2532:
909:
1269:
2438:
2870:
2935:
1489:
1372:
3136:
1668:
2850:
2743:
2552:
705:
1289:
808:
725:
3037:
1889:
828:
1191:
1478:
1392:
2763:
620:
2276:
3057:
1590:
2772:
2541:
2079:
1570:
1097:
889:
3156:
918:
2177:
1298:
2354:
1977:
992:
1003:
1869:
714:
347:
338:
327:
318:
2068:
441:
1799:
1790:
1770:
1988:
3147:
1779:
2166:
1579:
1469:
2561:
3226:
1171:
2841:
1677:
734:
502:
3066:
2458:
2088:
983:
2654:
2447:
2059:
2186:
2645:
1086:
2467:
898:
3127:
1077:
3246:
2374:
1200:
1180:
640:
2955:
2861:
3046:
3237:
2944:
2365:
1697:
3217:
1968:
1363:
799:
511:
2267:
1997:
819:
2256:
2247:
2157:
611:
2964:
1106:
1012:
631:
1860:
1278:
1498:
531:
1880:
421:
2345:
2674:
1599:
522:
1383:
432:
2752:
1688:
412:
19:
2665:
2017:
A slow-growing species not usually planted for its timber, but sometimes harvested along with other species. It is adapted to harsh climates, including windy and dry conditions, and provides the only tree cover available on some sites. The species is long-lived; one specimen was found to be 1650
2531:
908:
1268:
276:
Can reach 70 m (230 ft) in height. The timber is lightweight, with low resin content. The species can easily be distinguished from non-fir conifers by the grey, blistery trunk and rigid branches.
2437:
1413:
Mainly harvested for pulpwood; construction uses are limited by the small size (for a spruce). The pale yellow wood is lightweight but strong. Birds commonly seen in groves in summer months include
848:
An important support species for wildlife throughout its range. Although the tree has limited commercial use, the wood is highly valued for its appearance and robustness. The resins are aromatic.
2206:
Can reach more than 230 ft (70 m) in height. It is a widely distributed tree in western North
America, and one of the main sources of timber, with a relatively fast growth rate.
1909:
Used in paneling, and sometimes milled for utility poles and railroad ties. The trees usually grow rapidly when young and can be harvested economically. Canada's inventory includes the
660:
Formerly a significant timber tree providing durable, multi-use wood. Most of the trees have already been cleared, aside from limited numbers in protected areas. It is listed as
2869:
223:
3636:
3631:
2934:
2487:
One of the most commercially important trees in eastern North
America, in part due to its rapid growth. The timber is durable but soft enough for woodworking.
2397:(rigid) refers to the needles and cone scales. The wood, resinous and rot-resistant, is suitable for shipbuilding, mine timbers, fencing and railroad ties.
2849:
461:
Can reach 70 m (230 ft) in height. The foliage has a distinct orange-like scent. The wood is soft, and not as durable as in other fir species.
3135:
1667:
1371:
2742:
2894:
species in western North
America. The lightweight, durable wood makes good insulation, and is often used in shingles and other roofing materials.
1488:
704:
2551:
6120:
6097:
6074:
6051:
6028:
6005:
5956:
5933:
5910:
5887:
5560:
5537:
5514:
5491:
5468:
5445:
5418:
5395:
5368:
5345:
5322:
5299:
5276:
5211:
5188:
5165:
5142:
5119:
5096:
1036:
by its woolly buds and new growth. In its range, the subalpine larch is often found growing higher on cold mountain slopes than other trees.
2595:
807:
5222:
6154:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
2585:
1619:
The largest spruce, and one of the most prominent along the western
Canadian coastline. The strong wood is used in light aircraft,
1288:
1190:
827:
724:
2762:
5440:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 141–151, 580–587.
4432:
4430:
4428:
4426:
3036:
1819:
Sometimes milled for utility poles and railroad ties. It has the broadest distribution of any pine species in the country.
1391:
5390:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 97–102, 260–267.
3677:
4157:
4155:
4153:
4151:
1888:
1477:
4506:
4504:
4502:
4500:
619:
5985:
3626:
2796:- and rot-resistant wood, durable in a range of outdoor conditions, is used in fencing, cabin logs and roof shingles.
2694:
A shade-tolerant tree of the Yew family. When competing with taller and faster-growing trees, it becomes part of the
2275:
6144:
1228:
of the timber. The light colour, long fibres and very low resin content contribute to the quality of its pulpwood.
6115:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 476–488.
6092:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 227–237.
6069:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 348–354.
6046:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 160–172.
6023:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 280–293.
6000:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 442–455.
5951:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 613–621.
5928:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 413–424.
5905:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 116–126.
5882:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 204–226.
5555:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 590–598.
5532:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 623–630.
5509:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 302–315.
5486:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 456–462.
5463:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 131–140.
5413:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 527–537.
5363:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 385–394.
5340:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 604–611.
5206:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 573–578.
5183:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 250–259.
5160:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 268–279.
5137:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 152–159.
5114:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 187–203.
2540:
2078:
3345:
653:
160:
5317:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 26–34.
5294:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 52–58.
5271:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 17–23.
5091:. Washington, DC: US Forest Service, Department of Agriculture (US Government Printing Office). pp. 60–68.
4543:
4541:
4539:
4537:
1569:
1096:
6149:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4685:
1721:
that helps reduce the movement of soil and snow. The seeds are a source of nutrition for birds, small mammals,
4802:
4800:
4798:
4796:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5018:
4987:
4985:
4983:
4981:
4950:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4913:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4114:
3056:
2771:
2176:
888:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3873:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3155:
2353:
1976:
1589:
1002:
991:
4728:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4469:
4467:
4465:
4463:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4305:
4303:
4301:
4299:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4025:
4023:
4021:
4019:
3955:
3953:
3951:
3949:
1868:
1318:
One of the main sources of
Canadian pulpwood and construction timber. It is also used to build furniture,
917:
92:
2574:
2067:
1789:
1126:
The largest larch, and the most important one commercially for its timber. Also a significant source of
367:
A significant source of food and shelter for wildlife. Horizontal blisters in the bark contain aromatic
317:
168:
5062:
3835:
2296:
One of the fastest-growing and most frequently planted conifer species in Canada. The wood is straight-
713:
1778:
440:
326:
1414:
841:
747:
180:
1297:
337:
3286:
3225:
1987:
1722:
1522:
wood is lightweight but strong. It is the most popular choice in many stringed instruments for its
1170:
3146:
2840:
2560:
1769:
346:
3079:
2785:
2581:
Worldwide, one of the most commercially successful timber trees. Canada's inventory includes the
1119:
556:
2457:
1798:
501:
4876:
4874:
4872:
4870:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4833:
2165:
1578:
1468:
982:
733:
6139:
6116:
6093:
6070:
6047:
6024:
6001:
5952:
5929:
5906:
5883:
5556:
5533:
5510:
5487:
5464:
5441:
5414:
5391:
5364:
5341:
5318:
5295:
5272:
5207:
5184:
5161:
5138:
5115:
5092:
3169:
3065:
2989:
2087:
2058:
1213:
100:
131:. Some resins and other tree products contain dangerous toxins (not generally listed below).
5076:
All growth requirements from the USDA Plants
Database were last retrieved on March 17, 2024.
3660:
3656:
2977:
2687:
2653:
2644:
2582:
1910:
1710:
1676:
1612:
1085:
560:
544:
148:
30:
3126:
2606:
Uses: timber; landscaping, posts, pulpwood, terpenes, veneers, winter holiday decorations.
2185:
1199:
897:
5861:. Washington, DC, US: Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture
5836:. Washington, DC, US: Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture
5811:. Washington, DC, US: Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture
5786:. Washington, DC, US: Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture
5761:. Washington, DC, US: Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture
5736:. Washington, DC, US: Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture
5711:. Washington, DC, US: Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture
5686:. Washington, DC, US: Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture
5657:. Washington, DC, US: Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture
5632:. Washington, DC, US: Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture
5603:. Washington, DC, US: Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture
5578:. Washington, DC, US: Natural Resources Conservation Service, US Department of Agriculture
2954:
2860:
2466:
2199:
2101:
1812:
1718:
1179:
1127:
257:
4884:
4662:
4625:
4551:
4128:
4072:
3922:
3786:
3706:
For further explanations of the columns, see the Help
Document at "Growth Requirements".
