56:
1101:
tribe and town in what now are
Estonia and Latvia to submit to baptism or the sword. On Jan. 6, 1227, a huge army of crusading Germans, Rigans, Letts and Estonians gathered on the mainland parallel to Oesel. They and their horses marched across the frozen Baltic to the tiny island of Mona, attached by causeway to Oesel's northeastern tip. Deprived of a maritime defense, the Oeselians were finally forced to succumb.
294:
563:
336:
853:
For centuries
Swedish raiders pillaged along the Baltic's eastern shores, but there they faced rivals such as the Kurs and the piratical Saarlased, or Oeselians, from the Estonian island of Saaremaa. Saaremaa's current coat of arms pictures a longboat, and Viking images thrive in Latvian and Estonian
1100:
In the early 13th century, the residents of Oesel, as
Saaremaa was then known, were notorious for pirating Baltic churches. They were, indeed, the very last pagan holdouts in the region; by the year 1227, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, crusaders who originated in Germany, had forced every other
1028:
Henry's chronicle includes quotations ascribed to the
Oeselians, such as Laula! Laula, pappi! (HCL XVIII.8). The expression is unambiguously Finnic and supports the identification of Oeselians as a Finnic language group. This is further corroborated by the Finnic toponymy that does not seem to
663:
in 1241, setting penalties for pagan rituals. The next treaty was signed in 1255 by the Master of the Order, Anno
Sangerhausenn, and, on behalf of the Oeselians, by elders whose "names" (or declaration?) had been phonetically transcribed by Latin scribes as Ylle, Culle, Enu, Muntelene, Tappete,
664:
Yalde, Melete, and Cake. The treaty granted several extraordinary rights to the
Oeselians. The 1255 treaty included unique clauses concerning the ownership and inheritance of land, the social system, and exemption from certain restrictive religious observances.
854:
legends, jewelry, and folk dress. "Saarlased were the
Vikings of the Baltics," said Bruno Pao, a marine historian on Saaremaa. "We have found stone ship settings, burial mounds, silver hoards. The pagan era here lasted until the 13th century."
593:
and the bishop
Theodorich joined forces and invaded Saaremaa over the frozen sea. In return the Oeselians raided the territories in Latvia that were under German rule the following spring. In 1220, the Swedish army led by king
419:), are surrounded by the sea and never fear strong armies as their strength is in their ships. In summers when they can travel across the sea they oppress the surrounding lands by raiding both Christians and pagans."
617:
attempted the second conquest of
Saaremaa, this time establishing a stone fortress housing a strong garrison. The Danish stronghold was besieged and surrendered within five days, the Danish garrison returned to
780:
702:
led a campaign over the frozen sea to
Saaremaa. The Oeselians' stronghold was conquered and their leader Vesse was hanged. In the early spring of 1345, the next campaign of the
667:
In 1261, warfare continued as the Oeselians had again renounced Christianity and killed all the Germans on the island. A peace treaty was signed after the united forces of the
550:, Frederick of Zelle, during the 13th century. The Oeselians are quoted using the words "Laula! Laula! Pappi!" (Sing! Sing! Priest!) when torturing the missionary. This
1041:
610:
in Western Estonia. Oeselians attacked the Swedish stronghold the same year, conquered it and killed the entire Swedish garrison, including the Bishop of Linköping.
378:
in written records dating from around that time. In Viking Age literature, the inhabitants were often included under the name "Vikings from Estonia", as written by
213:
512:, Saaremaa. The name Taarapita has been interpreted as "Taara, help!" (Taara a(v)ita in Estonian) or "Taara keeper" (Taara pidaja). Taara is associated with the
322:
986:
1112:
Forey, A.J. 1993, "Military Orders and Secular Warfare in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries", Viator, vol. 24, pp. 79-100. (page 99 cited)
266:
231:
97:
748:
241:
1149:
736:
256:
599:
1061:
943:
920:
902:
877:
390:
in the 13th century. The inhabitants of Saaremaa (Ösel) are also mentioned in a number of historic written sources dating from the
165:
130:
315:
590:
867:
691:
626:' brother Theodoric and few others behind hostages as pledges for peace. The castle was leveled to the ground by Oeselians.
1011:
Folklore Studies / Dept. of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies, University of Helsinki, Helsinki (January 2015).
