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enough, and with a well-matched pair of maîtres d’escrime well-nigh impossible... The invention is the work of Mr. Little, the well-known amateur swordsman, and is designed to do away with this uncertainty and useless expenditure of energy. It is hardly necessary to say that the inventor has called electricity to his aid. Briefly, the invention consists of an automatic electric recorder. The instrument is fastened to the wall and connected with the collar of the combatant, from whence the current is conveyed down the sleeve into the handle of the foil. The blade of the foil pressing into the handle completes the connection; the current is conveyed to a bell in the instrument, and thus each hit is recorded. At the exhibition the invention proved an unalloyed success, and ought to be a boon both to competitors and judges—to the former on account of its certainty, and to the latter because it not only lightens their labours, but also frees them from any suspicion of partiality."
454:. Its precepts are based on reason, geometry, and tied to intellectual, philosophical, and moral ideals, incorporating various aspects of a well-rounded Renaissance humanist education, with a special focus on the writings of classical authors such as Aristotle, Euclid or Plato. Its represents a break from an older tradition of fencing in Spain, the so-called esgrima vulgar or esgrima común ('vulgar or common fencing'). That older tradition, with roots in medieval times, was represented by the works of authors such as Jaime Pons (1474), Pedro de la Torre (1474) and Francisco Román (1532). Writers on destreza took great care to distinguish their "true art" from the "vulgar" or "common" fencing. The older school continued to exist alongside la verdadera destreza, with Spanish soldiers working as fencing masters across Europe, but was increasingly influenced by the new destreza forms and concepts.
893:
492:, the increase in the urban population and other social changes, the number of treatises increased dramatically. After around 1500 carrying swords became more acceptable in most parts of Europe. The growing middle classes meant that more men could afford to carry swords, learn fighting and be seen as gentlemen. By the middle of the 16th century many European cities contained great numbers of swordsmanship schools and fencing was invented with the invention of the rapier. Often schools clustered together, such as in
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1195:," an honor reserved for the top instructor. He invented what came to be known as the "Patton Saber," in 1913, based on his studies with M. Clery L'Adjutant, reputed to be the finest Fencing Master in Europe at the time. While teaching at Fort Riley, he wrote two training manuals teaching the art of swordsmanship to Army Cavalry Officers, "Saber Exercise 1914" and "Diary of the Instructor in Swordsmanship."
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1132:
defense and offense. With this approach, the swordsman had an idea of one thing, what now we calling like "center of percussion". It was suggested some divisions of a sword. The blade was divided into four parts, the first two parts from
Ephesus should be used for protection; the third one near the center of the blow was used for striking; and the fourth part at the tip was used for pricking.
2012:
1046:
the action, and then polled the judges. If the judges differed, or abstained, the director could overrule. The
Director (also referred to head referee) always has the final say. What he says goes. The only way for a call to be changed is for one of the competitors to ask for a review (protest). If the Director acknowledged his own error, he may change the call.
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520:
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936:. With the help of artist Gwyn Delin, he had an instruction book published in England in 1763 which had 25 engraved plates demonstrating classic positions from the old schools of fencing. His school was run by three generations of his family and dominated the art of European fencing for almost a century.