5725:
5032:
4995:
4958:
4921:
4847:
4810:
4773:
4765:
4763:
4761:
4759:
4736:
4699:
4654:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4617:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4588:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4514:
4477:
4440:
4403:
4350:
4313:
4276:
4268:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4239:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4225:
4202:
4165:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4056:
4033:
3963:
3926:
3889:
3245:
3236:
3045:
2943:
2446:
2373:
2364:
551:
Provides habitat for wildlife and nutrition for livestock. Canada's inventory includes
3216:
2999:
2803:
2494:
2307:
2289:
2266:
2010:
1967:
1902:
1620:
1533:
1362:
1076:
931:
818:
798:
639:
510:
360:
269:
2255:
2246:
2156:
1696:
630:
610:
79:
from North
American conifers has a variety of commercial uses. The sturdier timber is
6133:
3306:
3301:
2883:
2480:
1405:
1033:
1025:
454:
368:
252:
156:
23:
1996:
1879:
1859:
1277:
373:
Uses: timber; landscaping, pulpwood, terpenes, veneers, winter holiday decorations.
5086:
2963:
2387:
1726:
1511:
1311:
1105:
1011:
530:
420:
188:
104:
70:
62:
2489:
Uses: timber; landscaping, posts, pulpwood, veneers, winter holiday decorations.
2344:
1497:
521:
5774:
National Plant Data Team; Stevens, Michelle; Kaiser, Jerry; Dozier, Ivan (2023).
2302:
Uses: timber; landscaping, posts, pulpwood, veneers, winter holiday decorations.
5674:
Abies grandis, Abies lasiocarpa, Larix laricina, Picea engelmannii, Picea glauca
3508:
3280:
3274:
2113:
1382:
755:
212:
164:
112:
88:
46:
5645:
National Plant Data Team; Moore, Lincoln M.; Wilson, Jeffrey D. Walker (2023).
4436:
2673:
1598:
431:
2751:
2695:
2297:
2109:
1687:
1519:
942:. The tree has one of the widest distributions among North American conifers.
124:
54:
5799:
National Plant Data Team; Tilley, Derek; St. John, Loren; Ogle, Dan (2023).
3370:
2300:
and moderately hard. Some of it is milled for railroad ties and cabin logs.
1624:
1523:
1423:
411:
96:
42:
4161:
1430:
Uses: timber; landscaping, pulpwood, terpenes, winter holiday decorations.
18:
4510:
2399:
Uses: landscaping, posts, pulpwood, terpenes, winter holiday decorations.
463:
Uses: timber; landscaping, pulpwood, veneers, winter holiday decorations.
279:
Uses: timber; landscaping, pulpwood, veneers, winter holiday decorations.
1418:
939:
152:
128:
120:
108:
76:
3265:
Additional growth requirements for the species listed above, grouped by
2112:, lightweight and low in resin, the timber is often used in framing and
1623:
and turbine blades. It is also used in many musical instruments for its
5081:
Alexander, Robert R.; Shearer, Raymond C.; Shepperd, Wayne D. (1991). "
3848:
3846:
3844:
2984:
Shade-tolerant, long-lived and slow-growing. Historically, it provided
2793:
2664:
240:
176:
172:
144:
84:
80:
58:
34:
3923:
National Plant Data Team & Northeast Plant
Materials Program 2023
3086:
Used widely in construction. It is also a good source of wood fibre.
2985:
1319:
1225:
184:
5699:
National Plant Data Team; Northeast Plant
Materials Program (2023).
5571:
754:
Usually a shrub or small tree. The wood is durable, especially when
5286:
Foiles, Marvin W.; Graham, Russel T.; Olson, David F. Jr. (1991). "
4547:
5243:
4695:
3591:
3558:
3533:
3479:
3436:
3395:
3316:
3293:
3266:
192:
116:
66:
50:
38:
17:
4806:
572:
Uses: timber; landscaping, pulpwood, winter holiday decorations.
2699:
1221:
5967:
5028:
4991:
4954:
4917:
4880:
4843:
4124:
3782:
3726:
3724:
3722:
2208:
Uses: timber; landscaping, posts, pulpwood, terpenes, veneers.
1230:
Uses: timber; landscaping, posts, pulpwood, terpenes, veneers.
850:
Uses: landscaping, posts, veneers, winter holiday decorations.
216:
3885:
3799:
3797:
371:. The lightweight timber is economically important in Canada.
262:
245:
238:
219:
4732:
4473:
4399:
4346:
4309:
4198:
4029:
3959:
4437:
National Plant Data Team & Plant Materials Program 2023
4085:
4083:
5850:
5825:
5800:
5775:
5750:
5724:
National Plant Data Team; Plant Materials Program (2023).
5700:
5671:
5646:
5617:
5592:
5198:
Bolsinger, Charles L.; Jaramillo, Annabelle E. (1991). "
5058:
4769:
4658:
4621:
4584:
4272:
4235:
4068:
4047:
3852:
3831:
3761:
2118:
Uses: timber; landscaping, pulpwood, terpenes, veneers.
938:
Adapted to a variety of poor soil conditions, including
107:. Less sturdy timber is often ground and processed into
758:, and suitable for furniture. The resins are aromatic.
5263:
Crawford, Peggy D.; Oliver, Chadwick Dearing (1991). "
3676:
Thuja cedars are often called just cedars, but so are
1821:
Uses: timber; landscaping, posts, pulpwood, terpenes.
6111:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
6088:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
6065:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
6042:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
6019:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5996:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5947:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5924:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5901:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5878:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5551:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5528:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5505:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5482:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5459:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5436:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5409:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5386:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5359:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5336:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5313:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5290:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5267:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5202:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5179:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5156:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5133:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5110:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
5085:". In Burns, Russell M.; Honkala, Barbara H. (eds.).
2896:
Uses: timber; landscaping, posts, pulpwood, veneers.
2798:
Uses: timber; landscaping, posts, pulpwood, veneers.
1132:
Uses: timber; landscaping, posts, pulpwood, veneers.
5824:
National Plant Data Team; Wennerberg, Sarah (2023).
5749:
National Plant Data Team; Stevens, Michelle (2023).
5616:
National Plant Data Team; Moore, Lincoln M. (2023).
6084:Viereck, Leslie A.; Johnston, William F. (1991). "
5591:National Plant Data Team; Dickerson, John (2023).
5501:Lotan, James E.; Critchfield, William B. (1991). "
5106:Alexander, Robert R.; Shepperd, Wayne D. (1991). "
4898:
3637:List of inventoried hardwoods in the United States
1929:Uses: timber; posts, pulpwood, terpenes, veneers.
1528:Uses: timber; posts, pulpwood, terpenes, veneers.
230:
5849:National Plant Data Team; Wilken, Dieter (2023).
5405:Hermann, Richard K.; Lavender, Denis P. (1991). "
4548:National Plant Data Team, Moore & Wilson 2023
4327:
3977:
3864:
3632:List of inventoried conifers in the United States
6038:Schmidt, Wyman C.; Shearer, Raymond C. (1991). "
4602:
4380:
5920:Oliver, William W.; Ryker, Russell A. (1991). "
4972:
4861:
4417:
3990:
3988:
3986:
4696:National Plant Data Team & Wennerberg 2023
4290:
3903:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3178:Uses: timber; landscaping, pulpwood, veneers.
3088:Uses: timber; landscaping, pulpwood, veneers.
5670:National Plant Data Team; Nesom, Guy (2023).
4807:National Plant Data Team & Dickerson 2023
4787:
4565:
8:
6113:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
6090:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
6067:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
6044:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
6021:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5998:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5949:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5926:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5903:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5880:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5553:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5530:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5507:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5484:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5461:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5438:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5411:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5388:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5361:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5338:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5315:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5292:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5269:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5204:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5181:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5158:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5152:Arno, Stephen F.; Hoff, Raymond J. (1991). "
5135:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5112:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
5088:Silvics of North America, Volume 1. Conifers
3176:Grows well in snow-covered subalpine zones.
944:Uses: timber; landscaping, posts, pulpwood.
