone
1076:Israeli Jews
990:Mosaic Arabs
943:Kaifeng Jews
804:Arab–Israeli
777:Emancipation
656:Great Revolt
618:
465:Anti-Judaism
460:Antisemitism
455:Name "Judea"
250:Baal teshuva
78:Headquarters
4658:Géza Vermes
4638:Emanuel Tov
4583:Józef Milik
4558:Norman Golb
4528:Hanan Eshel
4401:Ein Feshkha
4166:11QpaleoLev
3976:(1901–1906)
3723:Matthew 3:7
3673:Acts 23:6–9
3430:"Sadducees"
3391:Pirkei Avot
3297:Antiquities
3179:Antiquities
3141:Pirkei Avot
3124:Boethusians
3108:Baba Bathra
3100:Baba Bathra
3074:Baba Bathra
2843:Roman Judea
2591:Σαδδουκαῖοι
2587:Koinē Greek
2547:during the
2404:Revisionist
2394:Neo-Zionism
2001:Zeved habat
1794:Puerto Rico
1620:Netherlands
1452:South Korea
1437:Philippines
1317:Afghanistan
1184:Ivory Coast
958:Crypto-Jews
923:Bnei Anusim
902:Bene Israel
867:Beta Israel
824:Communities
731:Middle Ages
470:Persecution
245:Bereavement
97:Aristocracy
4776:Israelites
4745:Categories
4720:Mar Samuel
3601:. 13.10.6.
3323:References
3261:Matthew 22
3233:See also:
3136:Maimonides
3128:Oral Torah
3076:21b). The
3065:a fortiori
2964:Oral Torah
2849:). While
2796:of Syria (
2777:After the
2735:See also:
2676:Boethusian
2599:Saddukaioi
2543:active in
2389:Maximalism
2341:Secularism
2321:Autonomism
2138:Literature
1931:Humanistic
1535:Azerbaijan
1497:Uzbekistan
1472:Tajikistan
1392:Kyrgyzstan
1377:Kazakhstan
1224:Mozambique
1199:Madagascar
1119:Cape Verde
1071:New Yishuv
1066:Old Yishuv
1017:Population
995:Subbotniks
953:Samaritans
892:Romanyotim
835:Ashkenazim
782:Old Yishuv
762:Sabbateans
749:Modern era
741:Golden Age
668:Bar Kokhba
388:Beit Yosef
255:Philosophy
4437:Sadducees
3972:from the
3804:Secondary
3657:Acts 5:17
3462:. 18.1.1.
3381:, pp. 20–
3379:Urschrift
3340:Lexundria
3317:Sanhedrin
3219:Zadokites
2930:Sanhedrin
2914:Political
2905:Religious
2859:Agrippa I
2680:Pharisees
2668:afterlife
2650:, son of
2581:Etymology
2557:Pharisees
2519:romanized
2514:צְדוּקִים
2471:Sadducees
2399:Religious
2255:Zarphatic
2245:Bukharian
2215:Judeo-Tat
2200:Yeshivish
2174:Languages
2129:Sephardic
2119:Israelite
2109:Ethiopian
2099:Ashkenazi
2038:Religious
1828:Australia
1810:Venezuela
1716:Argentina
1698:Greenland
1610:Lithuania
1462:Sri Lanka
1457:Singapore
1382:Kurdistan
1347:Indonesia
1337:Hong Kong
1290:Abayudaya
1214:Mauritius
948:Igbo Jews
938:Krymchaks
857:Sephardim
725:relations
619:Sadducees
615:Pharisees
605:Sanhedrin
520:Jerusalem
280:Synagogue
148:Etymology
82:Jerusalem
70:Dissolved
28:צְדוּקִים
24:Sadducees
4481:Scholars
3653:Acts 4:1
3593:Josephus
3564:(2020).
3450:Josephus
3253:pericope
3019:Gamaliel
2698:Josephus
2692:impurity
2567:Josephus
2559:and the
2426:Category
2384:Kahanism
2331:Feminism
2303:Politics
2187:Biblical
2157:American
2104:Bukharan
2094:American
1994:Shidduch
1970:Clothing
1926:Haymanot
1872:Orthodox
1800:Suriname
1783:Paraguay
1736:Colombia
1635:Portugal
1545:Bulgaria
1482:Thailand
1432:Pakistan
1412:Mongolia
1407:Malaysia
1327:Cambodia
1301:Zimbabwe
1276:Tanzania
1154:Eswatini
1144:Ethiopia
1134:Djibouti
1114:Cameroon
1109:Botswana
1038:Diaspora
1000:Noahides
973:Marranos
897:Cochinim
882:Bukharim
872:Gruzinim
862:Teimanim
852:Mizrahim
840:Galician
806:conflict
767:Hasidism
757:Haskalah
662:Diaspora
533:timeline
445:Timeline
358:Rabbinic
265:Kabbalah
240:Marriage
216:Tzedakah
206:Holidays
164:Religion
127:a series
125:Part of
111:Religion
89:Ideology
4432:Essenes
4411:Secacah
4234:,1QIsa)
3999:, COJS.
3965:. 1905.