1153:
Neapolitan fencing is a style of fencing that originated in the city of Naples at the beginning of the 15th century. Neapolitan
Fencing School is considered to be one of the most powerful fencing schools in Italy. This school produced many renowned fencing masters and contributed significantly to the
1144:
The first document of the German heritage, which describes the methods of fencing, is considered to be the
Manuscript I.33 which was written around 1300, which provides detailed instructions on the use of the sword and buckler, laying the groundwork for subsequent fencing manuals and the development
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An almost exclusively thrusting style first became popular in France during the 17th century. The French were enthusiastic adopters of the smallsword, which was light and short, and, therefore, well suited to fast, intricate handwork. Light, smaller training weapons were developed on the basis of an
1131:
The
Venetians were masters of the art, and shared with their colleagues of Bologna the sound principles of fencing known as Bolognese or Venetian. For the first time Venetian fencing was detailed in some directions, it was described the properties of different parts of the blade, which were used in
1059:
On
Tuesday night, a 10 Warwick Street, Regent Street, the Salle d’Armes of the veteran fencing-master M. Bertrand, an exhibition was given of an exceedingly clever invention. Every one who has watched a bout with the foils knows that the task of judging the hits is with a pair of amateurs difficult
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In the early years of competition fencing, four judges determined whether a touch had been made. Two side judges stood behind and beside each fencer, watching for hits made by that fencer. A director observed from several metres away. At the end of each action, the director called "Halt," described
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group, sometime about 1487 A.D. the group having formed some form of
Fencing Guild. Francisco Román published in 1532 the Tratado de la esgrima con figuras. It meant a change in the approach to fencing, with a more mathematical approach, and started a new tradition in Spanish fencing. The Spanish
1140:
The German school of fencing is a historical combat system, a style of fencing that was widespread in the Holy Roman Empire and existed in the late Middle Ages, Renaissance and early Modern times (from the end of XIV to XVII century). This system is characterized by its use of longswords and the
1041:
Women's foil was first competed at the
Olympics in 1924 in Paris. The (so called) 'advanced weapons', Épée and Sabre deemed unsuitable or inappropriate for women, were not included in the Olympic program until late in the 20th century. Women's Épée events were first introduced in 1996 (Atlanta)
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backgrounds (although fencing masters such as Hope suggest that many people considered themselves trained from taking only one or two lessons), all but disappeared, along with the classes themselves. Fencing continued as a sport, with tournaments and championships. However, the need to actually
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in 1667 – the contestants were tradesmen rather than fencing masters; both fights ended after one of the contestants was unable to continue because of wrist injuries. On the whole, the
English public opinion of fencing during this period was rather low; it was viewed in much the same light as
1478:
Tratado delos rieptos [et] desafios que entre los caualleros [et] hijos dalgo se acostu[m]bran hazer segun las costu[m]bres de España, Francia [et] Ynglaterra: enel qual se contiene quales y quantos son los casos de traycion [et] de menos valer
321:
Sword fighting schools can be found in
European historical records dating back to the 12th century. In later times sword fighting teachers were paid by rich patrons to produce books about their fighting systems, called treatises. Sword fighting schools were forbidden in some European cities
1166:
in Germany, is practiced only within academic fraternities. Mensur is unique in its focus on ritualized dueling, where participants engage in controlled bouts designed to test their courage, endurance, and skill without the intent to harm.
713:
was invented in France as a training weapon in the middle of the 18th century to practice fast and elegant thrust fencing. Fencers blunted the point by wrapping a foil around the blade or fastening a knob on the point ("blossom", French
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officers and soldiers. Each bout was fought for five hits and the foils were pointed with black to aid the judges. In the United States, the Amateur Fencers League of America drew up a rulebook for fencing in 1891, in Britain the
373:
283:. Raising the arm to deliver a cut exposes the side to a thrust. This doctrine was exploited by Italian fencing masters in the 16th Century and became the primary rationale behind both the Italian and French schools of fencing.
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Rapier gave rise to the first recognisable ancestor of modern foil: a training weapon with a narrow triangular blade and a flat "nail head" point. Such a weapon (with a swept hilt and a rapier length blade) is on display at the
496:
at "Hanging Sword Lane". Italian fencing masters were particularly popular and set up schools in many foreign cities. The Italians brought concepts of science to the art, appealing to the Renaissance mindset.
904:
The need to train swordsmen for combat in a nonlethal manner led fencing and swordsmanship to include a sport aspect from its beginnings, from before the medieval tournament right up to the modern age.
450:
In 1582 was finally published Jerónimo Carranza's seminal treatise De la Filosofía de las Armas y de su Destreza y la Aggression y Defensa Cristiana, one of the main works of the Spanish tradition on
1154:
evolution of fencing techniques and pedagogy. Its influence extended beyond Italy, impacting fencing practices across Europe and shaping the art of swordsmanship during the Renaissance.
971:, "Angelo was the first to emphasize fencing as a means of developing health, poise, and grace. As a result of his insight and influence, fencing changed from an art of war to a sport."
