645:. FSH levels are elevated early in the cycle of women who have lower ovarian reserve, because their follicles do not produce enough estrogen to inhibit FSH production, therefore high levels early on in a woman's menstrual cycle can indicate lower ovarian reserve and lower likelihood of retrieving eggs for IVF. To test for ovarian reserve in women with infertility, FSH levels are measured from blood samples taken on day three of the menstrual cycle and compared to standards to determine the likelihood of pregnancy after
177:
431:
813:
756:
272:
increase; this is known as the "LH surge". This test can recognize the LH surge about 1-1.5 days prior to ovulation. Additionally, some ovulation prediction kits detect estrone-3-glucuronide. This is a breakdown product of estrogen and will have increased levels in the urine around the time of ovulation. This test is able to detect luteinizing hormone and estrone-3-glucuronide 90% of the time.
241:
285:
25:
117:
136:
252:
that changes its consistency over different parts of the menstrual cycle. During the fertile window, the mucus increases in quantity and becomes clear and stretchy and is known as "egg-white cervical mucus." This mucus allows sperm to survive in and travel through it. In contrast, when outside of the
784:
is used to visualize the cervix. The cervix is cleaned with an antiseptic such as iodine and injected with a local anesthetic to minimize discomfort and pain. A small catheter is used to fill the uterus and fallopian tubes with a contrast agent consisting of a galactose solution called
Echovist to
271:
Urinary ovulation prediction kits are typically found over-the-counter and there are many brands to choose from. This test measures the amount of luteinizing hormone, a hormone that increases just before ovulation, that is in the urine. Before ovulation, the luteinizing hormone levels dramatically
829:
solution used to enhance visualization of anatomic features via ultrasound in HyCoSy, was needed because of limitations and high costs. A sterile gel foam designed for gynecological use paved the entry for a new technique called hystero foam sonography (HyFoSy). The gel offers more stability than
660:
citrate challenge test is similar to cycle-day-three FSH testing. To perform this test blood samples are taken on day three of the menstrual cycle to obtain FSH and estradiol levels, then 100 mg of clomiphene citrate are given orally once a day on days 5 through 9 of the menstrual cycle, and
256:
The stretch test can be performed prior to and immediately after urination. Mucus can be sampled with by either wiping with toilet paper or inserting a clean finger into the vagina. The mucus quality can then be observed by stretching the mucus between the finger and thumb as shown in the image.
275:
This test can be used in multiple ways. A few drops of urine can be added to the test device tip. Alternatively, the test device tip can be held in the urine stream. Finally, the test device tip can be dipped into a cup of urine. The test will indicate positive or negative results in about five
789:
is inserted into the vagina and manually positioned to visualize the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. Once images have been captured, the ultrasound probe and catheter are removed. The contrast agent used during the study may either spill outside of the vagina or become absorbed.
376:
In women who have regular menstrual cycles, the fertile window occurs at approximately the same time every month. If the first day of menses is considered day 1, then ovulation occurs around day 14. In regular cycles that are 26–32 days long, the fertile window occurs on days 8–19.
746:
Risks associated with HSG are rare and include exposure to radiation, infection, allergic reactions to the contrast dye or antiseptic. It is normal for patients to experience mild to moderate abdominal cramping, pain and vaginal spotting for a few days after the procedure.
684:
to visualize and count the number of antral follicles in each of a woman's ovaries in order to determine her ovarian reserve; however AFC is not predictive of embryo quality. A higher number of antral follicles indicates a higher likelihood of pregnancy by IVF.
888:
is used to visualize the inside of the uterus using a thin, lighted, flexible camera that is inserted vaginally and through the cervix. The camera projects live images on an external screen. It is used to evaluate intrauterine causes of infertility.
316:
achievement. An updated 2023 Cochrane review has found that the use of urine ovulation test probably improves life births in women under 40 but that further study on risk and benefits is needed on timed intercourse via the use of these test.
743:. X-ray images are taken as the contrast dye makes its way through the uterus and fallopian tubes. After images have been captured, the catheter is removed and contrast dye may either spill outside of the vagina or become absorbed.
