615:
142:
391:
324:
590:
202:
429:
519:
377:, closer to the Seine. In addition to these practical and financial reasons, the underlying reasons for this about-turn are not well known, but the administration's desire to limit its liability in the event of malfunctioning, while at the same time "regaining control" of the operation, was undoubtedly a factor. The notorious enmity and rivalry between Rampont and Steenackers undoubtedly played a part, with the latter suspected of deliberately obstructing an operation approved by the former.
217:
373:
contravened the postal services' monopoly on mail distribution. After a meeting with the imperial prosecutor in
Clermont-Ferrand, Delort and Robert immediately returned to Bordeaux, where the government had taken up residence. There, after long and tense discussions, new conditions were imposed on December 24, 1870, which were financially less advantageous for them, but more precise and more in line with the Post statutes; the letter collection point was also transferred to
27:
1265:
1194:
472:, was to stop the balls being directed into a funnel. Vonoven, who remained in Paris, took charge of raising it morning and evening with the help of postal workers provided by Rampont, but, unaware of the lengthy discussions taking place in the provinces and the resulting delays, he began this surveillance work shortly after Delort and Robert left Paris, probably around December 15.
494:
concealed in sacks of rice intended to supply
Parisians, hence the name "bags of rice" given to the letters. Ready-made balls were found in Cosne, and the letters they contained arrived by road in Paris between February 17 and 22, after the Prussians had authorized the normal restoration of postal services; these envelopes were nicknamed "letters from Cosne".
304:, General Manager of the Post, who had remained in Paris. Once the tests had been carried out, Rampont drew up a contract on December 6, authorizing the implementation of this mail delivery service. Although the document was financially very interesting for the designers, it was vague on many practical details: for example, the collection point,
569:
collectors' market. Even if some balls were recovered almost where they had been immersed, the location of the latest finds (downstream from Rouen) suggests that the undiscovered balls may have travelled a considerable distance from Paris, or even to the
English Channel. After the end of the 1870 war, a salvage operation was even declared in
121:. Rolling downstream on the river bed, these balls were to pass through the lines of the besiegers and be collected in a net set up on the outskirts of the capital. However, operations were delayed by lengthy discussions with the Post administration, as winter advanced and ice encumbered the course of the Seine.
601:
In the best conditions of preservation, when the authenticity of the letter could be proven and when it had arrived in Paris, "the postmark being proof", the value of
Moulins balls reached up to 200,000 F in 1996. During the 1968 salvage operation at Saint-Wandrille, the French Post Office decided to
489:
Although the tests were successful, the system proved totally ineffective in practice. None of the balls sent out were recovered during the siege; they were probably silted up, stopped by obstacles or passed through the torn net, whose anchoring points were torn off by the ice carried by the Seine on
416:
As some post offices were deprived of stamps during the war, some mail transported by ball post from
Moulins did not include any on the envelope; instead, a P.P. ("port payé") stamp was affixed when the letter was registered, attesting that the sender had paid the cost of postage. Letters could have
157:
since
September 19, 1870, was of the utmost importance. The exchange of information on the military situation was vital; soldiers on the battlefields needed the moral support of their families back in Paris, to whom they wanted to give news in return; the besieged, for their part, needed to continue
363:
by rail from Tours. It was during their stopover in
Gironde that they published a press release announcing the setting up of this special service, presenting themselves as private operators ("Free post") acting with the agreement of the Post administration; the release also specified that the three
568:
Of the 55 balls that were made, around twenty are still theoretically stuck at the bottom of the Seine and could still be found. However, from this number, an unknown number of balls must be removed, whose recovery was carried out discreetly and whose contents were directly offered for sale on the
475:
Fifty-five balls were finally thrown into the Seine between
January 5, 1871 (the first letters and the last instructions did not reach Moulins until January 4, 1871) and the 28th of the same month, despite the fact that several days before the latter date, the Post Office administration had asked
412:
at 1 franc instead of the normal 20 centimes. The additional 80 centimes were intended to pay Delort, Robert and