5874:Nienstaedt, Hans; Zasada, John C. (1991). "
5332:Godman, R. M.; Lancaster, Kenneth (1991). "
5029:National Plant Data Team & Stevens 2023
4992:National Plant Data Team & Stevens 2023
4955:National Plant Data Team & Stevens 2023
4918:National Plant Data Team & Stevens 2023
4881:National Plant Data Team & Stevens 2023
4844:National Plant Data Team & Stevens 2023
4824:
4713:
4125:National Plant Data Team & Stevens 2023
3783:National Plant Data Team & Stevens 2023
3663:. The taxonomy (classification) comes from
243:, annual precipitation and low temperature
5478:Little, Silas; Garrett, Peter W. (1991). "
3886:National Plant Data Team & Wilken 2023
3263:
202:
4733:National Plant Data Team & Moore 2023
4474:National Plant Data Team & Moore 2023
4400:National Plant Data Team & Nesom 2023
4347:National Plant Data Team & Nesom 2023
4310:National Plant Data Team & Nesom 2023
4199:National Plant Data Team & Nesom 2023
4030:National Plant Data Team & Nesom 2023
3960:National Plant Data Team & Nesom 2023
95:, including structural support beams and
4528:
4216:
3803:
2020:Uses: timber; landscaping, edible seeds
263:Landscapes, bark and cones with foliage
6107:Wendel, G. W.; Smith, H. Clay (1991). "
6015:Rudolph, T. D.; Laidly, P. R. (1991). "
5250:. Ottawa, Ontario: Government of Canada
5229:. Ottawa, Ontario: Government of Canada
3718:
3648:
5009:
4935:
4750:
4676:
4639:
4491:
4179:
4089:
4048:Alexander, Shearer & Shepperd 1991
3277:, and family (if not the pine family)
5046:
4142:
3940:
3820:Taxus, Juniperus, Callitropsis, Thuja
2994:Uses: timber; landscaping, pulpwood.
7:
5974:. London: Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
4511:National Plant Data Team et al. 2023
4454:
4253:
4162:National Plant Data Team et al. 2023
1731:Uses: no significant economic uses.
1130:, a gum used as a thickening agent.
210:
760:Uses: landscaping, posts, veneers.
5246:Canada's National Forest Inventory
5225:Provincial and territorial symbols
3764:, Characteristics, Leaf Retention.
2617:61 m (200 ft); moderate
2219:68 m (223 ft); moderate
1640:61 m (200 ft); moderate
1629:Uses: timber; pulpwood, terpenes.
1542:34 m (110 ft); moderate
474:46 m (150 ft); moderate
143:(see the Distribution column): AB
14:
5570:National Plant Data Team (2023).
4364:
4101:
4006:
3994:
3815:
3749:
3730:
3244:
3235:
3224:
3215:
3195:110–360 cm (42–140 in)
3154:
3145:
3134:
3125:
3064:
3055:
3044:
3035:
2962:
2953:
2942:
2933:
2868:
2859:
2848:
2839:
2770:
2761:
2750:
2741:
2672:
2663:
2652:
2643:
2559:
2550:
2539:
2530:
2465:
2456:
2445:
2436:
2372:
2363:
2352:
2343:
2274:
2265:
2254:
2245:
2184:
2175:
2164:
2155:
2086:
2077:
2066:
2057:
1995:
1986:
1975:
1966:
1887:
1878:
1867:
1858:
1797:
1788:
1777:
1768:
1695:
1686:
1675:
1666:
1597:
1588:
1577:
1568:
1496:
1487:
1476:
1467:
1390:
1381:
1370:
1361:
1296:
1287:
1276:
1267:
1198:
1189:
1178:
1169:
1104:
1095:
1084:
1075:
1010:
1001:
990:
981:
916:
907:
896:
887:
826:
817:
806:
797:
732:
723:
712:
703:
683:110–250 cm (45–100 in)
638:
629:
618:
609:
529:
520:
509:
500:
439:
430:
419:
410:
345:
336:
325:
316:
5037:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
5000:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
4963:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
4926:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
4741:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
4704:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
4556:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
4519:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
4482:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
4408:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
4355:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
4318:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
4207:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
4170:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
4133:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
4038:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
3978:Foiles, Graham & Olson 1991
3968:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
3894:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
3791:: Plant Guide; Characteristics.
3562:(thuja cedars, cypress family)
3349:(Alaska cedar, cypress family)
3105:97–381 cm (38–150 in)
2913:76–305 cm (30–120 in)
2623:46–254 cm (18–100 in)
2504:46 m (150 ft); rapid
2129:61 m (200 ft); rapid
1646:56–572 cm (22–225 in)
1247:53–406 cm (21–160 in)
1143:61 m (200 ft); rapid
589:51–381 cm (20–150 in)
480:28–254 cm (11–100 in)
296:97–660 cm (38–260 in)
5428:Johnston, William F. (1991). "
4899:Bolsinger & Jaramillo 1991
4815:: Fact Sheet; Characteristics.
4445:: Fact Sheet; Characteristics.
3931:: Fact Sheet; Characteristics.
3189:38 m (125 ft); slow
3099:52 m (170 ft); slow
3015:81–140 cm (32–55 in)
3009:32 m (105 ft); slow
2907:46 m (150 ft); slow
2819:89–140 cm (35–55 in)
2721:61–152 cm (24–60 in)
2510:51–203 cm (20–80 in)
2416:94–142 cm (37–56 in)
2410:24 m (80 ft); rapid
2323:38–152 cm (15–60 in)
2317:24 m (80 ft); rapid
2037:51–178 cm (20–70 in)
1940:30 m (99 ft); rapid
1832:24 m (80 ft); rapid
1748:46–183 cm (18–72 in)
1717:A slow-growing and long-lived
1548:71–132 cm (28–52 in)
1434:All provinces and territories
1335:30 m (100 ft); slow
1328:All provinces and territories
1241:37 m (120 ft); slow
1220:Typically contains many small
1149:33–127 cm (13–50 in)
1055:66–241 cm (26–95 in)
955:24 m (80 ft); rapid
948:All provinces and territories
867:38–173 cm (15–68 in)
390:33–152 cm (13–60 in)
290:50 m (165 ft); slow
1:
5059:National Plant Data Team 2023
4770:National Plant Data Team 2023
4659:National Plant Data Team 2023
4622:National Plant Data Team 2023
4585:National Plant Data Team 2023
4328:Alexander & Shepperd 1991
4273:National Plant Data Team 2023
4236:National Plant Data Team 2023
4069:National Plant Data Team 2023
3853:National Plant Data Team 2023
3832:National Plant Data Team 2023
3762:National Plant Data Team 2023
2813:15 m (50 ft); slow
2715:12 m (40 ft); slow
2225:38–64 cm (15–25 in)
2135:38–76 cm (15–30 in)
2031:20 m (66 ft); slow
1946:46–64 cm (18–25 in)
1838:38–89 cm (15–35 in)
1742:20 m (65 ft); slow
1447:13–152 cm (5–60 in)
1441:20 m (65 ft); slow
1341:18–127 cm (7–50 in)
1049:12 m (40 ft); slow
961:18–140 cm (7–55 in)
861:15 m (50 ft); slow
771:15 m (50 ft); slow
677:23 m (75 ft); slow
583:27 m (90 ft); slow
384:18 m (60 ft); slow
220:Distribution in Canada
99:. Logs can be fashioned into
5572:"Citing the PLANTS Database"
5355:Graham, Russell T. (1991). "
4603:Lotan & Critchfield 1991
4381:Nienstaedt & Zasada 1991
777:23–66 cm (9–26 in)
4973:Godman & Lancaster 1991
4862:Hermann & Lavender 1991
4418:Viereck & Johnston 1991
3627:List of gymnosperm families
3374:(junipers, cypress family)
666:Uses: timber; landscaping.
6171:
5986:their terms-of-use license
5970:Plants of the World Online
5897:Noble, Daniel L. (1991). "
5524:Means, Joseph E. (1991). "
5455:Lawson, Edwin R. (1991). "
5309:Frank, Robert M. (1991). "
5221:Canadian Heritage (2017).
5129:Arno, Stephen F. (1991). "
5075:
4291:Schmidt & Shearer 1991
3904:Crawford & Oliver 1991
3691:Plants of the World Online
3665:Plants of the World Online
3197:−28 °C (−18 °F)
3107:−31 °C (−23 °F)
3017:−36 °C (−33 °F)
2915:−36 °C (−33 °F)
2821:−36 °C (−33 °F)
2723:−28 °C (−18 °F)
2704:Uses: landscaping, posts.
2698:. The seed cones have red
2625:−36 °C (−33 °F)
2512:−36 °C (−33 °F)
2418:−42 °C (−43 °F)
2325:−42 °C (−43 °F)
2227:−38 °C (−36 °F)
2137:−36 °C (−33 °F)
2039:−42 °C (−43 °F)
1948:−57 °C (−70 °F)
1840:−47 °C (−53 °F)
1750:−50 °C (−58 °F)
1648:−36 °C (−33 °F)
1550:−44 °C (−47 °F)
1449:−62 °C (−79 °F)
1343:−54 °C (−65 °F)
1249:−46 °C (−50 °F)
1151:−42 °C (−43 °F)
1057:−50 °C (−58 °F)
963:−62 °C (−79 °F)
869:−42 °C (−43 °F)
779:−39 °C (−38 °F)
685:−30 °C (−22 °F)
662:Chamaecyparis nootkatensis
591:−46 °C (−51 °F)
482:−36 °C (−33 °F)
392:−42 °C (−43 °F)
298:−33 °C (−28 °F)
217:Notes and commercial uses
6155:Taxonomic lists (species)
5992:Rudolf, Paul O. (1991). "
5380:Callitropsis nootkatensis
5175:Blum, Barton M. (1991). "
4901:, pp. 573, 577, 578.