912:) into the uterus to help determine the openness of the fallopian tubes. Though considered to be a "gold standard" for diagnosing disorders of fallopian tube patency, it is an invasive procedure requiring general anesthesia.
726:
The procedure usually takes 30 minutes and often takes place in an outpatient setting such as a hospital or clinic. The patient is draped and positioned on her back as if for a pelvic exam with feet elevated. A
333:
Serum progesterone level is measured during the mid-luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. In women who are experiencing infertility, this test is only somewhat helpful for predicting ovulation.
2349:
1922:
661:
finally on day 10 of the menstrual cycle a second blood sample is taken to measure FSH levels. CCCT is not better at predicting ovarian response in IVF patients than baseline FSH on day 3.
773:
A HyCoSy is typically performed after menses and before ovulation during the first half of a menstrual cycle. Unlike a HSG, a HyCoSy can be used to investigate causes of heavy bleeding.
900:
is a minimally-invasive surgical procedure in which a camera is inserted into the abdominal cavity via a small (0.5 - 1.5 cm) incision. It is often used to diagnose endometriosis.
325:
Daily ultrasounds are used to follow the development of follicles which can help predict ovulation. The ultrasounds can predict ovulation with a 24-hour overlap to actual ovulation.
2277:
630:(IVF). AMH testing is considered to be one of the most accurate estimates of ovarian reserve, can be used for assessment at any point in the menstrual cycle, and is non-invasive.
35:
419:. An electronic, flexible scope with a camera can also be inserted through the cervix to display live images. A variety of hormones can be tested at different times in the
2303:
1602:"The clomiphene citrate challenge test for the prediction of poor ovarian response and nonpregnancy in patients undergoing in vitro fertilization: a systematic review"
1373:"What is the optimal follicular size before triggering ovulation in intrauterine insemination cycles with clomiphene citrate or letrozole? An analysis of 988 cycles"
216:
and changes to body fat distribution. The end of fertility typically comes somewhat before menopause, as fertility declines to a point where establishing a viable
1915:
368:. This enables identification of the fertile window through the use of commercial thermometers. This test can also indicate if there are issues with ovulation.
770:
imaging technique used to evaluate the uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. It is a screening test used to determine the need for a diagnostic laparoscopy.
2344:
1726:
Lo Monte G, Capobianco G, Piva I, Caserta D, Dessole S, Marci R (January 2015). "Hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy): let's make the point!".
1114:
2339:
1908:
228:
Various methods of predicting the timing of ovulation exist, some of which may be performed at home or in a clinical setting. Knowing the timing of
1682:
Chalazonitis A, Tzovara I, Laspas F, Porfyridis P, Ptohis N, Tsimitselis G (September 2009). "Hysterosalpingography: technique and applications".
2017:
1157:
Gibbons, Tatjana; Reavey, Jane; Georgiou, Ektoras X.; Becker, Christian M. (2023-09-15). "Timed intercourse for couples trying to conceive".
904:
is a combined laparoscopic procedure commonly referred to as a "laparoscopy and dye" test. It uses the injection of a blue dye solution (
395:
are available to establish reasons. Several diagnostic procedures and clinical instruments are used for to evaluate anatomical causes of
2095:
1309:
200:, although fertility is typically much reduced towards the extremes of this period. The onset of puberty is typically identified by
2105:
780:
setting such as a hospital or clinic. The patient is draped and positioned on her back as if for a pelvic exam with feet elevate. A
364:
released during the menstrual cycle causes an abrupt increase in basal body temperature by 0.5 °C to 1 °C at the time of
2085:
2060:
1931:
205:
96:
2334:
2156:
1600:
Hendriks, Dave J.; Mol, Ben-Willem J.; Bancsi, Laszlo F. J. M. M.; te Velde, Egbert R.; Broekmans, Frank J. M. (October 2006).
68:
2168:
2115:
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2110:
2100:
75:
2034:
2012:
846:
777:
638:
442:
43:
2324:
1018:
806:
763:
723:. It is not performed if the patient is pregnant, has a pelvic infection, or heavy bleeding at the time of the test.