Vonoven (paid by the Post, half on registration of the mail in Moulins and half on actual receipt in Paris); however, no guarantee was promised to users by the administration, which
244:-like vanes designed to rotate it in the river current. With a total mass of just over 2 kg, the whole unit was shaped like a sphere and could hold between 500 and 600 letters, each weighing no more than 4 grams, including the envelope, written on peel-off paper. The cylinders had a small
493:
On
February 10, 14,600 unopened letters were discovered at the Moulins post office: these were most likely letters that the Moulins postmaster had been instructed not to entrust to Delort in the last days of January 1871; the letters were forwarded to Paris, where they arrived two days later,
372:
On December 15, 1870, after they had been at work for two days and had begun collecting mail, they received an injunction from Steenackers to cease all publicity, suspend the operation and return the letters in their possession; they were accused of an adventurous operation which, moreover,
505:
to General Trochu, blamed Steenackers for the delays and hence the failure. After the war, the designers, whose remuneration clauses had not been respected by the Post administration, took action against the State to obtain financial compensation, going so far as to write to Marshal
605:
In three cases, proof was provided that a letter dispatched from Paris to the provinces by mounted balloon had received a direct reply by Moulins Balls. These "pairs" of letters constitute philatelic documents and rare evidence of how the Post Office operated in times of siege.
614:
263:
in the Seine, were conclusive: balls thrown into the water were caught in the nets designed to stop them; in the case of the Bièvre, the clarity of the water even made it possible to follow them on their way. The principle therefore seemed applicable on a much larger scale.
452:
Robert, dressed as a farmer driving a straw cart or as a poultry and egg merchant, transported the "agents" - the term used to designate the balls from the very first discussions with Rampont - from Cosne to the banks of the Seine. He immersed them upstream of Paris, from
180:
In the other direction, the problem was more complex. The air route was difficult to use: only carrier pigeons managed to enter the capital, but their numbers were insufficient for the volume to be transported, and the failure rate was high. Roads were blocked and the
354:
in its retreat. Steenackers congratulated them on their initiative and confirmed that, as agreed with Rampont, the mail was to be centralized in Clermont-Ferrand. Buoyed by this encouragement, Delort and Robert set off as quickly as possible for Clermont-Ferrand, via
705:
On this date, the Franco-German Armistice (1871) was signed, but one of its provisions stipulated that mail entering Paris should not be sealed. The letters found in Moulins, ready to be packed in balls, did not comply with this requirement: they had to travel
235:
cylinders, a metal unaffected by water, which were watertight once the lid had been welded on. The device conceived by the three men, who did not seem to have been aware of Castillon de Saint-Victor's project, was perhaps inspired by the one used for tobacco
685:
Many people, both in France and abroad, thought that all they had to do was write "Paris par Moulins" on an envelope franked at the normal rate, and their mail would be forwarded. In the absence of the specific 1 franking, these letters were not taken
565:(Seine-Maritime) in 1982, followed by another in 1988. Until 1982, the postal administration sought to return the letters to the descendants of the original addressees. From then on, the balls and their contents became part of the national heritage.
597:
In addition to their historical interest, letters that have passed through the " Moulins Balls", also called "Moulins Balls" by extension, and to a lesser extent " Rice Bags" or " Letters from Cosne" have a very high value on the philatelic market.
740:
Germain Rampont, Director of the Post Office in Paris from 1870 to 1873, states that a ball recovered in Saint-Malo (but he doesn't specify under what conditions) was brought back to Paris after the war, containing 613 letters delivered to their
124:
Despite promising trials, the process proved a complete failure, with none of the 55 Moulins balls dropped between January 5 and 28, 1871 reaching Paris before the end of the siege, although more than half of them have since been found, from the
544:
Between 25 and 30 balls were recovered, but after the end of the siege, they were washed up on the banks, brought up from the bottom by machines, or found during bridge maintenance. The first was fished out in March 1871 at
1332:
Lettre à M. le général Trochu, ancien gouverneur de Paris sur la mission confiée par le Gouvernement de la défense nationale à MM. P. Delort, E. Robert, J. Vonoven pour le service des dépêches pour Paris : Siège de
213:" principle. He proposed devices that would float below the surface, releasing a small flag once they entered Paris to signal their presence. The project was quickly abandoned as too complicated and risky to implement.
