185:. This misdirection of nerve fibres results in opposing muscles being innervated by the same nerve. Thus, on attempted abduction, stimulation of the lateral rectus via the oculomotor nerve will be accompanied by stimulation of the opposing medial rectus via the same nerve; a muscle which works to adduct the eye. Thus, co-contraction of the muscles takes place, limiting the amount of movement achievable and also resulting in retraction of the eye into the socket. They also noticed mechanical factors and considered them secondary to loss of innervation: During corrective surgery fibrous attachments have been found connecting the horizontal recti and the orbital walls and fibrosis of the lateral rectus has been confirmed by biopsy. This fibrosis can result in the lateral rectus being 'tight' and acting as a tether or leash. Co-contraction of the medial and lateral recti allows the globe to slip up or down under the tight lateral rectus producing the up and down shoots characteristic of the condition.
70:
257:
changes or head postures, when attempting to determine whether what often presents as a common childhood squint (note-"squint" is a
British term for two eyes not looking in the same direction) is in fact Duane syndrome. Fissure changes, and the other associated characteristics of Duane's such as up or down shoots and globe retraction, are also vital when deciding whether any abduction limitation is the result of Duane's and not a consequence of VI or abducens cranial nerve palsy.
280:
they are forced to adopt a cosmetically unsightly or uncomfortable head posture in order to maintain binocularity. The aims of surgery are to place the eye in a more central position and, thus, place the field of binocularity more centrally also, and to overcome or reduce the need for the adoption of an abnormal head posture. Occasionally, surgery is not needed during childhood, but becomes appropriate later in life, as head position changes (presumably due to progressive muscle
177:, causing some eye muscles to contract when they shouldn't and other eye muscles not to contract when they should. Alexandrakis and Saunders found that in most cases the abducens nucleus and nerve are absent or hypoplastic, and the lateral rectus muscle is innervated by a branch of the oculomotor nerve. This view is supported by the earlier work of Hotchkiss et al. who reported on the autopsy findings of two patients with Duane's syndrome. In both cases the
42:
110:
279:
cannot be replaced, and traditionally there has been no expectation that surgery will result in any increase in the range of eye movement. Surgical intervention, therefore, has only been recommended where the patient is unable to maintain binocularity, where they are experiencing symptoms, or where
310:
Most patients are diagnosed by the age of 10 years and Duane's is more common in girls (60 percent of the cases) than boys (40 percent of the cases). A French study reports that this syndrome accounts for 1.9% of the population of strabismic patients, 53.5% of patients are female, is unilateral in
300:
Lateral transposition of the vertical muscles described by
Rosenbaum has been shown to improve range of movement of the eye. The surgical procedure produces 40-65 degrees of binocular field. Orbital wall fixation of the lateral rectus muscle (muscle is disinserted and reattached to lateral orbital
256:
In the clinical setting, the principal difficulties in differential diagnosis arise as a consequence of the very early age at which patients with this condition first present. The clinician must be persistent in examining abduction and adduction, and in looking for any associated palpebral fissure
2613:
929:
914:
138:
Widening of the palpebral fissure on attempted abduction. (N. B. Mein and
Trimble point out that this is "probably of no significance" as the phenomenon also occurs in other conditions in which abduction is
633:
Zankl A, Duncan EL, Leo PJ, Clark GR, Glazov EA, Addor MC, Herlin T, Kim CA, Leheup BP, McGill J, McTaggart S, Mittas S, Mitchell AL, Mortier GR, Robertson SP, Schroeder M, Terhal P, Brown MA (March 2012).
297:
Morad et al. showed improved abduction after modest unilateral medial rectus recession and lateral rectus resection in a subgroup of patients with mild eye retraction and good adduction before surgery.
396:
Duane A (1996). "Congenital deficiency of abduction, associated with impairment of adduction, retraction movements, contraction of the palpebral fissure and oblique movements of the eye. 1905".
384:
Duane A (1905). "Congenital
Deficiency of Abduction associated with impairment of adduction, retraction movements, contraction of the palpebral fissure and oblique movements of the eye".
294:
in the involved eye or both eyes. By weakening the medial rectus muscles this procedure improves the crossed-eye appearance but does not improve outward eye movements (abductions).