312:, electrical resistance of saliva and vaginal fluids, or a combination of these methods. These devices may assist in
82:
1325:
54:
39:
854:
607:
1347:
140:
809:
is identical in procedure to hystero contrast sonography (HyCoSy) but uses saline instead of a contrast agent.
64:
704:. It is a diagnostic test used in the investigation of infertility from genetic or infectious causes such as
2151:
2146:
2131:
1977:
1075:"Day-specific probabilities of clinical pregnancy based on two studies with imperfect measures of ovulation"
786:
767:
681:
232:
can help a woman to determine the days of the menstrual cycle that are most likely to result in conception.
176:
430:
160:
is the process by which fertility is assessed, both generally and also to find the "fertile window" in the
2282:
2216:
2161:
2055:
2044:
1139:
1006:
641:(FSH) is a peptide hormone which causes the primordial follicles in the ovaries to develop and to produce
627:
424:
353:
309:
1002:
794:
693:
1255:"Is a mid-luteal phase serum progesterone level accurate for predicting the ovulatory status of women?"
1204:
Queenan, J. T.; O'Brien, G. D.; Bains, L. M.; Simpson, J.; Collins, W. P.; Campbell, S. (August 1980).
1553:"An elevated basal FSH reflects a quantitative rather than qualitative decline of the ovarian reserve"
2173:
2065:
1987:
1030:
1026:
2185:
2136:
2080:
2075:
2000:
1995:
740:
438:
297:
266:
249:
181:
1769:
Dessole S, Capobianco G, Ambrosini G (2000). "Timing of sonohysterography in menstruating women".
2329:
2211:
2178:
1947:
1794:
1751:
1282:
951:
781:
728:
386:
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to minimize discomfort and pain. A small catheter is used to fill the uterus with an iodinated
248:
The cervix is a structure between the vaginal canal and the uterus. The cervical cells secrete
89:
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1972:
1957:
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2141:
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1962:
1952:
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1863:
Aston KI, Uren PJ, Jenkins TG, Horsager A, Cairns BR, Smith AD, Carrell DT (December 2015).
1835:
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392:
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705:
669:
623:
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when using antiestrogens, as functions of the size of the leading follicle as measured by
420:
357:
161:
696:(HSG) is an invasive x-ray imaging technique used to evaluate the shape and size of the
2231:
1840:
1813:
1654:
Radiology (ACR), Radiological
Society of North America (RSNA) and American College of.
1446:
1413:
986:
982:
921:
909:
905:
874:
816:
A laparoscope is a minimally-invasive surgical technique used in infertility diagnosis.
701:
611:
434:
416:
408:
1472:
Fleming, Richard; Seifer, David B.; Frattarelli, John L.; Ruman, Jane (October 2015).
1222:
1205:
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1601:
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966:
955:
866:
1755:
1655:
2221:
2022:
1900:
1798:
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1170:
885:
626:. Estimations of ovarian reserve help to determine the likelihood of pregnancy by
361:
1865:"Aberrant sperm DNA methylation predicts male fertility status and embryo quality"
1414:"Anti-Müllerian Hormone and Ovarian Reserve: Update on Assessing Ovarian Function"
1254:
755:
1474:"Assessing ovarian response: antral follicle count versus anti-Müllerian hormone"
1270:
1939:
1049:
1037:
978:
897:
446:
396:
391:
Women who are of fertile age may be infertile for a number of reasons. Various
165:
1520:
1489:
1091:
1074:
2241:
2027:
1739:
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732:
404:
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is an electronic device which may use various methods to assist the user with
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213:
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1231:
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2005:
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313:
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185:
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1505:
1455:
1398:
1190:
1100:
1239:
135:
2246:
998:
994:
677:
642:
253:
fertile window, the mucus does not stretch, is sticky, and is not clear.
201:
931:
842:
301:
193:
53:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
1782:
830:
saline and patients may experience less discomfort and fluid leakage.
776:
The procedure usually takes 15–20 minutes and often takes place in an
423:
to determine the likelihood of different responses to stimulation for
870:
869:
technique that uses a series of 2D images to render 3D images of the
759:
A vaginal ultrasound is used in
Hystero contrast sonography (HyCoSy).