417:
also been franked on departure, but had lost their stamps inside the ball while in the water, due to dampness; in this case, the same stamp was affixed, but this time on arrival, so that the letter would not be taxed.
444:
Delort stayed in Moulins to pack the balls - those brought from Paris were too few in number, so others were made in Lyon by a craftsman -, fill in the slips detailing their contents, and supervise their transport to
308:, was only agreed verbally, and although the amount of the remuneration for the operators was fixed, the payment terms were not specified. Delort and Robert left the capital the following night aboard the Denis Papin
283:
224:
However, the idea was explored again at the beginning of the following month, but to thwart the besiegers' surveillance, the balls must not float on the surface or between two bodies of water. Their
476:
that no more mail be sent to Moulins, as it was not certain that the operation would be a success. The number of letters transported by the Moulins balls is estimated at between 35,000 and 40,000.
1209:
602:
affix an official stamp to the back of the letters recovered from the balls, authenticating them. To avoid any risk of fraud, the stamps bearing this stamp were destroyed after use.
420:
In order not to arouse the enemy's attention, the letters are not marked with any special stamp; only the recipient's address must bear the words "Paris, par Moulins (Allier)".
408:
on December 26, 1870, mail destined to enter Paris via the balls was grouped together at the central post office in Moulins, regardless of its place of dispatch, and had to be
209:
As early as September 1870, Mr. Castillon de Saint-Victor was considering the idea of using the Seine's current to carry watertight balls containing mail, based on the "
1346:
549:; the majority of finds took place up to 1910, including ten from 1871, but one ball was found in 1942, another in 1952. More recently, a ball was hauled up by a
497:
Delays in negotiations were certainly a factor in the project's failure: as the days went by and winter set in, the Seine's current slowed down with its partial
978:
141:
129:
to the mouth of the Seine. The letters they contained were handed over to their addressees or descendants, or found their way into the collections of the
161:
Various means were used to try and maintain this relational bridge through the exchange of mail, but mainly in the Paris-province direction, such as the
316:. They took mail bond to the provinces with them, a few balls made in Paris and the contract signed by Rampont and approved by the Minister of Finance,
1408:
Michaud, Didier; Melot, Michel; Sinais, Bertrand (1996). "Nom de code : Paris par Moulins : l'épopée du courrier par boules subaquatiques".
501:, and the first balls were not immersed until January 5, 1871, when the operation could have started at least a fortnight earlier; Delort, in an
231:
Three people, Pierre-Charles Delort, Émile (or Louis-Émile) Robert and Isca (or Jacques) Vonoven, developed a system based on the manufacture of
490:
January 22; Vonoven managed to repair the device (making and fixing a new net) on January 28, but the operation was already coming to an end.
1398:
1320:
1177:
1039:
922:
1236:
861:
626:, dated and signed in 1872 by Hélène Vononen (daughter of Isca Vonoven, born in 1853), depicting a Moulins Ball, is on display at the
1445:
248:
at either end, which could be filled at will with water to balance the unit according to the weight of the letters it contained.
95:
351:
189:, and dogs trained to enter the city were shot on sight. Trains stopped running, and the Prussians watched and patrolled the
672:
Mail should be addressed to Robert, accompanied by a postal money order at 1.20 for postage and payment to the three men —
510:, but without success; Delort and Robert were only entitled to a commemorative medal for their balloon trip out of Paris.
465:
260:
251:
The patent was filed by Delort on November 21, 1870. Two successive experiments, carried out over short distances in the
1355:
461:, from a boat or a bridge. On its route, it also provided office-to-office postal service where it was interrupted.