3740:Primary
3423::
3312:Mishnah
3257:Mark 12
3249:Matthew
3199:Mishnah
3183:Essenes
3094:in the
3092:Rashbam
3007:gospels
2958:General
2949:Beliefs
2656:aggadic
2654:). The
2648:Eleazar
2640:Kohanim
2618:History
2561:Essenes
2533:
2525:Ṣəḏūqīm
2521::
2369:General
2360:Zionism
2336:Leftism
2326:Bundism
2250:Knaanic
2210:Yevanic
2195:Yiddish
2152:Yiddish
2147:Israeli
2124:Mizrahi
2114:Israeli
2085:Cuisine
2061:Ancient
2043:Secular
1989:Kashrut
1965:Wedding
1952:Customs
1944:Culture
1921:Science
1916:Renewal
1906:Karaite
1887:Hasidic
1819:Oceania
1805:Uruguay
1773:Jamaica
1753:Ecuador
1721:Bolivia
1665:Ukraine
1640:Romania
1615:Moldova
1595:Hungary
1585:Germany
1580:Georgia
1570:Finland
1565:Estonia
1560:Denmark
1555:Czechia
1540:Belarus
1530:Austria
1525:Armenia
1502:Vietnam
1417:Myanmar
1402:Lebanon
1322:Bahrain
1281:Tunisia
1259:Somalia
1234:Nigeria
1229:Namibia
1219:Morocco
1149:Eritrea
1094:Algeria
978:Neofiti
887:Italkim
877:Juhurim
787:Zionism
736:Khazars
631:Sicarii
627:Zealots
623:Essenes
610:Schisms
475:Leaders
437:General
429:History
372:Tosefta
367:Midrash
344:Mishnah
326:Ketuvim
321:Nevi'im
270:Customs
201:Shabbat
196:Halakha
188: (
186:Mitzvot
173: (
139:Judaism
65:167 BCE
62:Founded
4452:Pesher
4425:Issues
4406:Kohlit
4339:cave 1
4329:Qumran
4322:Places
3936:
3917:
3898:
3879:
3860:
3837:
3818:
3792:
3773:
3754:
3572:
3522:online
3482:
3357:צָדוֹק
3310:. The
3304:rabbis
3203:Talmud
3193:, the
3033:angels
2836:Pompey
2754:, the
2708:Gamala
2670:nor a
2510:Hebrew
2431:Portal
2290:Domari
2220:Shassi
2181:Hebrew
2076:Humour
2020:Hiloni
2015:Aliyah
1975:Niddah
1960:Minyan
1895:Reform
1882:Haredi
1877:Modern
1778:Mexico
1763:Guyana
1726:Brazil
1688:Canada
1660:Sweden
1650:Serbia
1645:Russia
1630:Poland
1625:Norway
1605:Latvia
1590:Greece
1575:France
1550:Cyprus
1516:Europe
1487:Turkey
1477:Taiwan
1387:Kuwait
1372:Jordan
1362:Israel
1296:Zambia
1286:Uganda
1204:Malawi
1174:Guinea
1164:Gambia
1099:Angola
1085:Africa
968:Dönmeh
963:Anusim
907:Berber
845:Litvak
797:Israel
703:
640:
554:Second
522:
383:Targum
349:Gemara
335:Talmud
307:Tanakh
260:Ethics
211:Prayer
4677:Other
4126:4Q542
4121:4Q521
4116:4Q448
4111:4Q252
4106:4Q246
4101:4Q240
4096:4Q175
4092:4Q166
4088:4Q127
4083:4Q126
4078:4Q122
4073:4Q121
4068:4Q120
4063:4Q119
4058:4Q108
4053:4Q107
4048:4Q106
4041:Texts
3295:. In
3132:Sifri
3110:8:1 )
2999:Sheol
2855:Herod
2658:work
2652:Aaron
2628:Zadok
2611:ṣāḏaq
2605:צָדַק
2545:Judea
2379:Labor
2374:Green
2071:Dance
2029:Music
1848:Palau
1768:Haiti
1731:Chile
1655:Spain
1600:Italy
1507:Yemen
1467:Syria
1442:Qatar
1422:Nepal
1367:Japan
1342:India
1332:China
1271:Sudan
1194:Libya
1189:Kenya
1169:Ghana
1159:Gabon
1139:Egypt
1124:Benin
983:Xueta
928:Lemba
547:First
412:Zohar
316:Torah
298:Texts
285:Rabbi
275:Rites
175:names
73:73 CE
4688:ASOR
4684:AIAR
3934:ISBN
3915:ISBN
3896:ISBN
3877:ISBN
3858:ISBN
3835:ISBN
3816:ISBN
3790:ISBN
3771:ISBN
3752:ISBN
3570:ISBN
3480:ISBN
3302:The
3289:and
3259:and
3247:and
3245:Mark
3239:The
3213:The
3201:and
3118:1.6.
2745:The
2739:and
2541:Jews
2537:sect
2531:lit.
2469:The
1838:Guam
1833:Fiji
1788:Peru
1741:Cuba
1427:Oman
1397:Laos
1357:Iraq
1352:Iran
1309:Asia
1238:Igbo
1209:Mali
228:Brit
137:and
135:Jews
4156:7Q5
4151:7Q1
4146:6Q6
3405:5:2
3393:1:3
3255:in
3165:by
3114:4:7
2539:of
2052:Art
398:Tur
190:613
4747::
4389:11
4384:10
3959:.
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3655:;
3595:.
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3524:).
3455:AJ
3452:.
3432:.
3342:.
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2788:r.
2774:.
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625:,
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