697:
412:
342:
209:
943:
811:
754:
619:
400:
305:
283:
239:
175:
622:. Testing for plasma levels of AMH allows physicians to estimate
947:
445:
at days 11 - 13 (bottom scale), as well as the thickness of the
1904:
731:
is used to visualize the cervix. The cervix is cleaned with an
18:
1206:"Ultrasound scanning of ovaries to detect ovulation in women"
797:
because it does not use radiation or iodinated contrast dye.
1029:
can rule out some other causes of male infertility, such as
345:
becomes soft, high, open and wet during the fertile window.
1040:
patterns in male sperm that may contribute to infertility.
990:
480:
Cycle-day-three follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) testing
1138:
Health, Center for
Devices and Radiological (2018-11-03).
634:
Cycle-day-three follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) testing
1348:"Rhythm method for natural family planning - Mayo Clinic"
646:
1412:
Moolhuijsen, Loes M. E.; Visser, Jenny A. (2020-11-01).
1304:(12th ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders/Elsevier.
853:. This can be useful particularly in the diagnosis of
50:
1418:
The
Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
2296:
2255:
2204:
2124:
2043:
1986:
1938:
1814:"Imaging techniques for assessment of tubal status"
849:) may be conducted to establish the development of
147:
128:
1371:Palatnik A, Strawn E, Szabo A, Robb P (May 2012).
2350:Noninflammatory disorders of female genital tract
2304:Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction
934:should be fertile throughout life. The semen in
1527:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
399:. Some use a combination of imaging such as an
267:Luteinizing hormone § Predicting ovulation
1519:Orlowski, Michelle; Sarao, Manbeer S. (2021),
1302:Guyton and Hall textbook of medical physiology
793:HyCoSy does not carry the same risks as X-ray
49:Please review the contents of the article and
1916:
300:. A fertility monitor may analyze changes in
8:
1001:activity. Checks are also made to identify
680:into a mature oocyte. A physician may use a
610:(AMH) is a glycoprotein hormone produced by
411:to visualize anatomic structures within the
1159:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
825:An alternative to saline and Echovist, the
715:A HSG is performed after menses and before
1923:
1909:
1901:
1521:"Physiology, Follicle Stimulating Hormone"
134:
1880:
1839:
1829:
1617:
1568:
1445:
1388:
1221:
1115:"Cervical mucus testing – Pregnancy Info"
1090:
946:. After intercourse, sperm travel to the
712:, uterine anomalies, scarring or tumors.
491:Clomiphene citrate challenge test (CCCT)
164:. General health affects fertility, and
1684:Current Problems in Diagnostic Radiology
1021:may also be used to diagnose fertility.
652:Clomiphene citrate challenge test (CCCT)
535:Saline infusion sonohysterography (SHG)
452:
429:
1771:Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation
1551:Abdalla, H.; Thum, M. Y. (April 2004).
1061:
801:Saline infusion sonohysterography (SHG)
1818:Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences
977:are obvious. Semen can be tested for
125:
1728:Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics
1721:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1677:
1675:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1467:
1465:
524:Hystero contrast sonography (HyCoSy)
16:Process for assessing human fertility
7:
1812:Panchal S, Nagori C (January 2014).
1557:Human Reproduction (Oxford, England)
751:Hystero contrast sonography (HyCoSy)
1017:, drug use, etc. In some cases the
965:Fertility testing for men involves
672:are cells early in the process of
381:Diagnostic testing for infertility
14:
2345:Mammal female reproductive system
2106:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
546:Hystero foam sonography (HyFoSy)
2340:Assisted reproductive technology
2086:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
2061:Autologous endometrial coculture
1932:Assisted reproductive technology
1882:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.08.019
1619:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.03.033
1390:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.02.018
1069:Dunson DB, Baird DD, Wilcox AJ,
865:Three-dimension sonography is a
821:Hystero foam sonography (HyFoSy)
590:Laparoscopy with chromotubation
206:secondary sexual characteristics
115:
23:
1478:Reproductive Biomedicine Online
893:Laparoscopy with chromotubation
469:Anti-Müllerian hormone testing
349:Basal body temperature charting
288:Fertility/contraception monitor
212:development, the appearance of
192:Healthy women are fertile from
168:is an important related field.