101:
Other names for this condition include: Duane's retraction syndrome, eye retraction syndrome, retraction syndrome, congenital retraction syndrome and
Stilling-TĂĽrk-Duane syndrome.
2058:
784:
370:
1455:
113:
Patient with Duane syndrome attempting to look far right. Notice the affected left eye faces straight and up, rather than following the right eye to the right.
2127:
2053:
244:
Type C: the limitation of adduction exceeds the limitation of abduction. There is an exotropic deviation and a head turn to compensate the loss of adduction
798:
Rosenbaum, AL (October 2004). "Costenbader
Lecture. The efficacy of rectus muscle transposition surgery in esotropic Duane syndrome and VI nerve palsy".
1067:
301:
wall) is recommended an effective method to inactivate a lateral rectus muscle in cases of marked anomalous innervation and severe cocontraction.
2075:
2070:
1895:
153:
While usually isolated to the eye abnormalities, Duane syndrome can be associated with other problems including cervical spine abnormalities
2618:
1935:
2048:
944:
636:"Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis is caused by mutations clustering in the amino-terminal transcriptional activation domain of MAFB"
2043:
1930:
1497:
733:
1658:
541:
Hotchkiss MG, Miller NR, Clark AW, Green WR (May 1980). "Bilateral Duane's retraction syndrome. A clinical-pathologic case report".
490:
1798:
272:
is uncommon and, where present, rarely dense. This can be treated with occlusion, and any refractive error can also be corrected.
1763:
193:
There are two known genetic associations with Duane
Syndrome. In some families the condition is associated with variants in the
2338:
1856:
1768:
315:; these are more likely to be bilateral than non-familial Duane syndrome. Duane syndrome has no particular race predilection.
1758:
1487:
698:
2608:
1851:
1742:
1608:
2249:
1940:
1925:
1137:
1095:
1060:
145:
A head turn to the side of the affected eye to compensate for the movement limitations of the eye(s) and to maintain
2065:
1861:
1835:
1793:
1788:
1653:
1526:
1514:
1470:
2132:
1531:
154:
2244:
2038:
1885:
1730:
1477:
181:
nucleus and nerve was absent, and the lateral rectus muscle was innervated by the inferior division of the third
1783:
1754:
1378:
1343:
958:
311:
78% of cases, and the left eye (71.9%) is affected more frequently than the right. Around 10–20% of cases are
268:
The majority of patients remain symptom free and able to maintain binocularity with only a slight face turn.
2623:
2254:
2008:
1808:
1328:
1321:
324:
234:
Brown(1950) has classified Duane's syndrome according to the characteristics of the limitation of movement-
2523:
2493:
2428:
2423:
2150:
1428:
1293:
1053:
2466:
2142:
1020:
778:
345:
749:
Morad, Y; Kraft, SP; Mims JL, 3rd (June 2001). "Unilateral recession and resection in Duane syndrome".
2239:
1825:
1820:
1778:
1593:
1509:
589:
482:
69:
2544:
2418:
2218:
2101:
2093:
1881:
1845:
1830:
1685:
1465:
1245:
933:
174:
2155:
1905:
1813:
1737:
1690:
1502:
1438:
1423:
1283:
1232:
291:
158:
2498:
2395:
2160:
2020:
1803:
1460:
1366:
969:
873:
842:
815:
766:
729:
665:
615:
558:
523:
486:
413:
364:
54:
2286:
2276:
2122:
2097:
2030:
1996:
1915:
1546:
1536:
1433:
1288:
1175:
1165:
807:
758:
655:
647:
605:
597:
550:
515:
474:
405:
146:
578:"Human CHN1 mutations hyperactivate alpha2-chimaerin and cause Duane's retraction syndrome"
2353:
2317:
2281:
1900:
1725:
1712:
1646:
1603:
1521:
1333:
1265:
1185:
1170:
1035:
230:
Type III: Limitation of both abduction and adduction and any form of horizontal strabismus
95:
554:
475:
409:
593:
2583:
2435:
2380:
1991:
1920:
1702:
1672:
1618:
1572:
1443:
1316:
1250:
1240:
938:
660:
635:
610:
577:
576:
Miyake N, Chilton J, Psatha M, Cheng L, Andrews C, Chan WM, et al. (August 2008).