1034:. Épée was introduced in 1900 (Paris). Foil was omitted from the 1908 (London) Olympics, but since 1912, fencing events for every weapon—Foil, Épée and Sabre—have been held at every
271:
writer, described practicing against a post and fencing with other soldiers. Vegetius describes how the Romans preferred the thrust over the cut, because puncture wounds enter the
822:, since fencing with sharp weapons was about honour. No combat with sharp blades took place without a formal insult. For duels involving non-students, e.g. military officers, the
1680:
Antonio Manciolino, in the beginning of his 1531 manual, gives point values for the various body parts. Masaniello Parise supplemented his 1884 fencing manual with a small work,
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in 1988. The scoring box reduced the bias in judging, and permitted more accurate scoring of faster actions, lighter touches, and more touches to the back and flank than before.
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There also were problems with bias: well–known fencers were often given the benefit of mistakes (so–called "reputation touches"), and in some cases there was outright cheating.
438:
published a treatise on fencing in 1471 (in spite of the title, the book of Diego de Valera was mainly focused on heraldry). Fencing practice went through a revival, with the
955:
methods were still much different from current practice. Although he intended to prepare his students for real combat, he was the first fencing master yet to emphasize the
624:
Fencing was a popular form of staged entertainment in 16th- and 17th-century England. It was also a fashionable (although somewhat controversial) martial art. In 1540
131:, (act i, scene 1), "with playing at sword and dagger with a master of fence," , and later, (act 2, scene 3) "Alas sir, I cannot fence" the term "fencer" is used in
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in 1933, side judges were replaced by the Laurent-Pagan electrical scoring apparatus, with an audible tone and a red or green light indicating when a touch landed.
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were introduced to the academic environment, as well. Students wore special clothes, developed special kinds of festivities, sang student songs, and fought duels.
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existing template: narrow rectangular blade with a "nail head" at the end. The first documented competition with rules resembling contemporary foil took place in
1879:
La reinvenzione di Venezia: tradizioni cittadine negli anni ruggenti, Filippo Mariani, Francesco Stocco, Giorgio Crovato, Il poligrafo, 2007 – Всего страниц: 194
555:
of Bologna, was employed by the French Court to tutor the future Louis XIII in fencing, and his influence may be seen in later French treatises, such as that by
1108:
The Venetian school of fencing is a style of fencing that occurred in Venice in the early 12th century, and prevailed until the beginning of the 19th century.
718:). In addition to practising, some fencers took away the protection and used the sharp foil for duels. German students took up that practice and developed the
447:). During 1587 a certain Rowland Yorke (of otherwise ill-repute) might have introduced a particular technique with the rapier-sword to somewhere in England.
1975:
2301:
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teachings of famous fencing masters like Johannes Liechtenauer, whose techniques and principles greatly influenced the martial traditions of the period.
1647:
Vincentiio Saviolo, his Practice, in two bookes, the first intreating of the use of the Rapier and Dagger, the second of Honor and honorable quarrels
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Around the same time, a number of significant fencing manuals were written in or translated into English. Prizefights were bloody but rarely lethal.
1209:
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From 1400 onward, an increasing number of sword fighting treatises survived from across Europe, with the majority from the 15th century coming from
1287:
764:) existed in parallel in Germany during the first decades of the 19th century—with local preferences. So thrust fencing was especially popular in
1733:
1900:
Venice: its individual growth from the earliest beginnings to the fall of the republic, Том 6, Pompeo Molmenti, A.C. McClurg & Co., 1908
2331:
636:("all fencers, bearwards, common players of interludes, and minstrels"). A number of notable fencing masters from the late 16th century (
228:
includes some of the earliest descriptions of combat with shield, sword and spear, usually between two heroes who pick one another for a
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737:), which made breathing difficult or impossible. However, the counter movement had already started in Göttingen in the 1760s. Here the
1531:
1504:
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1945:
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586:. However, the first known version of foil rules only came to be written down towards the end of the 17th century (also in France).
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became usual, apparently derived from the military sabre. It was then a heavy weapon with a curved blade and a hilt similar to the
292:
1891:Школы и мастера фехтования. Благородное искусство владения клинком, Эгертон Кастл, Litres, 12 янв. 2017 г. – Всего страниц: 7632
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remained. While the fencing taught in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was intended to serve both for competition and the
2326:
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1800:
423:
This was followed by a number of treatises, primarily from Germany and Italy, with the oldest surviving Italian treatise being
389:
2026:
1432:
385:
420:, both with and without weapons, armoured and unarmoured, was also featured heavily in the early sword fighting treatises.