2169:Gamete intrafallopian transfer
2116:Zygote intrafallopian transfer
1696:10.1067/j.cpradiol.2008.02.003
1171:10.1002/14651858.CD011345.pub3
603:Anti-Müllerian hormone testing
51:add the appropriate references
1:
2273:Genetic diagnosis of intersex
2101:Partner-assisted reproduction
1223:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)44889-2
568:Three-dimensional sonography
527:Ultrasound with contrast dye
280:Electronic fertility monitors
1271:10.1097/ebp.0000000000000232
1253:Miller, Laura (April 2019).
1013:, such as cancer treatment,
861:Three-dimensional sonography
847:transvaginal ultrasonography
639:Follicle-stimulating hormone
513:X-ray hysterosalpingography
449:lining (4 different curves).
443:transvaginal ultrasonography
2111:Transvaginal ovum retrieval
1019:hamster zona-free ovum test
973:, as other factors such as
764:Hystero contrast sonography
719:during the first half of a
689:X-ray hysterosalpingography
571:Ultrasound with 3D imaging
36:reliable medical references
2366:
1490:10.1016/j.rbmo.2015.06.015
1036:A recent study identified
930:Men who have gone through
919:
735:and injected with a local
384:
264:
2278:Religious response to ART
1740:10.1007/s00404-014-3465-4
855:polycystic ovary syndrome
133:
42:or relies too heavily on
2096:Ovarian hyperstimulation
1831:10.4103/0974-1208.130797
1140:"Ovulation (Urine Test)"
1092:10.1093/humrep/14.7.1835
261:Ovulation prediction kit
141:ovulation prediction kit
2132:Artificial insemination
1978:Male infertility crisis
1869:Fertility and Sterility
1656:"Hysterosalpingography"
1606:Fertility and Sterility
1377:Fertility and Sterility
1326:"Infertility Diagnosis"
1259:Evidence-Based Practice
1210:Fertility and Sterility
787:transvaginal ultrasound
768:transvaginal ultrasound
682:transvaginal ultrasound
614:in preantral and small
582:Transvaginal endoscope
538:Ultrasound with saline
2335:Male genital disorders
2283:Mitochondrial donation
2217:Donor Sibling Registry
2056:Assisted zona hatching
2045:In vitro fertilisation
1430:10.1210/clinem/dgaa513
1007:retrograde ejaculation
817:
785:enhance visibility. A
760:
628:In vitro fertilization
608:Anti-Müllerian hormone
593:Abdominal laparoscope
502:Antral follicle count
450:
425:In vitro fertilization
354:Basal body temperature
310:basal body temperature
289:
245:
189:
1570:10.1093/humrep/deh141
1003:undescended testicles
815:
795:hysterosalpingography
758:
694:Hysterosalpingography
665:Antral follicle count
549:Ultrasound with foam
433:
287:
265:Further information:
243:
179:
2174:Reproductive surgery
2066:Cytoplasmic transfer
1996:Estrogen antagonists
1988:Fertility medication
1119:www.pregnancyinfo.ca
1031:Klinefelter syndrome
1027:chromosomal analysis
954:, typically causing
700:and openness of the
204:and the presence of
2186:Selective reduction
2137:Ovulation induction
2081:In vitro maturation
2076:Gestational carrier
2001:aromatase inhibitor
1875:(6): 1388–97.e1–5.
1383:(5): 1089–94.e1–3.
950:through the female
574:Minimally invasive
563:Minimally invasive
557:Ovarian ultrasound
552:Minimally invasive
541:Minimally invasive
530:Minimally invasive
519:Minimally invasive
505:Ultrasound imaging
454:
439:ovulation induction
360:. Higher levels of
356:changes during the
298:fertility awareness
184:by day relative to
65:"Fertility testing"
2325:Fertility medicine
2212:Donor registration
2179:Vasectomy reversal
1352:www.mayoclinic.org
1079:Human Reproduction
952:reproductive tract
834:Ovarian ultrasound
818:
761:
453:
451:
387:Female infertility
329:Serum progesterone
290:
246:
220:is very unlikely.