178:
91:
519:
2602:
2503:
2358:
2298:
2015:
1963:
1910:
1840:
1749:
1636:
1613:
1541:
1450:
1255:
1160:
276:
162:
59:
2368:
2196:
1577:
1492:
1400:
1278:
1273:
1218:
1213:
998:
260:
Acquired Duane's syndrome is a rare event occurring after peripheral nerve palsy.
963:
811:
702:
2567:
2518:
2461:
2456:
2413:
2391:
2302:
2293:
2213:
2191:
2003:
1975:
1773:
1641:
1482:
1303:
1180:
1132:
1079:
1004:
281:
198:
41:
974:
651:
135:
on adduction, with associated narrowing of the palpebral fissure (eye closing).
2488:
2451:
2375:
2363:
2307:
2268:
2174:
2110:
2089:
1979:
1338:
1203:
1009:
923:
865:
683:
Brown HW (1950). "Congenital structural muscle anomalies". In Allen JH (ed.).
182:
132:
83:
2614:
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction
2539:
2513:
2387:
2333:
2321:
2206:
2201:
2186:
2182:
1720:
1418:
1395:
1208:
1155:
1150:
1127:
1045:
1040:
993:
762:
601:
269:
225:
219:
128:
109:
87:
877:
819:
770:
669:
619:
527:
506:
Alexandrakis G, Saunders RA (September 2001). "Duane retraction syndrome".
846:
562:
417:
2578:
2343:
1877:
1680:
1311:
1015:
312:
63:
906:
2405:
2348:
1890:
1697:
1628:
1598:
1588:
1195:
238:
Type A: with limited abduction and less-marked limitation of adduction
124:
Less marked limitation of adduction (inward movement) of the same eye.
90:
to move outward. The syndrome was first described by ophthalmologists
2508:
1410:
1387:
1107:
918:
864:
Andrews, Caroline V.; Hunter, David G.; Engle, Elizabeth C. (1993).
2480:
108:
434:
248:
The first type is more common and accounts for 85% of the cases.
1560:
1122:
952:
949:
194:
2565:
1961:
1364:
1093:
1049:
121:
Limitation of abduction (outward movement) of the affected eye.
94:(1887) and Siegmund TĂĽrk (1896), and subsequently named after
16:
Rare congenital disease characterized by external gaze palsy
728:(18th ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical. pp. 245, 291.
197:
gene and in others it is associated with variants in the
833:
Mehel E, Quére MA, Lavenant F, Pechereau A (1996). "".
724:
Emmett T. Cunningham; Paul
Riordan-Eva (17 May 2011).
241:
Type B: showing limited abduction but normal adduction
457:
Diagnosis and management of ocular motility disorders
98:, who discussed the disorder in more detail in 1905.
896:
86:
most commonly characterized by the inability of the
49:
Duane
Syndrome type I in left eye. 10-year-old girl.
2532:
2479:
2444:
2404:
2316:
2267:
2232:
2173:
2141:
2109:
2088:
2029:
1974:
1870:
1711:
1671:
1627:
1568:
1559:
1409:
1386:
1377:
1302:
1264:
1231:
1194:
1115:
1106:
984:
900:
173:Duane syndrome is most probably a miswiring of the
53:
31:
26:
2054:arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)
275:Duane syndrome cannot be cured, as the "missing"
117:The characteristic features of the syndrome are:
1061:
8:
2128:Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia
726:Vaughan & Asbury's general ophthalmology
1456:Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy
783:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
429:
427:
369:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
224:Type II: Limited adduction with or without
2562:
2326:
2115:
2106:
1984:
1971:
1958:
1565:
1383:
1374:
1361:
1112:
1103:
1090:
1068:
1054:
1046:
897:
218:Type I: Limited abduction with or without
68:
40:
23:
659:
609:
481:(3rd ed.). Mosby Elsevier. pp.
468:
466:
336:
776:
362:
872:. University of Washington, Seattle.