679:
including mainland Estonians and Latvians defeated the Oeselians by conquering the Kaarma stronghold. Soon thereafter, the
429:
478:
could carry approximately 30 men and had a high prow shaped like a dragon or a snakehead as well as a quadrangular sail.
1154:
282:
236:
575:
308:
208:
35:
153:
554:
expression has been suggested to support the identification of Oeselians as a Finnic language group at that time.
732:
672:
660:
571:
462:
403:
1139:
1029:
include substantial earlier substrate layers (at least in the light of research today; cf. Kallasmaa 1996–2000)
715:
740:
699:
251:
115:
933:
203:
198:
990:
694:, the Oeselians killed all the Germans on the island, drowned all the clerics and started to besiege the
1144:
1035:
760:
709:
454:
391:
120:
92:
520:. The story of Tharapita's or Taara's flight from Vironia to Saaremaa has been associated with a major
698:'s castle at Pöide. The Oeselians levelled the castle and killed all the defenders. In February 1344,
743:
until the island was taken back to the direct administration of Denmark and in 1645 became a part of
433:
describes a fleet of sixteen ships and five hundred Oeselians ravaging the area that is now southern
1121:
1072:
1227. (2018). In Helicon (Ed.), The Hutchinson chronology of world history. Abington, UK: Helicon.
960:
638:
261:
180:
44:
607:
55:
1057:
939:
916:
898:
873:
844:
398:
351:
1159:
800:
595:
551:
543:
487:
446:
387:
379:
170:
125:
972:
808:
784:
645:
355:
175:
65:
684:
494:. According to the legend in the chronicle, Tharapita was born on a forested mountain in
589:
landed on Saaremaa and attempted to establish a stronghold without success. In 1216 the
792:
724:
720:
703:
695:
680:
676:
668:
656:
634:
630:
623:
586:
567:
499:
383:
298:
246:
140:
1133:
528:
457:
mobilised his entire fleet to curb the incursions of Couronian and Estonian pirates.
442:
135:
77:
72:
728:
652:
532:
524:
160:
1054:
913:
892:
614:
582:
513:
562:
547:
546:
wrote about an encounter between the Oeselian pagans and a captured Christian
367:
848:
1083:
491:
416:
450:
359:
335:
17:
644:
In 1236, after the defeat of the Livonian Brothers of the Sword in the
633:
organized a combined attack against Saaremaa. After the destruction of
619:
504:
495:
438:
363:
271:
744:
603:
521:
434:
382:
in the late 12th century. The earliest known use of the word in the (
1012:
509:
334:
82:
723:, and the Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek. In 1559, after the fall of the
474:. The former was a warship, the latter mainly a merchant ship. A
517:
87:
935:
Crusading and chronicle writing on the medieval Baltic frontier
401:, the people then residing in Saaremaa were described in the
1122:
Liv-, est- und kurländisches Urkundenbuch: Nebst Regesten
466:
describes the Oeselians as using two kinds of ships, the
835:
Vesilind, Priit J. (May 2000). "In Search of Vikings".
1013:"De situ linguarum fennicarum aetatis ferreae, Pars I"
706:
took place that ended with a treaty mentioned in the
350:
is a historical name for the people who prior to the
719:. Saaremaa remained the vassal of the master of the
27:
Historical term for inhabitants of Saaremaa, Estonia
739:of Denmark, who resigned the lands to his brother
1055:The Baltic Crusade By William L. Urban; p 113-114
629:In 1227, the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, and
641:, the Oeselians formally accepted Christianity.
648:, military action on Saaremaa broke out again.
486:The superior god of Oeselians as described by
316:
8:
1040:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
914:The Chronicle of Henry of Livonia, Page 193
987:"Eesti ja Soome-Ugri Keeleteaduse Ajakiri"
508:), mainland Estonia from where he flew to
323:
309:
29:
561:
386:) form of "Oeselians" in writing was by
827:
772:
527:estimated to have happened in 660 ± 85
43:
32:
1090:. New York. The New York Times Company
1033:
968:
958:
866:Prudence Jones, Nigel Pennick (2013).
932:Tamm et. al. (eds.) (22 April 2016).
