100:, where the droplets, gas or laser come into direct contact with the sample, LDTD relies on heat transfer through a metal surface. An infrared laser diode array (980 nm) is collimated to heat the back of the sample holder causing the desorption of the molecules. The gas-phase neutral molecules are then transported through a transfer tube, which is pneumatically and sequentially inserted into each well, with a carrier gas into a
17:
129:
1402:
200:
While it only requires a small volume of sample, this technique results in a destruction of that sample. The manual sample placing required can cause a variation in results achieved. Care must be taken when designing methods within an experiment using this technology as the lack of chromatography can
170:
as in liquid chromatography and it significantly reduces the analysis time. It also uses low volumes of samples, which is an asset in applications where the available sample volume is limited or difficult to acquire. In addition, it is deemed to be an environmentally friendly alternative to LC-MS/MS.
169:
and a strong resistance to ionic suppression. This and the fact that no needle touches the samples adds the benefit of eliminating carry over between the different wells of the plate. The technology is also a good alternative for the traditional LC-MS users since the results give a similar peak shape
87:
An aliquot of the sample preparation between 1 and 10 ÎŒL is deposited with a pipette into the well of a metal sample holder and dried with a temperature between room temperature and 40 degrees
Celsius. After the sample is completely dried, the sample holder is inserted into the ion source. Compared
156:
The sample holders that can be inserted in LDTD ion sources are named LazWell and are specially designed 96, 384 or 1536-well plates. Different coatings can be applied depending on the molecules being analyzed. The hexagonal well shape is designed to concentrate the sample in the path of the laser
104:
region to undergo an atmospheric pressure ionization. The ions enter the mass spectrometer through the inlet to be measured by the detector. This whole process takes between 0.7 and 10 seconds depending on the laser pattern and the method created by the user. The carrier gas used is compressed air
46:
that are deposited on a stainless steel sheet sample holder, called LazWell. The coupling of LDTD and APCI is considered to be a soft-ionization technique. With LDTD-APCI, it is possible to analyze samples in forensics, pharmaceuticals, environment, food and clinical studies. LDTD is suitable for
80:
642:
141:
Since LDTD is always coupled to APCI, the same ionization mechanism happens. The main difference is that no solvent or mobile phase is available and the protons come from the water content of the carrier gas. A water concentration between 3 and 1800 ppm is recommended.
108:
Adding to the mass spectrometer's software-controlled parameters, three other parameters can be varied to achieve a higher sensibility or reproducibility: the carrier gas flow, the laser power and the laser gradient. An important part of the analysis is also the
425:"Carbamazepine in municipal wastewater and wastewater sludge: Ultrafast quantification by laser diode thermal desorption-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization coupled with tandem mass spectrometry"
592:"Ultra-fast cyclosporin A quantitation in whole blood by Laser Diode Thermal Desorption â Tandem Mass Spectrometry; comparison with High Performance Liquid ChromatographyâTandem Mass Spectrometry"
640:, Picard, Pierre; Lessard, Denis & L'Heureux, André et al., "Ionization source for mass spectrometer", published 2008-01-22, assigned to Phytronix Technologies Inc.
740:"High-Throughput Quantitation of Seven Sulfonamide Residues in Dairy Milk using Laser Diode Thermal Desorption-Negative Mode Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry"
378:"Laser diode thermal desorptionâpositive mode atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry for the ultra-fast quantification of a pharmaceutical compound in human plasma"
690:"Laser Diode Thermal Desorption/Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis of Selected Steroid Hormones in Wastewater: Method Optimization and Application"
217:
Wu, Jin; Hughes, Christopher S.; Picard, Pierre; Letarte, Sylvain; Gaudreault, Mireille; Lévesque, Jean-François; Nicoll-Griffith, Deborah A.; Bateman, Kevin P. (June 2007).
532:"Laser diode thermal desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry applied for the ultra-fast quantitative analysis of BKM120 in human plasma"
173:
The ion sources, LDTD and Luxon Ion Source, can be attached to different mass spectrometers with its adapted source housing, available for multiple manufacturers, such as
189:
1209:
188:
On the downside, since no chromatographic separation is done, interferences coming from isobaric compounds may occur in heavily charged matrices. Differential
656:
97:
219:"High-Throughput Cytochrome P450 Inhibition Assays Using Laser Diode Thermal Desorption-Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry"
148:
In some applications, such as the analysis of tacrolimus in whole blood, ammonium hydroxide is added to the carrier gas to modify the ionization process.
470:
Andersen, Wendy C.; VanSickle, Michael; Storey, Joseph; Sheldon, Virginia; Lohne, Jack; Turnipseed, Sherri B.; Thomas, Terri; Madson, Mark (2019-11-02).