1137:
347:
327:
165:, which could carry several bags of mail; for the duration of the siege, 67 of these balloons were produced in the
1455:
914:
724:
554:
581:
it near the mouth of the Seine, only to throw it back into the water not far from his home port of Saint-Malo.
350:, Director General of Telegraphs, who was also in charge of the Post for the province, as he had followed the
1386:
359:, where they met Steenackers' deputy on December 9. This complicated route was the only way to reach the
1044:
446:
404:
118:
1371:
1440:
634:
301:
300:
twenty years earlier); Trochu showed great interest, and Robert immediately submitted the project to
286:
146:
130:
98:
of the 1870 war. As the mail to be transported in this way in hollow spheres is first centralized in
32:
433:
240:
on the French-Belgian border, in the waters of the Yser. The hollow cylinder was fitted with twelve
627:
507:
390:
335:
210:
182:
323:
153:
Continued correspondence between the provinces and the capital, which had been under siege by the
1450:
1340:
574:
293:
1210:"Sphère métallique utilisée pendant le siège de 1870-71, pour le transport des dépêches par eau"
402:
Under the terms of the contract imposed by Steenackers and the subject of a decree published in
313:
201:
174:
688:
1394:
1316:
1299:
1173:
918:
562:
252:
1167:
1133:
185:
guarded: messengers attempting to break the blockade were shot as spies after an expeditious
1270:
458:
437:
428:
305:
186:
170:
589:
578:
374:
245:
99:
573:: for this to happen, sea currents would have had to allow the ball to bypass the entire
638:
558:
454:
360:
228:
was calculated so that they would roll along the bottom, carried along by the current.
216:
126:
1435:
1429:
1284:
Bulletin de l'Association internationale d'histoire postale de la guerre de 1870/1871
642:
317:
241:
154:
26:
654:
623:
309:
166:
162:
645:
with a face value of 1.70 francs to commemorate the Boule de Moulins experiment.
593:
Mail having traveled by ball from Moulins (salvaged from Vateville-la-Rue, 1982).
60:
Need for mail transport between Paris and the provinces during the Prussian siege
546:
518:
502:
469:
113:
cylinders, given a spherical shape by means of fins, which were immersed in the
68:
Pierre-Charles Delort, Émile (or Louis-Émile) Robert, Isca (or Jacques) Vonoven
1260:
570:
282:
1303:
395:
237:
259:, followed by another on December 1 and 2, 1870 over a longer distance at
862:"Le transport des lettres par la Seine pendant le siège de Paris en 1871"
550:
409:
356:
1391:
Les ballons montés, boules de Moulins, pigeongrammes, papillons de Metz
1129:
498:
339:
297:
256:
225:
193:, preventing the passage of anything floating on the river's surface.
109:
Three people came up with the idea of placing the mail in watertight
103:
394:
Ball letter from Moulins stamped at the 1 franc rate, registered in
1022:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1058:
1056:
613:
588:
577:, which may seem surprising; it is also possible that a fisherman
427:
389:
343:
322:
281:
215:
200:
190:
140:
114:
91:
877:
875:
843:
841:
839:
826:
824:
727:
most likely freed two balls from the obstacles holding them back—
232:
110:
87:
1195:"Mariage May et Vonoven - Registre 1879 V4E 4814 Acte n° 47"
76:
Complete failure, none of the 55 balls reached Paris in time
892:
890:
338:
in a "free" sector at dawn on December 7, they moved on to
31:
A Boule de Moulins, filled with artificial correspondence (
775:
773:
464:
A 280 m wide net, stretched behind the enemy lines at the
440:, one of the immersion sites for the Boules de Moulins.
949:
947:
1417:
Sinais, Bertrand (1999). "Des agents très spéciaux".
561:) on August 8, 1968. Another ball was recovered at
368:
Second contract, with François-Frédéric Steenackers
137:
Maintaining contact between Paris and the provinces
72:
64:
56:
48:
40:
1093:
1062:
1026:
965:
881:
847:
830:
815:
791:
742:
711:
1315:(in French). Charenton-le-Pont: Ă©ditions Flohic.