581:In 1206, the Danish army led by king
7:
659:'s Master Andreas de Velven and the
655:again by signing treaties with the
25:
453:in 1170 in which the Danish king
354:in the 13th century lived in the
1084:"A Newly Opened Estonian Island"
292:
54:
591:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1:
430:Chronicle of Henry of Livonia
1082:Roston, Anne (15 Aug 1993).
683:established a stone fort at
370:island was also referred as
166:Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)
692:St. George's Night Uprising
587:Andreas, the Bishop of Lund
576:National Archives of Sweden
267:Restoration of independence
232:Declaration of Independence
1176:
938:. Routledge. p. 125.
896:By William L. Urban; p. 20
872:. Routledge. p. 166.
1150:Social history of Estonia
869:A History of Pagan Europe
613:In 1222, the Danish king
463:Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
404:Livonian Rhymed Chronicle
1017:RMN Newsletter 9: 64–115
716:Novgorod First Chronicle
690:On 24 July 1343, during
631:Bishop Albert of Livonia
566:The 1241 Treaty between
741:Duke Magnus of Holstein
441:. In the XIVth book of
812:
804:
796:
788:
733:Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
700:Burchard von Dreileben
673:Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
661:Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
578:
572:Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
503:
482:Religion and mythology
449:describes a battle on
340:
761:Viking Age in Estonia
710:Hermann von Wartberge
565:
338:
93:Baltic Finnic peoples
558:Conquest of Saaremaa
437:, then belonging to
272:Contemporary Estonia
1155:History of Saaremaa
837:National Geographic
749:Treaty of Brömsebro
651:Oeselians accepted
411:, neighbors to the
392:Estonian Viking Age
237:War of Independence
1088:The New York Times
971:has generic name (
894:The Baltic Crusade
639:Valjala Stronghold
579:
341:
339:The island of Ösel
299:Estonia portal
262:Singing Revolution
209:National awakening
181:Great Northern War
735:sold Saaremaa to
637:and surrender of
622:, leaving bishop
600:Karl of Linköping
574:and Oeselians at
423:Battles and raids
399:Northern Crusades
352:Northern Crusades
333:
332:
257:Soviet occupation
214:German occupation
16:(Redirected from
1167:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1097:
1095:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1025:
1023:
1008:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
989:. Archived from
983:
977:
976:
970:
966:
964:
956:
954:
952:
929:
923:
911:
905:
890:
884:
883:
863:
857:
856:
832:
815:
783:
777:
675:, the forces of
596:John I of Sweden
544:Henry of Livonia
488:Henry of Livonia
447:Saxo Grammaticus
388:Henry of Livonia
380:Saxo Grammaticus
325:
318:
311:
297:
296:
295:
126:Livonian Crusade
110:Medieval Estonia
98:Ancient counties
58:
48:
30:
21:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1140:Ancient peoples
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1093:
1091:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1053:
1049:
1032:
1021:
1019:
1010:
1009:
1005:
996:
994:
985:
984:
980:
967:
957:
950:
948:
946:
931:
930:
926:
912:
908:
891:
887:
880:
865:
864:
860:
834:
833:
829:
824:
819:
818:
779:
778:
774:
769:
757:
646:Battle of Saule
635:Muhu Stronghold
598:and the bishop
560:
541:
484:
425:
329:
293:
291:
277:
276:
242:Interwar period
227:
219:
218:
204:Russian Livonia
199:Russian Estonia
194:
193:Russian Estonia
186:
185:
176:Swedish Livonia
156:
154:Swedish Estonia
146:
145:
111:
103:
102:
68:
66:Ancient Estonia
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1173:
1171:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1125:
1114:
1105:
1074:
1065:
1047:
1003:
978:
944:
924:
906:
885:
878:
858:
826:
825:
823:
820:
817:
816:
771:
770:
768:
765:
764:
763:
756:
753:
725:Livonian order
721:Livonian Order
704:Livonian Order
696:Livonian Order
681:Livonian Order
677:Danish Estonia
669:Livonian Order
657:Livonian Order
624:Albert of Riga
568:Livonian Order
559:
556:
540:
537:
483:
480:
424:
421:
397:On the eve of
331:
330:
328:
327:
320:
313:
305:
302:
301:
288:
287:
279:
278:
275:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
247:Era of Silence
244:
239:
234:
228:
226:Modern Estonia
225:
224:
221:
220:
217:
216:
211:
206:
201:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
184:
183:
178:
173:
171:Polish Livonia
168:
163:
157:
152:
151:
148:
147:
144:
143:
141:Baltic Germans
138:
133:
131:Danish Estonia
128:
123:
118:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:
101:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
69:
64:
63:
60:
59:
51:
50:
41:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1172:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1089:
1085:
1078:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:0-929700-10-4
1059:
1056:
1051:
1048:
1043:
1037:
1030:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1004:
993:on 2018-10-10
992:
988:
982:
979:
974:
962:
947:
945:9781317156796
941:
937:
936:
928:
925:
922:
921:0-231-12889-4
918:
915:
910:
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904:
903:0-929700-10-4
900:
897:
895:
889:
886:
881:
879:9781136141720
875:
871:
870:
862:
859:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
831:
828:
821:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
776:
773:
766:
762:
759:
758:
754:
752:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
717:
712:
711:
708:Chronicle of
705:
701:
697:
693:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
665:
662:
658:
654:
649:
647:
642:
640:
636:
632:
627:
625:
621:
616:
611:
609:
605:
601:
597:
592:
588:
584:
577:
573:
569:
564:
557:
555:
553:
549:
545:
538:
536:
535:in Saaremaa.