346:"Orphanet: Duane retraction syndrome"
214:Duane's syndrome has three variants:
7:
1936:Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
555:10.1001/archopht.1980.01020030864013
410:10.1001/archopht.1996.01100140455017
344:RESERVED, INSERM US14-- ALL RIGHTS.
2059:non-arteritic anterior (NAION)
1896:Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
687:. St Louis: Mosby. pp. 205–36.
473:Myron Yanoff; Jay S. Duker (2009).
1931:Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis
14:
1659:Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
1764:Central retinal artery occlusion
1769:Branch retinal artery occlusion
1498:Terrien's marginal degeneration
685:Starbismus Ophthalmic Symposium
435:"Learning About Duane Syndrome"
404:(10): 1255–6, discussion 1257.
1799:Bietti's crystalline dystrophy
1759:Central retinal vein occlusion
1488:Pellucid marginal degeneration
455:Mein, J.; Trimble, R. (1991).
1:
1852:Vitelliform macular dystrophy
1743:Posterior vitreous detachment
1609:Persistent pupillary membrane
520:10.1016/S0896-1549(05)70238-8
287:Surgical approaches include:
82:is a congenital rare type of
2339:Leber's congenital amaurosis
2250:Internuclear ophthalmoplegia
1941:Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
1926:Persistent fetal vasculature
1857:Leber's congenital amaurosis
812:10.1016/j.jaapos.2004.07.006
2619:Syndromes affecting the eye
1138:Meibomian gland dysfunction
459:(2nd ed.). Blackwells.
165:, and congenital deafness.
2640:
1862:Birdshot chorioretinopathy
1836:Central serous retinopathy
1654:Focal choroidal excavation
1527:Corneal neovascularization
1344:Subconjunctival hemorrhage
652:10.1016/j.ajhg.2012.01.003
508:Ophthalmol. Clin. North Am
2574:
2561:
2329:
2245:Convergence insufficiency
2118:
1987:
1970:
1957:
1886:Primary juvenile glaucoma
1731:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
1373:
1360:
1146:
1102:
1089:
1080:Diseases of the human eye
699:"Squints & Lazy Eyes"
386:Archives of Ophthalmology
199:Transcription factor MafB
48:
39:
1755:Ocular ischemic syndrome
2255:One and a half syndrome
2009:Foster Kennedy syndrome
763:10.1067/mpa.2001.114187
602:10.1126/science.1156121
325:Pediatric ophthalmology
292:Medial rectus recession
2494:Argyll Robertson pupil
1294:Periorbital cellulitis
252:Differential diagnosis
114:
2467:Scintillating scotoma
2133:Kearns–Sayre syndrome
2076:Toxic and nutritional
2049:posterior (PION)
1532:Kayser–Fleischer ring
155:Klippel–Feil syndrome
112:
2609:Congenital disorders
2240:Conjugate gaze palsy
2111:Paralytic strabismus
2044:anterior (AION)
1826:Retinitis pigmentosa
1821:Macular degeneration
1594:Intermediate uveitis
1510:Keratoconjunctivitis
2545:Childhood blindness
2524:Parinaud's syndrome
2094:Extraocular muscles
1882:Ocular hypertension
1846:Epiretinal membrane
1831:Retinal haemorrhage
1686:Congenital cataract
594:2008Sci...321..839M
179:sixth cranial nerve
2071:Leber's hereditary
1738:Retinal detachment
1691:Childhood cataract
1503:Post-LASIK ectasia
1284:Orbital cellulitis
1233:Lacrimal apparatus
985:External resources
705:on 17 January 2013
159:Goldenhar syndrome
127:Retraction of the
115:
2596:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2499:Marcus Gunn pupil
2475:
2474:
2396:Visual impairment
2263:
2262:
2169:
2168:
2156:Fourth-nerve (IV)
2084:
2083:
2021:Optic disc drusen
1953:
1952:
1949:
1948:
1667:
1666:
1555:
1554:
1461:Corneal dystrophy
1356:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1227:
1226:
1030:
1029:
835:J. Fr. Ophtalmol.
640:Am. J. Hum. Genet
142:Poor convergence.