4788:Little & Garrett 1991
4566:Rudolph & Laidly 1991
4074:Callitropsis nootkatensis
3589:
3556:
3531:
3506:
3477:
3434:
3393:
3368:
3343:
3314:
3305:
3300:
3292:
3285:
3279:
3272:
3167:
3077:
2975:
2881:
2783:
2685:
2572:
2478:
2385:
2287:
2197:
2099:
2008:
1900:
1810:
1708:
1610:
1509:
1403:
1322:and musical instruments.
1309:
1211:
1117:
1023:
929:
839:
751:(Rocky Mountain juniper)
745:
654:Callitropsis nootkatensis
651:
542:
452:
358:
267:
161:Newfoundland and Labrador
141:Provinces and territories
6061:Steele, Robert (1991). "
3498:Low or none (medium for
1324:Uses: timber; pulpwood.
377:All provinces except BC
37:species. All except the
5943:Packee, E. C. (1991). "
5378:Harris, A. S. (1991). "
4825:Wendel & Smith 1991
4714:Oliver & Ryker 1991
3689:Of these sources, only
664:in Canada's inventory.
3865:Canadian Heritage 2017
2789:(eastern white-cedar)
26:
5547:Minore, Don (1991). "
5407:Pseudotsuga menziesii
4849:Pseudotsuga menziesii
2575:Pseudotsuga menziesii
2484:(eastern white pine)
2105:(Western white pine)
1415:ruby-crowned kinglets
1032:Distinguishable from
273:(Pacific silver fir)
169:Northwest Territories
33:includes many native
21:
5899:Juniperus scopulorum
5859:USDA Plants Database
5834:USDA Plants Database
5809:USDA Plants Database
5784:USDA Plants Database
5778:Juniperus virginiana
5759:USDA Plants Database
5753:Juniperus scopulorum
5734:USDA Plants Database
5709:USDA Plants Database
5684:USDA Plants Database
5655:USDA Plants Database
5630:USDA Plants Database
5601:USDA Plants Database
5576:USDA Plants Database
5457:Juniperus virginiana
5049:, pp. 623, 630.
5012:, pp. 613, 621.
4975:, pp. 604, 611.
4938:, pp. 590, 598.
4864:, pp. 527, 537.
4529:Arno & Hoff 1991
4167:Juniperus virginiana
4130:Juniperus scopulorum
3806:, pp. 580, 587.
3733:, Tree Species List.
845:(eastern red cedar)
842:Juniperus virginiana
748:Juniperus scopulorum
181:Prince Edward Island
93:construction framing
4827:, pp. 476–488.
4790:, pp. 456–462.
4753:, pp. 442–455.
4716:, pp. 413–424.
4679:, pp. 385–394.
4642:, pp. 348–354.
4605:, pp. 302–315.
4568:, pp. 280–293.
4531:, pp. 268–279.
4494:, pp. 260–267.
4457:, pp. 250–259.
4420:, pp. 227–237.
4383:, pp. 204–226.
4330:, pp. 187–203.
4293:, pp. 160–172.
4256:, pp. 152–159.
4219:, pp. 141–151.
4182:, pp. 131–140.
4145:, pp. 116–126.
3537:(yews, yew family)
3269:
3173:(mountain hemlock)
2887:(western redcedar)
1217:(Engelmann spruce)
1038:Uses: landscaping.
555:, now considered a
207:
6040:Larix occidentalis
5945:Tsuga heterophylla
5434:Thuja occidentalis
4997:Thuja heterophylla
4889:: Characteristics.
4852:: Characteristics.
4778:: Characteristics.
4667:: Characteristics.
4630:: Characteristics.
4593:: Characteristics.
4281:: Characteristics.
4278:Larix occidentalis
4244:: Characteristics.
4092:, pp. 97–102.
4077:: Characteristics.
3906:, pp. 22, 23.
3788:Thuja occidentalis
3678:many other species
3264:
3083:(western hemlock)
3080:Tsuga heterophylla
2981:(eastern hemlock)
2786:Thuja occidentalis
1825:All except YT, NU
1120:Larix occidentalis
1029:(subalpine larch)
203:
111:, principally for
45:. Most are in the
29:Canada's national
27:
6145:Forests of Canada
6122:978-0-16-029260-6
6099:978-0-16-029260-6
6076:978-0-16-029260-6
6053:978-0-16-029260-6
6030:978-0-16-029260-6
6007:978-0-16-029260-6
5958:978-0-16-029260-6
5935:978-0-16-029260-6
5912:978-0-16-029260-6
5889:978-0-16-029260-6
5562:978-0-16-029260-6
5539:978-0-16-029260-6
5526:Tsuga mertensiana
5516:978-0-16-029260-6
5493:978-0-16-029260-6
5470:978-0-16-029260-6
5447:978-0-16-029260-6
5420:978-0-16-029260-6
5397:978-0-16-029260-6
5370:978-0-16-029260-6
5347:978-0-16-029260-6
5324:978-0-16-029260-6
5301:978-0-16-029260-6
5278:978-0-16-029260-6
5213:978-0-16-029260-6
5190:978-0-16-029260-6
5167:978-0-16-029260-6
5144:978-0-16-029260-6
5121:978-0-16-029260-6
5108:Picea engelmannii
5098:978-0-16-029260-6
5034:Tsuga mertensiana
4315:Picea engelmannii
4050:, pp. 60–68.
3980:, pp. 52–58.
3943:, pp. 26–34.
3667:except as noted.