190:
2312:
2311:
2263:Accidental incest
1973:Fertility tourism
1968:Fertility testing
1783:10.1159/000010302
1660:Radiologyinfo.org
1424:(11): 3361–3373.
902:Chromopertubation
851:ovarian follicles
807:sonohysterography
600:
599:
337:Cervical position
294:fertility monitor
224:Ovulation testing
158:Fertility testing
155:
154:
129:Fertility testing
124:
123:
100:
2357:
2237:Semen collection
2142:Cryopreservation
2091:Oocyte selection
1963:Fertility clinic
1925:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1895:
1894:
1884:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1833:
1809:
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1802:
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1708:
1707:
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1510:
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1409:
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1402:
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1201:
1195:
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1185: 10501857.
1154:
1148:
1147:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1066:
987:sperm morphology
958:to occur in the
926:Male infertility
839:Ultrasound scans
805:Saline infusion
706:uterine fibroids
670:Antral follicles
616:antral follicles
455:
393:diagnostic tests
372:Calendar methods
321:Daily ultrasound
151:assess fertility
138:
126:
119:
118:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
27:
26:
19:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2354:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2292:
2268:Fertility fraud
2251:
2200:
2120:
2071:Embryo transfer
2048:
2039:
1982:
1934:
1929:
1899:
1898:
1862:
1861:
1857:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1768:
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1763:
1725:
1724:
1711:
1681:
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1673:
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1662:
1653:
1652:
1643:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1537:
1535:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1471:
1470:
1463:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1331:
1329:
1328:. ARC Fertility
1324:
1323:
1319:
1312:
1300:Hall J (2010).
1299:
1298:
1294:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1165:(9): CD011345.
1156:
1155:
1151:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1123:
1121:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1058:
1046:
1023:Genetic testing
1011:medical history
971:genetic testing
960:fallopian tubes
928:
920:Main articles:
918:
895:
883:
875:fallopian tubes
863:
836:
823:
803:
753:
721:menstrual cycle
702:fallopian tubes
691:
667:
654:
636:
624:ovarian reserve
612:granulosa cells
605:
435:Pregnancy rates
421:menstrual cycle
417:fallopian tubes
389:
383:
374:
358:menstrual cycle
351:
339:
331:
323:
282:
269:
263:
238:
226:
174:
162:menstrual cycle
143:
120:
116:
111:
105:
102:
59:
48:
44:primary sources
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2363:
2361:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2317:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2159:
2157:ovarian tissue
2154:
2149:
2139:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2052:
2050:
2049:and expansions
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1992:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1897:
1896:
1855:
1804:
1761:
1709:
1690:(5): 199–205.
1671:
1641:
1612:(4): 807–818.
1592:
1563:(4): 893–898.
1543:
1511:
1484:(4): 486–496.
1461:
1404:
1363:
1339:
1317:
1311:978-1416045748
1310:
1292:
1245:
1196:
1149:
1130:
1106:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1042:
983:sperm motility
922:Semen analysis
917:
914:
910:indigo carmine
906:methylene blue
894:
891:
882:
879:
862:
859:
845:(optimally by
835:
832:
822:
819:
802:
799:
766:(HyCoSy) is a
752:
749:
710:uterine polyps
690:
687:
666:
663:
653:
650:
647:IVF treatment.
635:
632:
604:
601:
598:
597:
594:
591:
587:
586:
583:
580:
576:
575:
572:
569:
565:
564:
561:
558:
554:
553:
550:
547:
543:
542:
539:
536:
532:
531:
528:
525:
521:
520:
517:
516:X-ray imaging
514:
510:
509:
506:
503:
499:
498:
495:
492:
488:
487:
484:
481:
477:
476:
473:
470:
466:
465:
462:
459:
409:contrast agent
385:Main article:
382:
379:
373:
370:
350:
347:
338:
335:
330:
327:
322:
319:
281:
278:
262:
259:
244:Cervical mucus
237:
234:
225:
222:
173:
170:
153:
152:
149:
145:
144:
139:
131:
130:
122:
121:
114:
112:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2362:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2288:Sex selection
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2191:Sex selection
2189:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2125:Other methods
2123:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:Gonadotropins
2021:
2019:
2018:GnRH agonists
2016:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1672:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1544:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1364:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1327:
1321:
1318:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1216:(2): 99–105.