1684:
in which he gave the reader some general advice for the duel as well as covering which techniques most appropriate to use.
76:
908:
The shift towards fencing as a sport rather than as military training happened from the mid-18th century, and was led by
2321:
1608:
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2477:
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salle is intended only to train the student to compete in the most effective manner within the rules of the sport.
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to learn, and also set up a riding school in the former rear garden of the house. He was fencing instructor to the
733:
Since fencing on thrust with a sharp point is quite dangerous, many students died from their lungs being pierced (
2371:
443:
rapier was apparently introduced to England during a time circa to 1540 (according to listings of the armoury of
412:
and armoured fighting mounted and on foot. Some treatises cover weapons available to the common classes, such as
27:
1313:
1162:
Fencing has a long history with universities and schools for at least 500 years. At least one style of fencing,
2411:
2401:
1049:
Though it was universally used, this method had serious limitations, as described by the London newspaper, the
607:
35:
20:
dates back to the 14th century, although historical references date fencing schools back to the 12th century.
1918:
Patton, George S. Jr. "Diary of the Instructor in Swordsmanship." Silver Spring, MD: Dale Street Books, 2016.
2416:
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2366:
2077:
1204:
1002:
974:
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811:
482:
2421:
2336:
2139:
1184:
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and sporting benefits of fencing more than its use as a killing art, particularly in his influential book
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334:
133:
127:
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990:(while understanding the differences between the two situations), the type of fencing taught in a modern
2446:
2346:
1938:
1702:
1176:
513:
444:
237:
210:
17:
1291:
861:
137:, "blunt as the fencer's foils, which hit, but hurt not." This specialized usage replaced the generic
114:"defence" dates to the 14th century; the derived meaning "to surround with a fence" dates to c. 1500.
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2184:
1188:
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article described a new invention, the electrical scoring machine, that would revolutionize fencing.
1031:
913:
567:
1748:
836:
derives most directly from the 19th- and early 20th-century national fencing schools, especially in
806:
2436:
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2155:
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1970:
1833:
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1523:
By the Sword: Gladiators, Musketeers, Samurai Warriors, Swashbucklers and Olympians (Chapter 2 :11)
1192:
880:
791:
699:
698:
Brawling and fighting were regular occupations of students in the German-speaking areas during the
641:
575:
268:
122:
47:
248:(4th century BC) show paired fighters with helmets, spears and shields, in a propitiatory funeral
2431:
2381:
2356:
2351:
2268:
2144:
2067:
2057:
1015:
929:
633:
629:
619:
552:
505:
462:
358:
300:
556:
1121:
Camillo Agrippa "The Treatise on the Science of Weapons with Philosophical Reflections" (1553);
209:
The first historical evidence from archaeology of a fencing contest was found on the wall of a
2441:
2426:
2205:
2174:
2036:
1780:
1729:
1527:
1500:
1494:
1428:
857:
833:
689:
637:
599:
474:
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330:) during the medieval period, though court records show that such schools operated illegally.
195:
2472:
2406:
2310:
2248:
2109:
2104:
1931:
1796:
Rules used by the Amateur Fencers’ League of America, 1891: the Museum of American Fencing,
1706:
1424:
1163:
1115:
Giacomo di Grassi "The Reasons of Victorious Weapon Handling for Attack and Defense" (1570);
1070:
998:
799:
703:
693:
547:, but preferred the single–handed sword. The success of Italian masters such as Marozzo and
428:
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305:
199:
2376:
2200:
2179:
2169:
2129:
2094:
2089:
2081:
2052:
2001:
1804:
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478:
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435:
203:
1870:Энциклопедия оружия, Венделин Боехейм, Санкт-Петербург оркестр, 1995 – Всего страниц: 574
1342:
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62:), dates to the late 16th century, when it denoted systems designed for the Renaissance
2119:
1996:
1496:
An Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post-Modern World
1090:
940:
900:'s instruction book. Angelo was instrumental in turning fencing into an athletic sport.
710:
652:
611:
489:
354:
314:
108:
23:
818:
Until the first half of the 19th century all types of academic fencing can be seen as
784:, two towns where the predecessors of Munich University were located. The last thrust
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2220:
1075:
1027:
948:
869:
669:
509:
397:
163:
1797:
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1909:
Patton, George S. Jr. "Saber Exercise." Silver Spring, MD: Dale Street Books, 2016.