77:
76:
21:Medical condition
2631:
2563:
2327:
2318:Vision disorders
2277:Refractive error
2219:Brown's syndrome
2175:Other strabismus
2161:Sixth-nerve (VI)
2151:Oculomotor (III)
2123:Ophthalmoparesis
2116:
2107:
2098:Binocular vision
2031:Optic neuropathy
1997:optic papillitis
1985:
1972:
1959:
1848:(Macular pucker)
1566:
1547:Band keratopathy
1384:
1375:
1362:
1289:Orbital lymphoma
1176:Blepharophimosis
1166:Blepharochalasis
1113:
1104:
1091:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1047:
898:
888:
886:
884:
866:"Duane Syndrome"
851:
850:
830:
824:
823:
800:Journal of AAPOS
795:
789:
788:
782:
774:
751:Journal of AAPOS
746:
740:
739:
721:
715:
714:
712:
710:
701:. Archived from
695:
689:
688:
680:
674:
673:
663:
630:
624:
623:
613:
588:(5890): 839–43.
573:
567:
566:
543:Arch. Ophthalmol
538:
532:
531:
503:
497:
496:
480:
470:
461:
460:
452:
446:
445:
443:
441:
431:
422:
421:
393:
381:
375:
374:
368:
360:
358:
356:
341:
183:oculomotor nerve
147:binocular vision
73:
72:
44:
27:Duane's syndrome
24:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2588:
2570:
2549:
2528:
2471:
2440:
2400:
2354:Color blindness
2320:
2312:
2259:
2233:Other binocular
2228:
2165:
2137:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2080:
2025:
1978:
1966:
1945:
1901:Ocular hypotony
1866:
1726:Chorioretinitis
1707:
1663:
1647:Chorioretinitis
1623:
1604:Rubeosis iridis
1582:
1551:
1522:Corneal opacity
1478:Corneal ectasia
1405:
1369:
1348:
1334:Pseudopterygium
1298:
1260:
1223:
1190:
1186:Ankyloblepharon
1142:
1098:
1085:
1084:
1074:
1036:Duanes Syndrome
1031:
1026:
1025:
980:
979:
909:
895:
882:
880:
863:
860:
858:Further reading
855:
854:
841:(8–9): 533–42.
832:
831:
827:
797:
796:
792:
775:
748:
747:
743:
736:
723:
722:
718:
708:
706:
697:
696:
692:
682:
681:
677:
632:
631:
627:
575:
574:
570:
540:
539:
535:
505:
504:
500:
493:
472:
471:
464:
454:
453:
449:
439:
437:
433:
432:
425:
398:Arch Ophthalmol
395:
394:; Reprinted in
383:
382:
378:
361:
354:
352:
343:
342:
338:
333:
321:
308:
266:
254:
212:
207:
191:
171:
107:
96:Alexander Duane
67:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2637:
2635:
2627:
2626:
2624:Abducens nerve
2621:
2616:
2611:
2601:
2600:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2584:Onchocerciasis
2581:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2548:
2547:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2436:Quadrantanopia
2433:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2410:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2381:Oguchi disease
2373:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2305:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2273:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2226:
2224:Duane syndrome
2221:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2194:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2104:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2035:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1992:Optic neuritis
1988:
1982:
1968:
1967:
1962:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1921:Phthisis bulbi
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1804:Coats' disease
1801:
1796:
1794:of prematurity
1791:
1786:
1781:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1717:
1715:
1709:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1703:Ectopia lentis
1700:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1575:
1569:
1563:
1561:Vascular tunic
1557:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1468:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1444:Photokeratitis
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1324:
1317:Conjunctivitis
1314:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1251:Dacryocystitis
1248:
1243:
1241:Dacryoadenitis
1237:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1198:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1119:
1117:
1110:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1012:
1010:Duane Syndrome
1001:
989:
988:
986:
982:
981:
978:
977:
966:
955:
941:
926:
910:
905:
904:
902:
901:Classification
894:
893:External links
891:
890:
889:
859:
856:
853:
852:
825:
790:
741:
735:978-0071634205
734:
716:
690:
675:
646:(3): 494–501.