1235:"Determination of citalopram in fish brain tissue: benefits of coupling laser diode thermal desorption with low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry"
110:
1289:"The Evaluation of Laser Diode Thermal Desorption ((LDTD) for High Throughput Analysis of Controlled Substances and Toxicology in Forensic Sciences"
36:
1380:"The Evaluation of Laser Diode Thermal Desorption (LDTD) for High Throughput Analysis of Controlled Substances and Toxicology in Forensic Sciences"
1146:
DionâFortier, Annick; Gravel, Alexia; GuĂ©rette, Cassandra; Chevillot, Fanny; Blais, Sonia; Auger, Serge; Picard, Pierre; Segura, Pedro A. (2019).
1312:
Hecht, Elizabeth S.; Scigelova, Michaela; Eliuk, Shannon; Makarov, Alexander (2019), "Fundamentals and
Advances of Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry",
983:"A 6 Second Analytical Method for Quantitation of Tacrolimus in Whole Blood by Use of Laser Diode Thermal Desorption Tandem Mass Spectrometry"
1357:
1331:
795:
530:
Lanshoeft, Christian; Heudi, Olivier; Leuthold, Luc Alexis; Schlotterbeck, Götz; Elbast, Walid; Picard, Franck; Kretz, Olivier (2014-09-01).
174:
89:
1148:"Signal enhancement in laser diode thermal desorption-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis using microwell surface coatings"
813:"Coupling Laser Diode Thermal Desorption with Acoustic Sample Deposition to Improve Throughput of Mass Spectrometry-Based Screening"
1347:
785:
178:
1423:
870:"Laser diode thermal desorption mass spectrometry for the analysis of quinolone antibiotic residues in aquacultured seafood"
266:"Ultrafast laser diode thermal desorption method for analysis of representative pharmaceuticals in soil leachate samples"
114:
93:
192:(DMS-MS) or high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) can be used in tandem with LDTD to eliminate these interferences.
1412:
1233:
Borik, Adam; StaĆovĂĄ, Andrea Vojs; Brooks, Bryan W.; GrabicovĂĄ, KateĆina; RandĂĄk, TomĂĄĆĄ; Grabic, Roman (2020-07-01).
811:
Haarhoff, Zuzana; Wagner, Andrew; Picard, Pierre; Drexler, Dieter M.; Zvyaga, Tatyana; Shou, Wilson (February 2016).
105:
which contains a concentration of water between 3 and 1800 ppm to be able to efficiently protonate the molecules.
1076:"Determination of paracetamol in mouse, rat and dog plasma samples by laser diode thermal desorption--APCI-MS/MS"
376:
Heudi, Olivier; Barteau, Samuel; Picard, Pierre; Tremblay, Patrice; Picard, Franck; Kretz, Olivier (2011-04-05).
1121:
657:"Phytronix Technologies Launches the Fastest Process in Mass Spectrometry with the Luxon Ion Source at ASMS2016"
590:
Jourdil, Jean-François; Picard, Pierre; Meunier, Cécile; Auger, Serge; Stanke-Labesque, Françoise (2013-12-17).
264:
Borik, A.; Vojs
Stanova, A.; Kodesova, R.; Brooks, B. W.; Grabicova, K.; Novakova, P.; Grabic, R. (2020-02-01).
925:"Established and emerging atmospheric pressure surface sampling/ionization techniques for mass spectrometry"
472:"Fast analysis of caffeinated beverages using laser diode thermal desorption mass spectrometry (LDTD-MS/MS)"
326:"Evaluation of Laser Diode Thermal DesorptionâTandem Mass Spectrometry (LDTDâMS-MS) in Forensic Toxicology"
165:
Since no solvent or mobile phase carries the sample, this technique is characterized by a highly efficient
71:
for mass spectrometry. In 2016, the Luxon Ion Source, based on the same technology, was put on the market.
122:
118:
738:
Segura, Pedro A.; Tremblay, Patrice; Picard, Pierre; Gagnon, Christian; Sauvé, Sébastien (2010-02-10).
637:
1159:
936:
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591:
424:
377:
265:
868:
Lohne, Jack J.; Andersen, Wendy C.; Clark, Susan B.; Turnipseed, Sherri B.; Madson, Mark R. (2012).
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In 2005, a patent was filed by
Phytronix Technologies Inc., from Quebec, Canada, for the LDTD
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Daldoul, Insaf; Auger, Serge; Picard, Pierre; Nohair, Bendaoud; Kaliaguine, Serge (2016).