1010:
933:
845:
660:
536:
296:
1111:
The basics of the Venetian fencing are expounded in the following five treatises:
982:
As fencing progressed, the combat aspect slowly faded until only the rules of the
1723:
1553:
1521:
1476:
1422:– Foil, Saber, and Épée Fencing: Skills, Safety, Operations, and Responsibilities
1421:
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prepare for a duel with "sharps" vanished, changing both training and technique.
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1453:
925:
876:
773:
272:
214:
144:
31:
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and the nobility – hence most treatises deal with knightly weapons such as the
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1180:
777:
664:
625:
524:
260:
249:
187:
1991:
1612:
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1086:
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the fashionable art of swordsmanship which they had previously had to go the
856:
are also considered classical. Masters and legendary fencing figures such as
485:
wrote treatises which established Italy as the originator of modern fencing.
2164:
1065:
1006:
865:
544:
417:
401:
310:
233:
92:
1671:
Samuel Pepys' Diary – Monday, May 27th 1667 and Monday, September 9th, 1667
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outside of Italy shaped a new European mainstream of fencing. One master,
100:
54:
781:
769:
677:
615:
451:
377:
264:
58:, in the sense of "the action or art of using the sword scientifically" (
519:
516:
tradition. In this period German fencing developed sportive tendencies.
2114:
2011:
1954:
853:
795:
366:
346:
342:
323:
245:
191:
1118:
Francesco Alfieri “The Art of Excellent Handling of the Sword” (1653);
372:
139:
1317:
956:
921:
849:
841:
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emerged as a stylised way for German students to defend their honour.
532:
493:
393:
327:
276:
241:
179:
63:
2279:
997:
The first regularized fencing competition was held at the inaugural
1443:
Potter and Mattingly, 226; Paestum was colonized by Rome in 273 BC.
1366:(ca. 1330), 8638: "To stonde to fens auailled nought", cited after
647:
154:, which remains the standard term for "fencing" in Modern German).
2099:
1009:
in June. The Tournament featured a series of competitions between
983:
973:
891:
837:
805:
790:
749:
was invented in east German universities for cut fencing as well.
646:
628:
granted a monopoly on the running of fencing schools in London to
593:
518:
405:
371:
362:
338:
224:
219:
183:
175:
167:
104:
912:, who established a fencing academy, Angelo's School of Arms, in
702:. In line with developments in the aristocracy and the military,
333:
The earliest surviving treatise on sword fighting, stored at the
987:
917:
819:
765:
350:
280:
236:
engaged in dual combat in a sport-like setting, evolving out of
229:
2283:
1927:
730:
became the only weapon for academic thrust fencing in Germany.
726:("thrusting mensur"). After the dress sword was abolished, the
640:, Rocco Bonetti, and William Joyner) ran schools in and around
263:
often fenced with a stick whose point was covered with a ball.
1367:
256:
171:
59:
1820:
1393:
663:
describes visiting at least two prizefights held in London's
745:, a new weapon for cut fencing. In the following years, the
162:
The origins of armed combat are prehistoric, beginning with
1175:
Prior to advances in modern weaponry post World War I, the
504:
techniques were produced, some of them printed; notably by
1923:
1699:
The Parish of St. Anne, Soho (north of Shaftesbury Avenue)
1127:
Salvator Fabris "Fencing or the science of weapons" (1606)
512:(in the 1570s) and based on 14th-century teachings of the
392:. In this period these arts were largely reserved for the
1420:
Maxwell R. Garret, Emmanuil G. Kaidanov, Gil A. Pezza –
535:'s popularity peaked in the 16th and 17th centuries. The
488:
By the 16th century, with the widespread adoption of the
1018:
drew up an official set of fencing regulations in 1896.
978:
Corporate student of the "Agronomia" in Bonn 1928/1929.
1290:(in Spanish). Educar.org. 1999-02-22. Archived from
1042:
Olympics and Women's Sabre events in 2000 (Sydney).
879:. Training for duels, once fashionable for males of
788:
is recorded to have taken place in Würzburg in 1860.