1293:Boules de Moulins: supplément au numéro 253 des
177:, which were free of rail traffic at the time.
1277:Documents used as a source for this article:
979:"L'histoire incroyable des boules de Moulins"
866:L'Intermédiaire des chercheurs et des curieux
8:
19:
1153:
1117:
896:
803:
779:
728:
693:Journal officiel de la République française
630:in Paris (donated by Mr. Vonoven in 1899).
312:, which took off from the esplanade of the
1345:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
413:disclaimed its responsibility in advance.
220:Schematic cross-section of a Moulins ball.
25:
18:
1105:
938:
764:
707:
517:
106:), these balls are called "de Moulins".
16:Failed method of sending mail into Paris
757:
665:
296:in early October 1870 (they had met in
205:Delort patents his "underwater sphere".
1338:
1074:
999:
953:
673:
1372:"Ballons montés et boules de Moulins"
1370:Grain, Pierre; Sausse, Alain (2011).
364:men would be paid directly by users.
117:well upstream of Paris, not far from
7:
346:on December 8, 1870, where they met
278:First contract, with Germain Rampont
158:to feel connected to the provinces.
1393:(in French). Valeur philatélique.
1311:Paul Charbon; et al. (1996).
1048:(in French): 1. 26 December 1870 .
273:Bargaining and influence struggles
90:from the provinces to the city of
14:
1172:(in French). FeniXX. p. 61.
1365:(in French and German): 426–431.
1263:
1094:Michaud, Melot & Sinais 1996
1063:Michaud, Melot & Sinais 1996
1027:Michaud, Melot & Sinais 1996
966:Michaud, Melot & Sinais 1996
882:Michaud, Melot & Sinais 1996
848:Michaud, Melot & Sinais 1996
831:Michaud, Melot & Sinais 1996
816:Michaud, Melot & Sinais 1996
792:Michaud, Melot & Sinais 1996
743:Michaud, Melot & Sinais 1996
712:Michaud, Melot & Sinais 1996
424:Mail route from Moulins to Paris
197:Principle, description and tests
1363:Journal philatélique suisse-SBZ
1330:Delort, Pierre-Charles (1871).
1298:(in French). Union marcophile.
1354:Emmeneger, Jean-Louis (2018).
1169:Les grands moments de la poste
911:Les grands moments de la poste
527: Ball immersion locations
352:Government of National Defense
1:
348:François-Frédéric Steenackers
328:François-Frédéric Steenackers
86:was a method of transporting
868:(in French): 224–226. 1890 .
988:(in French) (51): 18. 2001.
618:Painting by Hélène Vonoven.
539: Known draft locations
1472:
1379:Le Monde de la technologie
1138:French Ministry of Culture
449:, where they were stored.
1313:Le Patrimoine de La Poste
1282:"Les Boules de Moulins".
1166:Pierre Chauvigny (1988).
1134:Reference no. 11160107815
909:Pierre Chauvigny (1988).
725:1910 Great Flood of Paris
145:Balloon-making workshop (
133:and private collections.
24:
1419:Brochure Philexfrance 99
1412:(in French) (134): 4–10.
1197:(in French). p. 25.
1446:Postal system of France
1421:(in French) (2): 66–71.
1356:"Les boules de Moulins"
1291:Robert Boussac (1988).
1154:Grain & Sausse 2011
1118:Grain & Sausse 2011
897:Grain & Sausse 2011
804:Grain & Sausse 2011
780:Grain & Sausse 2011
729:Grain & Sausse 2011
689:"Académie des sciences"
1286:(in French) (2). 1995.
619:
594:
541:
441:
399:
386:Practical arrangements
331:
289:
221:
206:
150:
1239:(in French). La Poste
1045:Le Moniteur Universel
617:
592:
522:Moulins balls course.