625:
568:
533:
498:
491:
462:
447:
423:
376:
335:
334:
332:
329:
328:
327:
320:
317:
307:
304:
303:
302:
298:
295:
265:
262:
253:
250:
246:
245:
242:
239:
232:
231:
228:
222:
211:
210:Classification
208:
206:
203:
190:
187:
170:
167:
151:
150:
143:
140:
136:
125:
122:
106:
103:
92:Jakob Stilling
80:Duane syndrome
75:
74:
57:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
29:
28:
20:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2636:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2531:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2504:Adie syndrome
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2359:Achromatopsia
2357:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2299:Anisometropia
2297:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:Accommodation
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2016:Optic atrophy
2014:
2010:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1916:Keratomycosis
1914:
1912:
1911:Globe rupture
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Macular edema
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1750:Retinoschisis
1748:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:Choroideremia
1635:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1614:Iridodialysis
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1542:Arcus senilis
1540:
1538:
1537:Haab's striae
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1451:Corneal ulcer
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:acanthamoebic
1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:Fibrous tunic
1376:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1256:Xerophthalmia
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1162:
1161:Lagophthalmos
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1002:
1000:
996:
995:
991:
990:
987:
983:
976:
972:
971:
967:
965:
961:
960:
956:
954:
951:
947:
946:
942:
940:
936:
935:
931:
927:
925:
921:
920:
916:
912:
911:
908:
903:
899:
892:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
861:
857:
848:
844:
840:
837:(in French).
836:
829:
826:
821:
817:
813:
809:
806:(5): 409–19.
805:
801:
794:
791:
786:
780:
772:
768:
764:
760:
757:(3): 158–63.
756:
752:
745:
742:
737:
731:
727:
720:
717:
704:
700:
694:
691:
686:
679:
676:
671:
667:
662:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
629:
626:
621:
617:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
572:
569:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
537:
534:
529:
525:
521:
517:
514:(3): 407–17.
513:
509:
502:
499:
494:
492:9780323043328
488:
484:
479:
478:
477:Ophthalmology
469:
467:
463:
458:
451:
448:
436:
430:
428:
424:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
391:
387:
380:
377:
372:
366:
351:
350:www.orpha.net
347:
340:
337:
330:
326:
323:
322:
318:
316:
314:
305:
299:
296:
293:
290:
289:
288:
285:
283:
278:
277:cranial nerve
273:
271:
263:
261:
258:
251:
249:
243:
240:
237:
236:
235:
229:
227:
223:
221:
217:
216:
215:
209:
204:
202:
200:
196:
188:
186:
184:
180:
176:
168:
166:
164:
163:heterochromia
160:
156:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
126:
123:
120:
119:
118:
111:
104:
102:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
71:
65:
61:
60:Ophthalmology
58:
56:
52:
47:
43:
38:
34:
30:
25:
19:
2394: /
2390: /
2369:Monochromacy
2301: /
2223:
2197:Heterophoria
2185: /
1884: /
1880: /
1784:hypertensive
1757: /
1578:Ciliary body
1493:Keratoglobus
1401:Episcleritis
1279:Enophthalmos
1274:Exophthalmos
1219:Trichomegaly
1214:Distichiasis
1116:Inflammation
1034:
1014:
1003:
992:
968:
957:
943:
928:
913:
881:. Retrieved
869:
838:
834:
828:
803:
799:
793:
779:cite journal
754:
750:
744:
725:
719:
707:. Retrieved
703:the original
693:
684:
678:
643:
639:
628:
585:
581:
571:
549:(5): 870–4.