2193:
2153:
2076:
2045:
2019:
1984:
810:Fencing lesson at the university fencing school in
1705:, London: University of London, 1966, pp. 143–48,
1479:[et] las enseñas [et] cotas darmas
1026:Only Foil and Sabre events were part of the first
1229:"I.33 Medieval German Sword & Buckler Manual"
1179:taught swordsmanship (mounted and dismounted) in
70:(while conversely, the Romance term for fencing,
26:originated in the 18th century influenced by the
1611:. The British Academy of Fencing. Archived from
121:in reference to Renaissance swordsmanship is in
651:"Pariser" small sword, derived from the French
361:and deals with an advanced system of using the
1815:
1813:
1728:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 20–23.
1717:
1715:
1124:Nicoletto Giganti “School or Theater” (1606);
2295:
1939:
1887:
1885:
1570:Brantome, Discours sur les duels, 1997, p.199
1191:, while still a young lieutenant, was named "
999:Grand Military Tournament and Assault at Arms
91:, originally meaning "the act of defending",
74:are derived from the Germanic (Old Frankish)
8:
1454:"Flavi Vegeti Renati Viri Inlustris Comitis"
741:was invented, the predecessor of the modern
644:(then the main theatre district of London).
632:. Fencers were specifically included in the
457:During the 16th century the Italian masters
1068:complained about this in his autobiography
1016:Amateur Gymnastic & Fencing Association
872:were typical practitioners of this period.
722:("Parisian") thrusting small sword for the
500:In 16th-century Germany compendia of older
376:"De los Movimientos y Rectitudes", Spanish
275:directly whereas cuts are often stopped by
2302:
2288:
2280:
1946:
1932:
1924:
1609:"History – The British Academy of Fencing"
1580:The Single Sword Of Henry De Sainct-Didier
1593:Academy News (British Academy of Fencing)
313:fighters (plate 25 of the 1467 manual of
1341:. library.thinkquest.org. Archived from
1210:History of physical training and fitness
345:, dates from around 1300 AD and is from
304:
1220:
967:), published in 1763. According to the
213:built at a time dated to approximately
1427:1994 (revised, annotated), 227 pages,
1409:A Complete Concordance to Shakespeare,
1381:A Complete Concordance to Shakespeare,
1250:The Martial Arts of Renaissance Europe
939:He established the essential rules of
875:Dueling went into sharp decline after
1859:Modern Fencing: Foil, Epee, and Sabre
7:
2254:
1763:"The Development of Fencing Weapons"
1976:Fédération Internationale d'Escrime
1493:Shephard, R.J. (27 November 2014).
1074:in regard to his famous match with
1848:. Thim, 1896 reissued 1968. p. 537
1268:The Theory and Practice of Fencing
252:that anticipates gladiator games.
66:. It is derived from the latinate
14:
2263:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2010:
1707:online at British History Online
1262:Julio Martinex Castello (1933).
539:of the 1530s, as exemplified by
293:Historical European Martial Arts
2264:
1751:at Encyclopædia Britannica.com.
1582:, Henry De Sainct-Didier, 1573.
117:The first known English use of
16:The oldest surviving manual on
2027:Fencing at the Summer Olympics
924:in 1763. There, he taught the
684:Academic and classical fencing
543:, still taught the two-handed
1:
1834:Fencing Equipment and History
1832:Reference: Olympic website,
1725:The Encyclopedia of the Sword
1316:. Fencing.net. Archived from
1052:Daily Telegraph & Courier
951:, although his attacking and
190:; bladed weapons such as the
80:"to shield, cover, defend").
369:(smallest shield) together.
2032:World Fencing Championships
1836:(accessed 22 January 2016).
1395:Online Etymology Dictionary
578:that remains in use today.
287:Middle Ages and Renaissance
107:. The first attestation of
2499:
2483:History of sports by sport
1861:. Scribner's, 1975, p. 83.
1362:Robert Manning of Brunne,
1145:of European martial arts.
687:
680:in the late 17th century.
605:
574:who introduced the French
290:
255:Romans who frequented the
150:, cognate with the German
45:
2332:Australian rules football
2317:
2239:
2008:
1961:
1722:Nick Evangelista (1995).
1411:Macmillan (1894), p. 519.
1407:John Bartlett, "Fencer,"
1383:Macmillan (1894), p. 519.