3618:
3617:
3607:Medium (high for
3581:Medium (none for
3565:Medium (none for
3469:None (medium for
3462:Medium (high for
3257:
3256:
3170:Tsuga mertensiana
3000:eastern provinces
2804:eastern provinces
2495:eastern provinces
2308:eastern provinces
2203:(ponderosa pine)
1906:(lodgepole pine)
1714:(whitebark pine)
1534:eastern provinces
1214:Picea engelmannii
6162:
6126:
6103:
6080:
6057:
6034:
6011:
5983:
5981:
5979:
5962:
5939:
5916:
5893:
5870:
5868:
5866:
5845:
5843:
5841:
5820:
5818:
5816:
5803:Pinus albicaulis
5795:
5793:
5791:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5745:
5743:
5741:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5695:
5693:
5691:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5641:
5639:
5637:
5620:Picea sitchensis
5612:
5610:
5608:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5566:
5543:
5520:
5497:
5474:
5451:
5424:
5401:
5384:Picea sitchensis
5374:
5351:
5334:Tsuga canadensis
5328:
5305:
5282:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5217:
5200:Taxus brevifolia
5194:
5171:
5154:Pinus albicaulis
5148:
5125:
5102:
5083:Abies lasiocarpa
5066:
5056:
5050:
5044:
5038:
5026:
5013:
5007:
5001:
4989:
4976:
4970:
4964:
4960:Tsuga canadensis
4952:
4939:
4933:
4927:
4915:
4902:
4896:
4890:
4886:Taxus brevifolia
4878:
4865:
4859:
4853:
4841:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4804:
4791:
4785:
4779:
4767:
4754:
4748:
4742:
4730:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4693:
4680:
4674:
4668:
4656:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4619:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4582:
4569:
4563:
4557:
4545:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4516:Pinus albicaulis
4508:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4479:Picea sitchensis
4471:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4434:
4421:
4415:
4409:
4397:
4384:
4378:
4372:
4362:
4356:
4344:
4331:
4325:
4319:
4307:
4294:
4288:
4282:
4270:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4233:
4220:
4214:
4208:
4196:
4183:
4177:
4171:
4159:
4146:
4140:
4134:
4122:
4109:
4099:
4093:
4087:
4078:
4066:
4051:
4045:
4039:
4035:Abies lasiocarpa
4027:
4014:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3981:
3975:
3969:
3957:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3920:
3907:
3901:
3895:
3883:
3868:
3862:
3856:
3850:
3839:
3829:
3823:
3813:
3807:
3801:
3792:
3780:
3765:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3734:
3728:
3707:
3704:
3698:
3687:
3681:
3674:
3668:
3655:This list omits
3653:
3419:Low (medium for
3270:
3248:
3239:
3228:
3219:
3158:
3149:
3138:
3129:
3068:
3059:
3048:
3039:
2978:Tsuga canadensis
2966:
2957:
2946:
2937:
2890:The only native
2872:
2863:
2852:
2843:
2774:
2765:
2754:
2745:
2688:Taxus brevifolia
2676:
2667:
2656:
2647:
2563:
2554:
2543:
2534:
2469:
2460:
2449:
2440:
2376:
2367:
2356:
2347:
2278:
2269:
2258:
2249:
2188:
2179:
2168:
2159:
2090:
2081:
2070:
2061:
1999:
1990:
1979:
1970:
1891:
1882:
1871:
1862:
1801:
1792:
1781:
1772:
1711:Pinus albicaulis
1699:
1690:
1679:
1670:
1613:Picea sitchensis
1601:
1592:
1581:
1572:
1500:
1491:
1480:
1471:
1394:
1385:
1374:
1365:
1300:
1291:
1280:
1271:
1202:
1193:
1182:
1173:
1123:(western larch)
1108:
1099:
1088:
1079:
1014:
1005:
994:
985:
920:
911:
900:
891:
830:
821:
810:
801:
736:
727:
716:
707:
642:
633:
622:
613:
548:(subalpine fir)
545:Abies lasiocarpa
533:
524:
513:
504:
443:
434:
423:
414:
349:
340:
329:
320:
232:
208:
206:
149:British Columbia
31:forest inventory
6170:
6169:
6165:
6164:
6163:
6161:
6160:
6159:
6150:Lists of plants
6130:
6129:
6123:
6106:
6100:
6083:
6077:
6060:
6054:
6037:
6031:
6017:Pinus banksiana
6014:
6008:
5991:
5977:
5975:
5965:
5959:
5942:
5936:
5922:Pinus ponderosa
5919:
5913:
5896:
5890:
5873:
5864:
5862:
5848:
5839:
5837:
5828:Pinus ponderosa
5823:
5814:
5812:
5798:
5789:
5787:
5773:
5764:
5762:
5748:
5739:
5737:
5723:
5714:
5712:
5698:
5689:
5687:
5669:
5660:
5658:
5649:Pinus banksiana
5644:
5635:
5633:
5615:
5606:
5604:
5590:
5581:
5579:
5569:
5563:
5546:
5540:
5523:
5517:
5500:
5494:
5477:
5471:
5454:
5448:
5427:
5421:
5404:
5398:
5377:
5371:
5357:Pinus monticola
5354:
5348:
5331:
5325:
5308:
5302:
5285:
5279:
5262:
5253:
5251:
5241:
5232:
5230:
5220:
5214:
5197:
5191:
5174:
5168:
5151:
5145:
5128:
5122:
5105:
5099:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5069:
5057:
5053:
5045:
5041:
5027:
5016:
5008:
5004:
4990:
4979:
4971:
4967:
4953:
4942:
4934:
4930:
4916:
4905:
4897:
4893:
4879:
4868:
4860:
4856:
4842:
4831:
4823:
4819:
4805:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4768:
4757:
4749:
4745:
4731:
4720:
4712:
4708:
4701:Pinus ponderosa
4694:
4683:
4675:
4671:
4664:Pinus monticola
4657:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4620:
4609:
4601:
4597:
4583:
4572:
4564:
4560:
4553:Pinus banksiana
4546:
4535:
4527:
4523:
4509:
4498:
4490:
4486:
4472:
4461:
4453:
4449:
4435:
4424:
4416:
4412:
4398:
4387:
4379:
4375:
4363:
4359:
4345:
4334:
4326:
4322:
4308:
4297:
4289:
4285:
4271:
4260:
4252:
4248:
4234:
4223:
4215:
4211:
4197:
4186:
4178:
4174:
4160:
4149:
4141:
4137:
4123:
4112:
4100:
4096:
4088:
4081:
4067:
4054:
4046:
4042:
4028:
4017:
4005:
4001:
3993:
3984:
3976:
3972:
3958:
3947:
3939:
3935:
3921:
3910:
3902:
3898:
3884:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3851:
3842:
3830:
3826:
3814:
3810:
3802:
3795:
3781:
3768:
3760:
3756:
3748:
3737:
3729:
3720:
3716:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3701:
3688:
3684:
3675:
3671:
3654:
3650:
3645:
3623:
3512:(Douglas firs)
3452:
3447:
3309:
3297:
3288:
3281:Low-oxygen soil
3262:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3249:
3241:
3240:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3187:
3183:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3159:
3151:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3097:
3093:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3061:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3041:
3040:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3007:
3003:
2971:
2970:
2969:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2947:
2939:
2938:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2914:
2905:
2901:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2864:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2845:
2844:
2831:S: medium
2830:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2811:
2807:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2767:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2747:
2746:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2713:
2709:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2678:
2677:
2669:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2635:S: medium
2634:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2615:
2611:
2568:
2567:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2535:
2522:S: medium
2521:
2519:
2517:
2511:
2502:
2498:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2441:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2408:
2404:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2377:
2369:
2368:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2283:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2261:
2260:
2259:
2251:
2250:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2217:
2213:
2200:Pinus ponderosa
2193:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2189:
2181:
2180:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2161:
2160:
2147:S: medium
2146:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2127:
2123:
2102:Pinus monticola
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2063:
2062:
2048:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2029:
2025:
2004:
2003:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1972:
1971:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1947:
1938:
1934:
1933:AB BC NT SK YT
1896:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1874:
1873:
1872:
1864:
1863:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1839:
1830:
1826:
1813:Pinus banksiana
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1794:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1774:
1773:
1760:S: medium
1759:
1757:
1755:
1749:
1740:
1736:
1719:pioneer species
1704:
1703:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1692:
1691:
1682:
1681:
1680:
1672:
1671:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1647:
1638:
1634:
1616:(Sitka spruce)
1606:
1605:
1604:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1573:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1549:
1540:
1536:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1472:
1458:
1456:
1454:
1448:
1439:
1435:
1409:(black spruce)
1399:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1395:
1387:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1366:
1353:S: medium
1352:
1350:
1348:
1342:
1333:
1329:
1315:(white spruce)
1305:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1273:
1272:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1239:
1235:
1224:that lower the