423:
Mohapatra, D. P.; Brar, S. K.; Tyagi, R. D.; Picard, P.; Surampalli, R. Y. (2012-09-15).
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1032:"Effect of temperature Ramp on hydrocarbon desorption profiles from zeolite ZSM-12"
571:
1346:
Flanagan, Robert J.; Cuypers, Eva; Maurer, Hans H.; Whelpton, Robin (2020-05-21).
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Swales, John G.; Temesi, David G.; Denn, Mark; Murphy, Keeley (June 2012).
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Bynum, Nichole D.; Grabenauer, Megan; Moore, Katherine N. (April 2014).
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Bynum, Nichole D.; Moore, Katherine N.; Grabenauer, Megan (2014-10-01).
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52:
43:
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Berkel, Gary J. Van; Pasilis, Sofie P.; Ovchinnikova, Olga (2008).
127:
15:
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Fayad, Paul B.; Prévost, MichÚle; Sauvé, Sébastien (2010-01-15).
113:. The most common sample preparation methods used with LDTD are
79:
1395:
981:
Merrigan, Stephen D.; Johnson-Davis, Kamisha L. (2019-05-01).
1349:
Fundamentals of
Analytical Toxicology: Clinical and Forensic
20:
Luxon Ion Source installed on a
Shimadzu mass spectrometer
145:
The ionization can be done in negative or positive mode.
1419:
1122:"News | Changing the Game in High-Throughput Screening"
787:
1426:
to it so that it can be listed with similar articles.
98:
matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)
382:Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
31:) is an ionization technique that is coupled to
1210:"Growing Pains in LC-MS/MS Testing | AACC.org"
8:
1036:The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering
190:ion mobility spectrometry-mass spectrometry
1316:, American Cancer Society, pp. 1â40,
987:The Journal of Applied Laboratory Medicine
744:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1321:
998:
874:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry
828:
476:Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A
341:
201:cause the inability to analyze isomers.
90:desorption electrospray ionization (DESI)
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37:atmospheric pressure chemical ionization
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1239:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
536:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
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39:(APCI). It uses a laser to thermally
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1314:Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry
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132:Typical laser pattern used with LDTD
94:direct analysis in real time (DART)
1411:needs additional or more specific
14:
817:Journal of Biomolecular Screening
1400:
1323:10.1002/9780470027318.a9309.pub2
330:Journal of Analytical Toxicology
83:Schematic of the LDTD technology
51:between 0 and 1200 Da and some
25:Laser diode thermal desorption
1:
1293:National Institute of Justice
488:10.1080/19440049.2019.1658904
441:10.1016/j.talanta.2012.05.047
282:10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120382
1152:Journal of Mass Spectrometry
929:Journal of Mass Spectrometry
157:for an optimal desorption.
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1387:Office of Justice Programs
1251:10.1007/s00216-020-02672-y
394:10.1016/j.jpba.2010.11.025
1352:. John Wiley & Sons.
608:10.1016/j.aca.2013.10.051
548:10.1007/s00216-014-7966-6
1000:10.1373/jalm.2018.027243
830:10.1177/1087057115607184
790:. Elsevier. 2015-05-08.
115:liquid-liquid extraction
35:to analyze samples with
596:Analytica Chimica Acta
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123:solid phase extraction
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75:Principle of operation
21:
131:
125:(SPE) or a dilution.
119:protein precipitation
82:
19:
694:Analytical Chemistry
661:www.businesswire.com
223:Analytical Chemistry
185:mass spectrometers.
137:Ionization mechanism
1164:2019JMSp...54..167D
941:2008JMSp...43.1161V
886:2012RCMS...26.2854L
1048:10.1002/cjce.22467
343:10.1093/jat/bku084
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111:sample preparation
85:
22:
1441:
1440:
1424:adding categories
1359:978-1-119-12236-4
1333:978-0-470-02731-8
1245:(18): 4353â4361.
1092:10.4155/bio.12.68
1086:(11): 1327â1335.
880:(24): 2854â2864.
797:978-0-444-63392-7
756:10.1021/jf903362v
706:10.1021/ac902074x
542:(22): 5413â5423.
482:(11): 1616â1625.
235:10.1021/ac070221o
229:(12): 4657â4665.
175:triple quadrupole
33:mass spectrometry
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1296:. Retrieved
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1217:. Retrieved
1214:www.aacc.org
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1130:. Retrieved
1128:. 2018-08-01
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663:. 2016-06-06
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57:cyclosporine
28:
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1080:Bioanalysis
435:: 247â255.
167:protonation
1453:Ion source
1413:categories
1298:2020-07-30
1219:2020-07-28
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