1149:Neapolitan fencing school
947:that still govern modern
756:) and cut fencing (using
570:produced masters such as
564:Ecole Française d'Escrime
28:Italian school of fencing
1660:The Paradoxes of Defence
1634:His true Arte of Defense
1475:Diego de Valera (1515).
1392:Harper, Douglas (2001),
1379:John Bartlett, "Fence,"
1288:"Historia de la Esgrima"
1136:German school of fencing
896:1763 fencing print from
888:Development into a sport
608:French school of fencing
95:derived from Old French
1591:Czajkowski, Z. (2005).
1205:History of martial arts
1093:was automated in 1956,
1003:Royal Agricultural Hall
969:Encyclopædia Britannica
798:student of about 1700.
416:and sword and buckler.
103:", ultimately from the
2397:Professional wrestling
1823:(accessed 21 Jan 2016)
1807:(accessed 21 Jan 2016)
1779:, Random House, 2002,
1526:. Simon and Schuster.
1520:Richard Cohen (2010).
1339:"A History of Fencing"
1264:"A History of Fencing"
1185:Mounted Service School
1171:Mounted Service School
1062:
979:
901:
864:, the Greco brothers,
815:
803:
752:Thrust fencing (using
656:
630:The Company of Masters
603:
584:Royal Armouries Museum
572:Henry de Sainct-Didier
566:founded in 1567 under
528:
508:(in the 1540s) and by
381:
335:Royal Armouries Museum
318:
134:Much Ado About Nothing
128:Merry Wives of Windsor
87:derived from the noun
34:, and improved by the
2046:Modern fencing topics
1703:London County Council
1693:F.H.W. Sheppard, ed.
1177:United States Cavalry
1057:
1055:, on June 25, 1896:
1001:in 1880, held at the
977:
965:The School of Fencing
895:
844:, although other pre–
809:
794:
688:Further information:
650:
606:Further information:
597:
522:
375:
308:
46:Further information:
18:western swordsmanship
2327:Association football
1364:The story of England
1189:George S. Patton Jr.
2231:Martial arts manual
2063:High school fencing
1971:Glossary of fencing
1645:Vincentio Saviolo,
1632:Giacomo di Grassi,
1193:Master of the Sword
1101:Historical Schools-
700:early modern period
590:Early modern period
576:fencing terminology
431:, written c. 1400.
269:Late Roman military
211:temple within Egypt
123:William Shakespeare
48:Glossary of fencing
2478:Historical fencing
2068:Wheelchair fencing
2058:Collegiate fencing
1966:History of fencing
1803:2019-04-04 at the
1482:. Alfonso de Orta.
1103:Historical Schools
980:
902:
860:, Louis Rondelle,
816:
804:
657:
634:1597 Vagabonds Act
620:Masters of Defence
604:
598:Fencing School at
553:Girolamo Cavalcabo
529:
506:Paulus Hector Mair
452:Verdadera Destreza
382:
378:Verdadera Destreza
359:Middle High German
319:
301:Masters of Defence
2460:
2459:
2322:American football
2311:History of sports
2277:
2276:
2206:Modern pentathlon
2037:Fencing World Cup
2020:Main competitions
1735:978-0-313-27896-9
1558:fencingmuseum.com
961:L’École des armes
862:Masaniello Parise
858:Giuseppe Radaelli
834:Classical fencing
690:Classical fencing
638:Vincentio Saviolo
600:Leiden University
425:Fior di Battaglia
349:. It is known as
322:(particularly in
196:Middle Bronze Age
186:developed in the
52:The English term
2490:
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2259:Commons category
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429:Fiore dei Liberi
194:appeared in the
178:. Fighting with
72:scherma, escrima
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747:Glockenschläger
704:regulated duels
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612:Rapier fencing
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355:medieval Latin
315:Hans Talhoffer
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1617:. Retrieved
1613:the original
1603:
1595:
1592:
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1548:
1537:. Retrieved
1522:
1515:
1499:. Springer.
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1470:
1458:. Retrieved
1448:
1439:
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1358:
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1343:the original
1333:
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1318:the original
1307:
1296:. Retrieved
1292:the original
1282:
1271:. Retrieved
1267:
1257:
1252:, 2000, p 7.