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1131:
1120:
1116:
1110:
1107:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1085:(7): 1835–9.
1084:
1080:
1076:
1073:(July 1999).
1072:
1065:
1062:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:, along with
1008:
1004:
1000:
997:content, and
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
967:semen testing
963:
961:
957:
956:fertilisation
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
927:
923:
915:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
892:
890:
887:
880:
878:
876:
872:
868:
867:3D ultrasound
860:
858:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
833:
831:
828:
820:
814:
810:
808:
800:
798:
796:
791:
788:
783:
779:
774:
771:
769:
765:
757:
750:
748:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
724:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
688:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
664:
662:
659:
651:
649:
648:
644:
640:
633:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
602:
595:
592:
589:
588:
584:
581:
579:Hysteroscopy
578:
577:
573:
570:
567:
566:
562:
559:
556:
555:
551:
548:
545:
544:
540:
537:
534:
533:
529:
526:
523:
522:
518:
515:
512:
511:
508:Non-invasive
507:
504:
501:
500:
496:
493:
490:
489:
485:
482:
479:
478:
474:
471:
468:
467:
464:Invasiveness
463:
460:
457:
456:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
388:
380:
378:
371:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
348:
346:
344:
336:
334:
328:
326:
320:
318:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
286:
279:
277:
273:
268:
260:
258:
254:
251:
242:
235:
233:
231:
223:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
187:
183:
182:fertilization
178:
171:
169:
167:
163:
159:
150:
146:
142:
137:
132:
127:
113:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
56:
52:
46:
45:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
2222:Egg donation
1967:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1734:(1): 19–30.
1731:
1727:
1687:
1683:
1663:. Retrieved
1659:
1609:
1605:
1595:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1536:, retrieved
1524:
1514:
1481:
1477:
1421:
1417:
1407:
1380:
1376:
1366:
1355:. Retrieved
1351:
1342:
1330:. Retrieved
1320:
1301:
1295:
1265:(4): 24–25.
1262:
1258:
1248:
1213:
1209:
1199:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1143:
1133:
1122:. Retrieved
1118:
1109:
1082:
1078:
1064:
1035:
964:
929:
896:
886:Hysteroscopy
884:
881:Hysteroscopy
864:
837:
824:
804:
792:
775:
772:
762:
745:
741:contrast dye
725:
714:
692:
668:
655:
637:
606:
390:
375:
362:progesterone
352:
340:
332:
324:
293:
291:
274:
270:
255:
247:
236:Stretch test
227:
191:
157:
156:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
40:verification
33:
2028:menotropins
1940:Infertility
1824:(1): 2–12.
1071:Weinberg CR
1050:Infertility
979:sperm count
898:Laparoscopy
560:Ultrasound
497:Blood draw
486:Blood draw
475:Blood draw
447:endometrial
397:infertility
166:STI testing
34:needs more
2319:Categories
2242:Sperm bank
1777:(2): 144.
1665:2021-09-08
1538:2021-09-13
1525:StatPearls
1357:2021-09-20
1332:4 November
1124:2021-09-20
1056:References
1038:epigenetic
993:, volume,
778:outpatient
737:anesthetic
733:antiseptic
674:developing
405:ultrasound
304:levels in
214:pubic hair
180:Chance of
76:newspapers
2330:Fertility
2196:Surrogacy
2006:clomifene
1628:1556-5653
1579:0268-1161
1498:1472-6491
1438:1945-7197
1287:212964389
1279:1095-4120
1232:0015-0282
1179:1469-493X
1015:radiation
975:impotence
940:sex cells
938:contains
936:ejaculate
827:galactose
717:ovulation
658:clomifene
596:Invasive
585:Invasive
494:Lab test
483:Lab test
472:Lab test
366:ovulation
314:pregnancy
276:minutes.