521:
431:
405:Le Moniteur universel
393:
326:
285:
219:
204:
144:
119:Montereau-Fault-Yonne
1295:Feuilles marcophiles
633:As part of the 1979
533: Collecting net
514:Subsequent repechage
508:Patrice de Mac Mahon
485:Statement of failure
1335:(in French). Paris.
695:(in French). 1871 .
585:Philatelic interest
398:on January 3, 1871.
292:Robert met General
211:message in a bottle
21:
1237:"Boule de Moulins"
1077:, p. 6 et 27.
767:, p. 426-427.
641:, France issued a
620:
595:
575:Cotentin peninsula
542:
442:
400:
332:
290:
222:
207:
151:
94:, used during the
1400:978-2-9084-4101-7
1322:978-2-8423-4008-7
1179:978-2-4022-4851-8
968:, p. 6 et 8.
924:978-2-4022-4851-8
563:Vatteville-la-Rue
381:Operational stage
147:Gare d'Austerlitz
131:Musée de La Poste
80:
79:
33:Musée de La Poste
1463:
1456:History of Paris
1422:
1413:
1410:Timbres Magazine
1404:
1387:Gérard Lhéritier
1382:
1376:
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1271:Philately portal
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628:Musée Carnavalet
538:
532:
526:
466:Port Ă l'Anglais
459:Samois-sur-Seine
438:Samois-sur-Seine
336:La Ferté-Bernard
306:Clermont-Ferrand
261:Port Ă l'Anglais
84:Boule de Moulins
29:
22:
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555:Saint-Wandrille
540:
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487:
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447:Cosne-sur-Loire
426:
388:
383:
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302:Germain Rampont
287:Germain Rampont
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36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1383:
1367:
1351:
1327:
1321:
1308:
1288:
1275:
1274:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1228:
1201:
1186:
1178:
1158:
1146:
1122:
1120:, p. 5-6.
1110:
1108:, p. 429.
1106:Emmeneger 2018
1098:
1079:
1067:
1052:
1031:
1004:
992:
970:
958:
943:
941:, p. 427.
939:Emmeneger 2018
931:
923:
917:. p. 47.
901:
886:
871:
852:
835:
820:
808:
796:
794:, p. 4-5.
784:
769:
765:Emmeneger 2018
756:
755:
753:
750:
748:
747:
733:
716:
708:Emmeneger 2018
706:clandestinely—
698:
678:
664:
662:
659:
658:
657:
650:
647:
639:postal history
611:
608:
586:
583:
559:Seine-Maritime
535:
529:
523:
515:
512:
486:
483:
481:
478:
455:Bray-sur-Seine
434:Valvins bridge
425:
422:
387:
384:
382:
379:
369:
366:
314:Gare d'Orléans
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
268:Implementation
266:
198:
195:
187:military trial
183:gates of Paris
175:Gare d'Orléans
138:
135:
127:Seine-et-Marne
78:
77:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1468:
1457:
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1357:
1352:
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1342:
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1301:
1297:
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1289:
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1279:
1278:
1272:
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1238:
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1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1196:
1190:
1187:
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1175:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1159:
1155:
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1147:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1111:
1107:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1029:, p. 10.
1028:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1005:
1002:, p. 17.
1001:
996:
993:
987:
980:
974:
971:
967:
962:
959:
955:
950:
948:
944:
940:
935:
932:
926:
920:
916:
915:France-Empire
912:
905:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
867:
863:
856:
853:
849:
844:
842:
840:
836:
832:
827:
825:
821:
817:
812:
809:
805:
800:
797:
793:
788:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
761:
758:
751:
744:
737:
734:
730:
726:
720:
717:
713:
710:, p. 429
709:
702:
699:
694:
690:
682:
679:
676:, p. 16.