1207:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1150:
1141:
1137:
1128:arabinogalactan
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1101:
1100:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1081:
1080:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1047:
1043:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1007:
1006:
997:
996:
995:
987:
986:
972:
970:
968:
962:
953:
949:
925:
924:
923:
922:
921:
913:
912:
903:
902:
901:
893:
892:
879:S: medium
878:
876:
874:
868:
859:
855:
835:
834:
833:
832:
831:
823:
822:
813:
812:
811:
803:
802:
788:
786:
784:
778:
769:
765:
741:
740:
739:
738:
737:
729:
728:
719:
718:
717:
709:
708:
694:
692:
690:
684:
675:
671:
657:(Alaska cedar)
647:
646:
645:
644:
643:
635:
634:
625:
624:
623:
615:
614:
600:
598:
596:
590:
581:
577:
538:
537:
536:
535:
534:
526:
525:
516:
515:
514:
506:
505:
491:
489:
487:
481:
472:
468:
448:
447:
446:
445:
444:
436:
435:
426:
425:
424:
416:
415:
401:
399:
397:
391:
382:
378:
354:
353:
352:
351:
350:
342:
341:
332:
331:
330:
322:
321:
307:
305:
303:
297:
288:
284:
256:
251:
249:
247:
234:
228:
224:provincial tree
221:
204:
201:
137:
119:from sap yield
12:
11:
5:
6168:
6166:
6158:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6132:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6121:
6104:
6098:
6081:
6075:
6063:Pinus flexilis
6058:
6052:
6035:
6029:
6012:
6006:
5994:Pinus resinosa
5989:
5963:
5957:
5940:
5934:
5917:
5911:
5894:
5888:
5871:
5853:Abies amabilis
5846:
5821:
5796:
5771:
5746:
5721:
5703:Abies balsamea
5696:
5667:
5642:
5624:Pinus resinosa
5613:
5588:
5567:
5561:
5544:
5538:
5521:
5515:
5503:Pinus contorta
5498:
5492:
5475:
5469:
5452:
5446:
5430:Larix laricina
5425:
5419:
5402:
5396:
5375:
5369:
5352:
5346:
5329:
5323:
5311:Abies balsamea
5306:
5300:
5283:
5277:
5265:Abies amabilis
5260:
5239:
5218:
5212:
5195:
5189:
5172:
5166:
5149:
5143:
5126:
5120:
5103:
5097:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5067:
5051:
5039:
5014:
5002:
4977:
4965:
4940:
4928:
4903:
4891:
4866:
4854:
4829:
4817:
4792:
4780:
4755:
4743:
4738:Pinus resinosa
4718:
4706:
4681:
4669:
4644:
4632:
4627:Pinus flexilis
4607:
4595:
4590:Pinus contorta
4570:
4558:
4533:
4521:
4496:
4484:
4459:
4447:
4422:
4410:
4385:
4373:
4357:
4332:
4320:
4295:
4283:
4258:
4246:
4221:
4209:
4204:Larix laricina
4184:
4172:
4147:
4135:
4110:
4094:
4079:
4052:
4040:
4015:
3999:
3982:
3970:
3945:
3933:
3928:Abies balsamea
3908:
3896:
3891:Abies amabilis
3869:
3857:
3840:
3824:
3808:
3793:
3766:
3754:
3735:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3699:
3693:lists this as
3682:
3669:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3622:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3609:T. mertensiana
3605:
3602:
3599:
3596:
3587:
3586:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3563:
3554:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3504:
3503:
3496:
3495:Medium or low
3493:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3475:
3474:
3467:
3460:
3457:
3444:
3441:
3432:
3431:
3426:None (low for
3424:
3417:
3414:
3407:
3402:None (low for
3400:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3323:None (low for
3321:
3312:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3291:
3284:
3278:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3243:
3242:
3234:
3233:
3232:
3223:
3222:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3199:
3191:
3180:
3174:
3165:
3164:
3153:
3152:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3133:
3132:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3101:
3090:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3063:
3062:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3019:
3011:
2996:
2990:curing leather
2982:
2973:
2972:
2961:
2960:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2926:
2917:
2909:
2898:
2888:
2879:
2878:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2823:
2815:
2800:
2790:
2781:
2780:
2769:
2768:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2749:
2748:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2717:
2706:
2692:
2691:(western yew)
2683:
2682:
2671:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2627:
2619:
2608:
2579:
2578:(Douglas fir)
2570:
2569:
2558:
2557:
2549:
2548:
2547:
2538:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2523:
2514:
2506:
2491:
2485:
2476:
2475:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:S: intolerant
2420:
2412:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2382:
2371:
2370:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:S: intolerant
2327:
2319:
2304:
2294:
2290:Pinus resinosa
2285:
2284:
2273:
2272:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:S: intolerant
2229:
2221:
2210:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2183:
2182:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2163:
2162:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2139:
2131:
2120:
2106:
2097:
2096:
2085:
2084:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2065:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:S: intolerant
2041:
2033:
2022:
2015:
2014:(limber pine)
2011:Pinus flexilis
2006:
2005:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1984:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1958:S: intolerant
1950:
1942:
1931:
1907:
1903:Pinus contorta
1898:
1897:
1886:
1885:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1866:
1865:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1850:S: intolerant
1842:
1834:
1823:
1817:
1808:
1807:
1796:
1795:
1787:
1786:
1785:
1776:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1752:
1744:
1733:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1694:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1650:
1642:
1631:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1596:
1595:
1587:
1586:
1585:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1552:
1544:
1530:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1451:
1443:
1432:
1410:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1369:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1345:
1337:
1326:
1316:
1307:
1306:
1295:
1294:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1275:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1251:
1243:
1232:
1218:
1209:
1208:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1161:S: intolerant
1153:
1145:
1134:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1103:
1102:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1067:S: intolerant
1059:
1051:
1040:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1009:
1008:
1000:
999:
998:
989:
988:
980:
979:
978:
977:
976:
974:
973:S: intolerant
965:
957:
946:
936:
932:Larix laricina
927:
926:
915:
914:
906:
905:
904:
895:
894:
886:
885:
884:
883:
882:
880:
871:
863:
852:
846:
837:
836:
825:
824:
816:
815:
814:
805:
804:
796:
795:
794:
793:
792:
790:
789:S: intolerant
781:
773:
762:
752:
743:
742:
731:
730:
722:
721:
720:
711:
710:
702:
701:
700:
699:
698:
696:
687:
679:
668:
658:
649:
648:
637:
636:
628:
627:
626:
617:
616:
608:
607:
606:
605:
604:
602:
593:
585:
574:
549:
540:
539:
528:
527:
519:
518:
517:
508:
507:
499:
498:
497:
496:
495:
493:
484:
476:
465:
459:
450:
449:
438:
437:
429:
428:
427:
418:
417:
409:
408:
407:
406:
405:
403:
394:
386:
375:
365:
361:Abies balsamea
356:
355:
344:
343:
335:
334:
333:
324:
323:
315:
314:
313:
312:
311:
309:
300:
292:
281:
274:
270:Abies amabilis
265:
264:
261:
244:
237:
218:
215:
211:Species and a
200:
197:
196:
195:
136:
133:
71:cypress family
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6167:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6124:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6109:Pinus strobus
6105:
6101:
6095:
6091:
6087:
6086:Picea mariana
6082:
6078:
6072:
6068:
6064:
6059:
6055:
6049:
6045:
6041:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6013:
6009:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5990:
5987:
5973:
5971:
5966:POWO (2019).
5964:
5960:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5941:
5937:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5918:
5914:
5908:
5904:
5900:
5895:
5891:
5885:
5881:
5877:
5872:
5860:
5856:
5854:
5847:
5835:
5831:
5829:
5822:
5810:
5806:
5804:
5797:
5785:
5781:
5779:
5772:
5760:
5756:
5754:
5747:
5735:
5731:
5729:
5722:
5710:
5706:
5704:
5697:
5685:
5681:
5679:
5678:Picea mariana
5675:
5668:
5656:
5652:
5650:
5643:
5631:
5627:
5625:
5621:
5614:
5602:
5598:
5596:
5595:Pinus strobus
5589:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5549:Thuja plicata
5545:
5541:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5522:
5518:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5499:
5495:
5489:
5485:
5481:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5426:
5422:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5376:
5372:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5353:
5349:
5343:
5339:
5335:
5330:
5326:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5307:
5303:
5297:
5293:
5289:
5288:Abies grandis
5284:
5280:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5249:
5247:
5242:CNFI (2014).