546:
542:
536:
511:
507:
501:
476:
456:
450:
438:. Retrieved
401:
397:
389:
385:
379:
353:. Retrieved
349:
339:
309:
306:Epidemiology
286:
274:
267:
259:
255:
247:
233:
213:
192:
172:
152:
116:
105:Presentation
100:
79:
78:
18:
2519:Cycloplegia
2462:Photophobia
2457:Hemeralopia
2414:Hemianopsia
2392:Vision loss
2303:Aniseikonia
2294:Astigmatism
2214:Cyclotropia
2192:Hypertropia
2004:Papilledema
1976:Optic nerve
1809:Sickle cell
1789:Purtscher's
1774:Retinopathy
1642:Choroiditis
1483:Keratoconus
1304:Conjunctiva
1181:Xanthelasma
1133:Blepharitis
1005:GeneReviews
870:GeneReviews
282:contracture
175:eye muscles
32:Other names
2603:Categories
2568:Infections
2489:Anisocoria
2452:Asthenopia
2445:subjective
2429:homonymous
2424:bitemporal
2376:Nyctalopia
2364:Dichromacy
2308:Presbyopia
2269:Refraction
2090:Strabismus
1980:Optic disc
1339:Pinguecula
1204:Trichiasis
970:DiseasesDB
331:References
195:Chimerin 1
84:strabismus
2540:Nystagmus
2514:Mydriasis
2388:Blindness
2334:Amblyopia
2322:Blindness
2282:Hyperopia
2207:Exophoria
2202:Esophoria
2187:Exotropia
2183:Esotropia
1721:Retinitis
1419:Keratitis
1396:Scleritis
1329:Pterygium
1209:Madarosis
1156:Ectropion
1151:Entropion
1128:Chalazion
1041:eMedicine
994:eMedicine
392:: 133–50.
270:Amblyopia
264:Treatment
226:exotropia
220:esotropia
205:Diagnosis
139:limited.)
131:into the
55:Specialty
2579:Trachoma
2344:Diplopia
2039:Ischemic
1964:Pathways
1878:Glaucoma
1779:diabetic
1681:Cataract
1619:Synechia
1471:Meesmann
1439:Exposure
1424:herpetic
1322:allergic
1312:Chemosis
1246:Epiphora
1016:Orphanet
883:28 April
878:20301369
820:15492732
771:11404742
709:19 April
670:22387013
620:18653847
528:11705140
365:cite web
355:28 April
319:See also
313:familial
189:Genetics
64:genetics
2419:binasal
2406:Anopsia
2349:Scotoma
2143:palsies
1906:Red eye
1891:Floater
1698:Aphakia
1629:Choroid
1599:Hyphema
1589:Uveitis
1196:Eyelash
999:oph/326
964:D004370
847:8944136
661:3309183
611:2593867
590:Bibcode
582:Science
563:7378011
485:–1334.
418:8859088
129:eyeball
2509:Miosis
2287:Myopia
2066:Kjer's
1814:photic
1713:Retina
1466:Fuchs'
1434:fungal
1411:Cornea
1388:Sclera
1171:Ptosis
1108:Eyelid
1096:Adnexa
953:604356
950:126800
939:378.71
876:
845:
818:
769:
732:
668:
658:
618:
608:
561:
526:
489:
440:6 June
416:
201:gene.
169:Causes
133:socket
66:
2533:Other
2481:Pupil
1871:Other
1515:sicca
1367:Globe
1266:Orbit
975:30810
924:H50.8
1673:Lens
1573:Iris
1123:Stye
959:MeSH
945:OMIM
934:9-CM
885:2019
874:PMID
843:PMID
816:PMID
785:link
767:PMID
730:ISBN
711:2015
666:PMID
616:PMID
559:PMID
524:PMID
487:ISBN
483:1333
442:2007
414:PMID
371:link
357:2019
1039:at
1021:233
930:ICD
915:ICD
808:doi
759:doi
656:PMC
648:doi
606:PMC
598:doi
586:321
551:doi
516:doi
406:doi
402:114
284:).
88:eye
35:DRS
2605::
1019::
1008::
997::
973::
962::
948::
937::
922::
919:10
868:.
839:19
814:.
802:.
781:}}
777:{{
765:.
753:.
664:.
654:.
644:90
642:.
638:.
614:.
604:.
596:.
584:.
580:.
557:.
547:98
545:.
522:.
512:14
510:.
465:^
426:^
412:.
400:.
390:34
388:.
367:}}
363:{{
348:.
161:,
157:,
62:,
1069:e
1062:t
1055:v
932:-
917:-
907:D
887:.
849:.
822:.
810::
804:8
787:)
773:.
761::
755:5
738:.
713:.
672:.
650::
622:.
600::
592::
565:.
553::
530:.
518::
495:.
444:.
420:.
408::
373:)
359:.
149:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