230:ovulation
218:pregnancy
198:menopause
186:ovulation
106:June 2018
2247:Ova bank
2205:Donation
1891:26361204
1850:24829524
1791:10965203
1756:25799624
1748:25234517
1704:19632497
1636:16962116
1587:15016786
1533:30571063
1506:26283017
1456:32770239
1399:22459633
1191:37709293
1101:10402400
1044:See also
999:acrosome
995:fructose
782:speculum
729:speculum
678:oogonium
676:from an
643:estrogen
208:such as
202:menarche
2297:Related
2147:embryos
1841:4018793
1799:1156706
1447:7486884
1240:7409241
942:called
932:puberty
843:ovaries
841:of the
620:ovaries
618:of the
461:Method
407:with a
302:hormone
194:puberty
148:Purpose
90:scholar
55:removed
2256:Ethics
2227:Embryo
2152:oocyte
1948:Female
1889:
1848:
1838:
1797:
1789:
1754:
1746:
1702:
1634:
1626:
1585:
1577:
1531:
1504:
1496:
1454:
1444:
1436:
1397:
1308:
1285:
1277:
1238:
1230:
1189:
1177:
1099:
871:uterus
698:uterus
427:(IVF).
413:uterus
343:cervix
210:breast
196:until
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
2232:Sperm
2162:semen
2047:(IVF)
1795:S2CID
1752:S2CID
1283:S2CID
944:sperm
458:Test
401:X-ray
306:urine
250:mucus
172:Women
97:JSTOR
83:books
1958:LGBT
1953:Male
1887:PMID
1846:PMID
1787:PMID
1744:PMID
1700:PMID
1632:PMID
1624:ISSN
1583:PMID
1575:ISSN
1529:PMID
1502:PMID
1494:ISSN
1452:PMID
1434:ISSN
1395:PMID
1334:2016
1306:ISBN
1275:ISSN
1236:PMID
1228:ISSN
1187:PMID
1175:ISSN
1163:2023
1097:PMID
1025:and
1005:and
969:and
924:and
873:and
656:The
415:and
341:The
69:news
38:for
2035:hCG
2013:FSH
1877:doi
1873:104
1836:PMC
1826:doi
1779:doi
1736:doi
1732:291
1692:doi
1614:doi
1565:doi
1486:doi
1442:PMC
1426:doi
1422:105
1385:doi
1267:doi
1218:doi
1183:PMC
1167:doi
1144:FDA
1087:doi
948:egg
916:Men
908:or
437:in
403:or
2321::
1885:.
1871:.
1867:.
1844:.
1834:.
1820:.
1816:.
1793:.
1785:.
1775:50
1773:.
1750:.
1742:.
1730:.
1712:^
1698:.
1688:38
1686:.
1674:^
1658:.
1644:^
1630:.
1622:.
1610:86
1608:.
1604:.
1581:.
1573:.
1561:19
1559:.
1555:.
1523:,
1500:.
1492:.
1482:31
1480:.
1476:.
1464:^
1450:.
1440:.
1432:.
1420:.
1416:.
1393:.
1381:97
1379:.
1375:.
1350:.
1281:.
1273:.
1263:22
1261:.
1257:.
1234:.
1226:.
1214:34
1212:.
1208:.
1181:.
1173:.
1161:.
1142:.
1117:.
1095:.
1083:14
1081:.
1077:.
1033:.
991:pH
989:,
985:,
981:,
962:.
877:.
857:.
708:,
308:,
292:A
57:.
1924:e
1917:t
1910:v
1893:.
1879::
1852:.
1828::
1822:7
1801:.
1781::
1758:.
1738::
1706:.
1694::
1668:.
1638:.
1616::
1589:.
1567::
1508:.
1488::
1458:.
1428::
1401:.
1387::
1360:.
1336:.
1314:.
1289:.
1269::
1242:.
1220::
1193:.
1169::
1146:.
1127:.
1103:.
1089::
188:.
108:)
104:(
94:·
87:·
80:·
73:·
47:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