675:
669:
666:
660:
656:
653:
652:
648:
646:
644:
643:postage stamp
640:
636:
631:
629:
625:
624:oil on canvas
616:
609:
607:
603:
599:
591:
584:
582:
580:
576:
572:
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
520:
513:
511:
509:
504:
500:
495:
491:
484:
479:
477:
473:
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
450:
448:
439:
435:
430:
423:
421:
418:
414:
411:
407:
406:
397:
392:
385:
380:
378:
376:
367:
365:
362:
358:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
329:
325:
321:
319:
318:Ernest Picard
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
288:
284:
277:
272:
267:
265:
262:
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
242:turbine blade
239:
234:
229:
227:
218:
214:
212:
203:
196:
194:
192:
188:
184:
178:
176:
172:
171:Gare de l'Est
168:
164:
159:
156:
155:Prussian army
148:
143:
136:
134:
132:
128:
122:
120:
116:
112:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
34:
28:
23:
1418:
1409:
1390:
1378:
1362:
1331:
1312:
1296:
1292:
1283:
1276:
1257:Bibliography
1241:. Retrieved
1231:
1218:. Retrieved
1214:Paris musées
1213:
1204:
1189:
1168:
1161:
1156:, p. 4.
1149:
1130:Base Joconde
1125:
1113:
1101:
1096:, p. 9.
1070:
1065:, p. 7.
1043:
1034:
995:
985:
973:
961:
956:, p. 9.
934:
910:
904:
899:, p. 3.
884:, p. 8.
865:
855:
850:, p. 6.
833:, p. 5.
818:, p. 4.
811:
806:, p. 1.
799:
787:
782:, p. 2.
760:
745:, p. 9.
736:
731:, p. 5.
719:
714:, p. 9.
701:
692:
681:
668:
655:Balloon mail
635:Europa issue
632:
621:
604:
600:
596:
567:
553:operator at
543:
496:
492:
488:
474:
463:
451:
443:
419:
415:
403:
401:
371:
333:
310:balloon mail
291:
250:
230:
223:
208:
179:
167:Gare du Nord
163:balloon mail
160:
152:
123:
108:
83:
81:
65:Participants
44:January 1871
20:Moulins Ball
1441:River Seine
1381:(154): 1–6.
1216:(in French)
1142:(in French)
1075:Delort 1871
1000:Delort 1871
954:Delort 1871
741:addressees—
674:Delort 1871
637:devoted to
610:Iconography
547:Les Andelys
503:open letter
470:Alfortville
361:Puy-de-DĂ´me
334:Landing at
1430:Categories
1243:16 October
1220:9 February
752:References
571:Saint-Malo
1451:Philately
1341:cite book
1304:0755-8945
986:Phil'Info
396:Avranches
342:and then
238:smuggling
35:, Paris).
1389:(1992).
1040:"DĂ©cret"
649:See also
432:The old
357:Bordeaux
49:Location
579:trawled
551:dredger
499:ice jam
480:Results
410:franked
375:Moulins
340:Le Mans
298:Algeria
257:Arcueil
246:ballast
226:density
100:Moulins
73:Outcome
1397:
1319:
1302:
1176:
921:
537:
531:
525:
294:Trochu
253:Bièvre
104:Allier
52:France
1375:(PDF)
1359:(PDF)
1333:Paris
982:(PDF)
661:Notes
344:Tours
191:Seine
115:Seine
96:siege
92:Paris
57:Cause
1436:Zinc
1395:ISBN
1347:link
1317:ISBN
1300:ISSN
1245:2022
1222:2017
1174:ISBN
919:ISBN
723:The
686:up.—
233:zinc
173:and
111:zinc
88:mail
41:Date
622:An
468:in
457:to
436:at
255:at
1432::
1377:.
1361:.
1343:}}
1339:{{
1212:.
1140:.
1136:,
1132::
1082:^
1055:^
1042:.
1007:^
984:.
946:^
913:.
889:^
874:^
864:.
838:^
823:^
772:^
691:.
320:.
169:,
149:).
82:A
1403:.
1349:)
1325:.
1306:.
1249:.
1247:.
1226:.
1224:.
1199:.
1184:.
1182:.
1144:.
1050:.
990:.
929:.
927:.
859:.
557:(
330:.
102:(
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