5240:
5228:
5226:
5219:
5215:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5196:
5192:
5186:
5182:
5178:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5150:
5146:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5131:Larix lyallii
5127:
5123:
5117:
5113:
5109:
5104:
5100:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5078:
5071:
5064:
5063:Help Document
5060:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4949:
4947:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4932:
4929:
4925:
4924:
4923:Thuja plicata
4919:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4900:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4875:
4873:
4871:
4867:
4863:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4821:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4812:Pinus strobus
4808:
4803:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4789:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4673:
4670:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4616:
4614:
4612:
4608:
4604:
4599:
4596:
4592:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4542:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4468:
4466:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4431:
4429:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4414:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4405:Picea mariana
4401:
4396:
4394:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4377:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4304:
4302:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4287:
4284:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4250:
4247:
4243:
4242:
4241:Larix lyallii
4237:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4217:Johnston 1991
4213:
4210:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4193:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4156:
4154:
4152:
4148:
4144:
4139:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4106:Chamaecyparis
4103:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4024:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4011:Abies bifolia
4008:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3965:Abies grandis
3961:
3956:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3836:Help Document
3833:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3809:
3805:
3804:Johnston 1991
3800:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3755:
3751:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3649:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3564:
3561:
3560:
3555:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3379:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3307:Soil salinity
3303:
3295:
3290:
3282:
3276:
3271:
3268:
3259:
3247:
3238:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3157:
3148:
3137:
3128:
3119:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3047:
3038:
3029:
3020:
3018:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2974:
2965:
2956:
2945:
2936:
2927:
2918:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2885:
2884:Thuja plicata
2880:
2871:
2862:
2851:
2842:
2833:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2753:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2675:
2666:
2655:
2646:
2637:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2542:
2533:
2524:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2481:Pinus strobus
2477:
2468:
2459:
2448:
2439:
2430:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2393:
2391:(pitch pine)
2390:
2389:
2384:
2375:
2366:
2355:
2346:
2337:
2328:
2326:
2320:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2277:
2268:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2187:
2178:
2167:
2158:
2149:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2089:
2080:
2069:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1949:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1843:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1800:
1791:
1780:
1771:
1762:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1739:
1734:
1732:
1728:
1727:grizzly bears
1724:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1698:
1689:
1678:
1669:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1609:
1600:
1591:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1518:The straight-
1517:
1515:(red spruce)
1514:
1513:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:Picea mariana
1402:
1393:
1384:
1373:
1364:
1355:
1346:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1299:
1290:
1279:
1270:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1181:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1087:
1078:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1034:western larch
1031:
1028:
1027:
1026:Larix lyallii
1022:
1013:
1004:
993:
984:
975:
966:
964:
958:
956:
952:
947:
945:
941:
937:
934:
933:
928:
919:
910:
899:
890:
881:
872:
870:
864:
862:
858:
853:
851:
847:
844:
843:
838:
829:
820:
809:
800:
791:
782:
780:
774:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
750:
749:
744:
735:
726:
715:
706:
697:
688:
686:
680:
678:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
656:
655:
650:
641:
632:
621:
612:
603:
594:
592:
586:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
564:A. lasiocarpa
562:
558:
554:
553:Abies bifolia
550:
547:
546:
541:
532:
523:
512:
503:
494:
485:
483:
477:
475:
471:
466:
464:
460:
457:
456:
455:Abies grandis
451:
442:
433:
422:
413:
404:
395:
393:
387:
385:
381:
376:
374:
370:
369:Canada balsam
366:
364:(balsam fir)
363:
362:
357:
348:
339:
328:
319:
310:
301:
299:
293:
291:
287:
282:
280:
275:
272:
271:
266:
259:
254:
242:
236:
227:
225:
214:
209:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:New Brunswick
154:
150:
146:
142:
139:
138:
134:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:railroad ties
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
72:
68:
64:
63:Alaska cedars
60:
56:
52:
49:, except for
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
25:
24:Red Creek Fir
20:
16:
6112:
6108:
6089:
6085:
6066:
6062:
6043:
6039:
6020:
6016:
5997:
5993:
5976:. Retrieved
5969:
5948:
5944:
5925:
5921:
5902:
5898:
5879:
5876:Picea glauca
5875:
5863:. Retrieved
5858:
5852:
5838:. Retrieved
5833:
5827:
5813:. Retrieved
5808:
5802:
5788:. Retrieved
5783:
5777:
5763:. Retrieved
5758:
5752:
5738:. Retrieved
5733:
5728:Picea rubens
5727:
5713:. Retrieved
5708:
5702:
5688:. Retrieved
5683:
5677:
5673:
5659:. Retrieved
5654:
5648:
5634:. Retrieved
5629:
5623:
5619:
5605:. Retrieved
5600:
5594:
5580:. Retrieved
5575:
5552:
5548:
5529:
5525:
5506:
5502:
5483:
5480:Pinus rigida
5479:
5460:
5456:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5410:
5406:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5360:
5356:
5337:
5333:
5314:
5310:
5291:
5287:
5268:
5264:
5252:. Retrieved
5245:
5231:. Retrieved
5224:
5203:
5199:
5180:
5177:Picea rubens
5176:
5157:
5153:
5134:
5130:
5111:
5107:
5087:
5082:
5054:
5042:
5033:
5005:
4996:
4968:
4959:
4931:
4922:
4894:
4885:
4857:
4848:
4820:
4811:
4783:
4775:Pinus rigida
4774:
4746:
4737:
4709:
4700:
4672:
4663:
4635:
4626:
4598:
4589:
4561:
4552:
4524:
4515:
4487:
4478:
4450:
4442:Picea rubens
4441:
4413:
4404:
4376:
4369:Picea glauca
4368:
4360:
4352:Picea glauca
4351:
4323:
4314:
4286:
4277:
4249:
4240:
4212:
4203:
4175:
4166:
4138:
4129:
4105:
4097:
4073:
4043:
4034:
4010:
4002:
3973:
3964:
3936:
3927:
3899:
3890:
3860:
3827:
3819:
3811:
3787:
3757:
3702:
3694:
3690:
3685:
3672:
3664:
3651:
3608:
3590:
3582:
3566:
3557:
3532:
3507:
3500:P. ponderosa
3499:
3486:Low or none
3478:
3470:
3463:
3453:
3448:
3443:Low or none
3435:
3427:
3420:
3410:
3409:Yes (no for
3403:
3394:
3377:Low or none
3369:
3346:Callitropsis
3344:
3324:
3315:
3302:Moisture use
3298:days needed
3287:Cold winters
3207:S: tolerant
3194:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3168:
3117:S: tolerant
3104:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3078:
3027:S: tolerant
3014:
3008:
3004:
2993:
2976:
2925:S: tolerant
2912:
2906:
2902:
2895:
2891:
2882:
2818:
2812:
2808:
2797:
2784:
2733:S: tolerant
2720:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2686:
2622:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2597:P. menziesii
2596:
2590:
2587:P. menziesii
2586:
2573:
2509:
2503:
2499:
2488:
2479:
2415:
2409:
2405:
2398:
2394:
2388:Pinus rigida
2386:
2322:
2316:
2312:
2301:
2288:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2198:
2134:
2128:
2124:
2117:
2100:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2009:
1945:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1901:
1837:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1816:(jack pine)
1811:
1747:
1741:
1737:
1730:
1709:
1658:S: tolerant
1645:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1611:
1560:S: tolerant
1547:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1512:Picea rubens
1510:
1459:S: tolerant
1446:
1440:
1436:
1429:
1422:
1412:
1404:
1340:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1312:Picea glauca
1310:
1259:S: tolerant
1246:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1212:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1118:
1054:
1048:
1044:
1037:
1024:
960:
954:
950:
943:
930:
866:
860:
856:
849:
840:
776:
770:
766:
759:
746:
695:S: tolerant
682:
676:
672:
665:
661:
652:
601:S: tolerant
588:
582:
578:
576:AB BC NT YT
571:
567:
563:
552:
543:
492:S: tolerant
479:
473:
469:
462:
458:(grand fir)
453:
402:S: tolerant
389:
383:
379:
372:
359:
308:S: tolerant
295:
289:
285:
278:
268:
248:drought (D),
246:Tolerance to
235:growth rate
229:
222:
189:Saskatchewan
140:
103:, poles and
75:
67:thuja cedars
28:
15:
5978:January 10,
5865:October 16,
5840:October 16,
5815:October 16,
5790:October 16,
5765:October 16,
5740:October 16,
5715:October 16,
5690:October 16,
5661:October 16,
5636:October 16,
5607:October 16,
5582:October 16,
5254:October 15,
5010:Packee 1991
4936:Minore 1991
4751:Rudolf 1991
4677:Graham 1991
4640:Steele 1991
4492:Harris 1991
4180:Lawson 1991
4090:Harris 1991
3595:(hemlocks)
3509:Pseudotsuga
3446:No (yes for
3428:L. laricina
3421:L. laricina
3404:L. laricina
3275:common name
3193:pH 4.5–7.3
3103:pH 4.5–6.0
3013:pH 4.2–5.7
2911:pH 5.1–7.1
2817:pH 5.2–7.0
2802:MB and all
2719:pH 6.2–7.5
2696:undergrowth
2621:pH 5.0–7.5
2508:pH 4.0–6.5
2414:pH 3.5–5.1
2321:pH 4.5–6.0
2293:(red pine)
2223:pH 5.0–9.0
2133:pH 5.5–7.0
2114:woodworking
2035:pH 5.7–6.5
2018:years old.
1944:pH 6.2–7.5
1922:P. contorta
1914:P. contorta
1836:pH 6.0–8.2
1746:pH 4.8–8.0
1723:black bears
1644:pH 3.9–5.7
1546:pH 4.0–5.8
1445:pH 4.7–6.5
1339:pH 4.0–8.2
1245:pH 6.0–8.0
1147:pH 6.0–7.0
1053:pH 3.9–5.6
959:pH 5.5–6.5
935:(tamarack)
865:pH 4.7–8.0
775:pH 5.0–8.5
681:pH 5.5–7.0
587:pH 4.0–6.5
478:pH 4.5–7.5
388:pH 4.0–6.0
294:pH 3.3–6.0
239:Limits for
213:common name
165:Nova Scotia
113:papermaking
89:wood veneer
47:pine family
6134:Categories
5072:References
5047:Means 1991
4143:Noble 1991
3941:Frank 1991
3695:Picea laxa
3583:T. plicata
3567:T. plicata
3464:P. mariana
3454:P. mariana
3440:(spruces)
3411:L. lyallii
3399:(larches)
3325:A. grandis
3310:tolerance
3283:tolerance
3002:except NL
2806:except NL
1926:latifolia.
1427:warblers.