534:
530:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:
501:
497:
493:
489:
481:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
464:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:Gesta Danorum
440:
436:
432:
431:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
405:
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385:
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365:
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253:
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233:
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212:
210:
207:
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197:
196:
190:
189:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
158:
155:
150:
149:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
127:
124:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
107:
106:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
78:Narva culture
76:
74:
73:Kunda culture
71:
70:
67:
62:
61:
57:
53:
52:
49:
42:
37:
31:
19:
1145:Baltic Finns
1117:
1108:
1099:
1092:. Retrieved
1087:
1077:
1068:
1050:
1036:cite journal
1027:
1020:. Retrieved
1016:
1006:
995:. Retrieved
991:the original
981:
969:|last1=
949:. Retrieved
934:
927:
909:
893:
888:
868:
861:
852:
840:
836:
830:
775:
737:Frederick II
729:Livonian War
714:
707:
689:
666:
653:Christianity
650:
643:
628:
612:
580:
542:
533:Kaali crater
531:that formed
514:Scandinavian
485:
475:
471:
467:
461:
459:
428:
426:
412:
408:
402:
396:
375:
371:
347:
343:
342:
283:
252:World War II
161:Livonian War
789:Ösel, Oesel
615:Valdemar II
583:Valdemar II
490:was called
136:Old Livonia
45:History of
1134:Categories
1094:10 October
997:2018-10-09
822:References
602:conquered
548:missionary
455:Valdemar I
368:Baltic Sea
358:island of
284:Chronology
121:Viking Age
1022:5 October
961:cite book
951:5 October
849:0027-9358
781:‹See Tfd›
492:Tharapita
417:Curonians
409:Oeselians
384:Latinised
344:Oeselians
116:Oeselians
755:See also
713:and the
539:Language
525:disaster
476:piratica
470:and the
468:piratica
366:) – the
360:Saaremaa
356:Estonian
348:Osilians
36:a series
34:Part of
18:Oeselian
1160:Vikings
801:Swedish
747:by the
608:Rotalia
505:Vironia
496:Virumaa
472:liburna
439:Denmark
407:: "The
372:Oeselia
47:Estonia
1060:
942:
919:
901:
876:
847:
809:Danish
797:Osilia
785:German
745:Sweden
731:, the
671:, the
604:Lihula
552:Finnic
522:meteor
435:Sweden
376:Osilia
88:Chudes
38:on the
843:(5).
793:Latin
767:Notes
685:Pöide
620:Reval
510:Oesel
500:Latin
451:Öland
83:Aesti
1096:2018
1058:ISBN
1042:link
1024:2018
973:help
953:2018
940:ISBN
917:ISBN
899:ISBN
874:ISBN
845:ISSN
813:Øsel
805:Ösel
585:and
529:B.C.
518:Thor
516:god
460:The
427:The
413:Kurs
364:Ösel
841:197
727:in
606:in
374:or
346:or
1136::
1098:.
1086:.
1038:}}
1034:{{
1026:.
1015:.
965::
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959:{{
851:.
839:.
811::
807:,
803::
799:,
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787::
751:.
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394:.
1044:)
1000:.
975:)
955:.
882:.
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415:(
362:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