1222:wood knots
568:lasiocarpa
231:avg height
125:turpentine
55:yew family
43:evergreens
5233:April 19,
4455:Blum 1991
4254:Arno 1991
3714:Citations
3661:varieties
3471:P. glauca
3449:P. glauca
3371:Juniperus
3273:Genus, a
3023:F: medium
2923:L: medium
2727:D: medium
2601:menziesii
2583:varieties
2422:D: medium
2403:NS ON QC
2145:L: medium
2108:Straight-
2047:L: medium
1911:varieties
1656:L: medium
1625:resonance
1554:D: medium
1524:resonance
1424:Setophaga
1419:ovenbirds
764:AB BC SK
486:D: medium
250:fire (F),
127:or other
6140:Conifers
3621:See also
3575:100–180
3483:(pines)
3383:120–140
1918:contorta
940:peatland
756:seasoned
205:Conifers
199:Conifers
153:Manitoba
129:terpenes
121:wood tar
109:pulpwood
77:Softwood
69:(in the
59:junipers
53:(in the
3657:hybrids
3604:80–160
3578:Medium
3524:Medium
3492:50–150
3459:30–111
3361:Medium
3336:Medium
3333:60–120
3320:(firs)
3115:L: none
3025:L: none
2829:L: high
2794:termite
2520:L: none
2518:F: none
2516:D: none
2333:L: none
2298:grained
2233:F: high
2231:D: high
2110:grained
2043:D: high
1956:L: high
1846:F: none
1756:F: none
1754:D: high
1654:F: none
1556:F: none
1520:grained
1455:F: none
1347:D: high
1320:pallets
1257:L: high
1065:L: none
1061:D: high
969:F: none
877:L: high
873:D: high
787:L: high
783:D: high
693:L: none
561:variety
559:of the
557:synonym
488:F: high
304:F: none
255:(L) and
241:soil pH
177:Ontario
173:Nunavut
145:Alberta
85:plywood
39:larches
35:conifer
6119:
6096:
6073:
6050:
6027:
6004:
5955:
5932:
5909:
5886:
5559:
5536:
5513:
5490:
5467:
5444:
5417:
5394:
5367:
5344:
5321:
5298:
5275:
5210:
5187:
5164:
5141:
5118:
5095:
3416:60–90
3289:needed
3260:Genera
3205:L: low
3203:F: low
3201:D: low
3113:F: low
3111:D: low
3092:AB BC
3021:D: low
2986:tannin
2921:F: low
2919:D: low
2900:AB BC
2827:F: low
2825:D: low
2731:L: low
2729:F: low
2708:AB BC
2633:L: low
2631:F: low
2629:D: low
2610:AB BC
2591:glauca
2426:L: low
2424:F: low
2395:Rigida
2331:F: low
2329:D: low
2235:L: low
2143:F: low
2141:D: low
2122:AB BC
2045:F: low
2024:AB BC
1954:F: low
1952:D: low
1848:L: low
1844:D: low
1758:L: low
1735:AB BC
1652:D: low
1558:L: low
1457:L: low
1453:D: low
1351:L: low
1349:F: low
1255:F: low
1253:D: low
1234:AB BC
1159:L: low
1157:F: low
1155:D: low
1136:AB BC
1063:F: low
1042:AB BC
971:L: low
967:D: low
875:F: low
854:ON QC
785:F: low
691:F: low
689:D: low
599:L: low
597:F: low
595:D: low
490:L: low
400:L: low
398:F: low
396:D: low
306:L: low
302:D: low
253:liming
185:Quebec
117:Resins
81:milled
57:) and
3643:Notes
3614:None
3598:None
3592:Tsuga
3559:Thuja
3552:None
3540:None
3534:Taxus
3480:Pinus
3437:Picea
3396:Larix
3364:None
3339:None
3317:Abies
3296:-free
3294:Frost
3267:genus
3185:none
3095:none
3005:none
2892:Thuja
2809:none
2711:none
2700:arils
2613:none
2599:var.
2589:var.
2497:+ MB
2406:none
2313:none
2310:+ MB
2215:none
2125:none
2027:none
1924:var.
1916:var.
1828:none
1738:none
1636:none
1621:masts
1237:none
1226:grade
1139:none
1045:none
857:none
767:none
673:none
566:var.
470:none
286:none
258:shade
193:Yukon
191:, YT
187:, SK
183:, QC
179:, PE
175:, ON
171:, NU
167:, NT
163:, NS
159:, NL
155:, NB
151:, MB
147:, BC
101:posts
97:studs
6117:ISBN
6094:ISBN
6071:ISBN
6048:ISBN
6025:ISBN
6002:ISBN
5984:See
5980:2023
5953:ISBN
5930:ISBN
5907:ISBN
5884:ISBN
5867:2023
5842:2023
5817:2023
5792:2023
5767:2023
5742:2023
5717:2023
5692:2023
5663:2023
5638:2023
5609:2023
5584:2023
5557:ISBN
5534:ISBN
5511:ISBN
5488:ISBN
5465:ISBN
5442:ISBN
5415:ISBN
5392:ISBN
5365:ISBN
5342:ISBN
5319:ISBN
5296:ISBN
5273:ISBN
5256:2023
5235:2024
5208:ISBN
5185:ISBN
5162:ISBN
5139:ISBN
5116:ISBN
5093:ISBN
4365:POWO
4102:POWO
4007:POWO
3995:CNFI
3816:POWO
3750:POWO
3731:CNFI
3659:and
3601:Yes
3572:Yes
3549:Low
3546:140
3543:Yes
3527:Low
3521:130
3518:Yes
3515:Low
3489:Yes
3389:Low
3386:Low
3380:Yes
3358:111
3355:Yes
3352:Low
3330:Yes
2998:All
2988:for
2792:The
2594:and
2493:All
2306:All
1920:and
1725:and
1532:All
1421:and
260:(S)
226:of:
91:and
83:for
65:and
51:yews
41:are
22:The
3451:and
3182:BC
2903:BC
2500:ON
2212:BC
1936:AB
1633:BC
1538:NS
1437:NL
1331:MB
951:NT
670:BC
579:YT
467:BC
380:NB
283:BC
135:Key
73:).
6136::
5857:.
5832:.
5807:.
5782:.
5757:.
5732:.
5707:.
5682:.
5676:;
5653:.
5628:.
5622:;
5599:.
5574:.
5432:;
5382:;
5061:,
5031:,
5017:^
4994:,
4980:^
4957:,
4943:^
4920:,
4906:^
4883:,
4869:^
4846:,
4832:^
4809:,
4795:^
4772:,
4758:^
4735:,
4721:^
4698:,
4684:^
4661:,
4647:^
4624:,
4610:^
4587:,
4573:^
4550:,
4536:^
4513:,
4499:^
4476:,
4462:^
4439:,
4425:^
4402:,
4388:^
4367:,
4349:,
4335:^
4312:,
4298:^
4275:,
4261:^
4238:,
4224:^
4201:,
4187:^
4164:,
4150:^
4127:,
4113:^
4104:,
4082:^
4071:,
4055:^
4032:,
4018:^
4009:,
3985:^
3962:,
3948:^
3925:,
3911:^
3888:,
3872:^
3843:^
3834:,
3818:,
3796:^
3785:,
3769:^
3738:^
3721:^
3697:.
3611:)
3585:)
3569:)
3502:)
3473:)
3466:)
3456:)
3430:)
3423:)
3413:)
3406:)
3327:)
2992:.
2702:.
2604:.
2116:.
1729:.
1627:.
1526:.
1417:,
570:.
123:,
115:.
87:,
61:,
6125:.
6102:.
6079:.
6056:.
6033:.
6010:.
5988:.
5982:.
5972:"
5968:"
5961:.
5938:.
5915:.
5892:.
5869:.
5855:"
5851:"
5844:.
5830:"
5826:"
5819:.
5805:"
5801:"
5794:.
5780:"
5776:"
5769:.
5755:"
5751:"
5744:.
5730:"
5726:"
5719:.
5705:"
5701:"
5694:.
5680:"
5672:"
5665:.
5651:"
5647:"
5640:.
5626:"
5618:"
5611:.
5597:"
5593:"
5586:.
5565:.
5542:.
5519:.
5496:.
5473:.
5450:.
5423:.
5400:.
5373:.
5350:.
5327:.
5304:.
5281:.
5258:.
5248:"
5244:"
5237:.
5227:"
5223:"
5216:.
5193:.
5170:.
5147:.
5124:.
5101:.
5065:.
4371:.
4108:.
4013:.
3997:.
3867:.
3855:.
3838:.
3822:.
3752:.
3680:.
233:;
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