1249:
1244:
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1223:
1174:
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1040:
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981:
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964:
960:
938:
934:Royal Family
907:
903:
881:aristocratic
874:
846:World War II
832:
828:Korbschläger
827:
823:
817:
785:
761:
758:Korbschläger
757:
753:
751:
746:
743:Korbschläger
742:
738:
734:
732:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
697:
674:
661:Samuel Pepys
658:
623:
580:
563:
561:
537:Dardi school
530:
514:Liechtenauer
501:
499:
487:
456:
449:
439:
433:
422:
383:
332:
320:
297:Dardi school
273:vital organs
254:
223:
218:
208:
200:proper sword
161:
151:
147:
138:
132:
126:
118:
116:
111:
96:
88:
84:
82:
75:
71:
67:
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2422:Rugby union
2337:Auto racing
2211:Knife fight
2154:Equipment (
1460:15 November
926:aristocracy
877:World War I
642:Blackfriars
502:Fechtbücher
309:Unarmoured
145:Old English
42:Terminology
32:Renaissance
2467:Categories
2447:Water polo
2347:Basketball
2216:Half-sword
1798:Rule Books
1697:volume 33
1619:2012-11-15
1539:2015-07-28
1456:(in Latin)
1433:0271010193
1349:2012-11-15
1324:2012-11-15
1298:2012-11-15
1273:2012-11-15
1235:2012-11-15
1216:References
1181:Fort Riley
778:Ingolstadt
724:Stoßmensur
665:Beargarden
626:Henry VIII
568:Charles IX
525:smallsword
463:Capo ferro
440:Marxbruder
434:In Spain,
394:knighthood
250:blood rite
234:gladiators
188:Bronze Age
2452:Wrestling
2165:Body cord
2082:Bladework
1787:; p. 269.
1066:Aldo Nadi
1007:Islington
930:continent
866:Aldo Nadi
854:Hungarian
559:in 1623.
467:di Grassi
418:Wrestling
402:longsword
311:longsword
215:1190 B.C.
158:Antiquity
83:The verb
2437:Swimming
2387:Lacrosse
2342:Baseball
2249:Category
2156:glossary
2145:Priority
2078:Footwork
1801:Archived
1199:See also
953:parrying
945:footwork
782:Landshut
774:Würzburg
770:Erlangen
678:Toulouse
616:Destreza
523:Typical
483:Viggiani
265:Vegetius
257:gymnasia
242:frescoes
238:Etruscan
232:. Roman
198:and the
85:to fence
2473:Fencing
2432:Surfing
2382:Hurling
2362:Fencing
2357:Cycling
2352:Cricket
2269:Outline
2115:Riposte
1985:Weapons
1955:Fencing
1030:in the
941:posture
850:Russian
812:Altdorf
796:Marburg
754:Pariser
728:Pariser
720:Pariser
716:fleuret
672:today.
545:spadone
481:, and
479:Marozzo
475:Giganti
459:Agrippa
410:pollaxe
386:Germany
380:figure.
367:buckler
347:Germany
343:England
324:England
246:Paestum
202:in the
192:khopesh
152:fechten
148:feohtan
101:defence
68:defence
55:fencing
30:of the
2442:Tennis
2427:Skiing
2125:Flèche
2110:Remise
2105:Attack
1783:
1732:
1662:, 1599
1649:, 1595
1636:, 1594
1530:
1503:
1431:
1231:. ARMA
1164:Mensur
1158:Mensur
1078:. The
957:health
922:London
842:France
814:, 1725
786:Mensur
618:, and
602:, 1610
549:Fabris
533:rapier
494:London
471:Fabris
328:France
299:, and
277:armour
267:, the
180:shield
174:, and
97:defens
77:*skrim
64:rapier
2407:Rodeo
2180:Forte
2170:Piste
2130:Flick
2100:Feint
2095:Lunge
2090:Parry
2002:Sabre
1598:, p.9
1095:sabre
1005:, in
984:sport
838:Italy
820:duels
406:spear
390:Italy
363:sword
339:Leeds
261:baths
244:from
225:Iliad
220:Homer
184:sword
176:knife
168:spear
140:fight
119:fence
105:Latin
89:fence
2377:Golf
2185:Grip
2175:Lamé
2120:Ward
1997:Foil
1992:Épée
1781:ISBN
1730:ISBN
1528:ISBN
1501:ISBN
1462:2012
1429:ISBN
1091:Foil
1087:épée
1011:army
988:duel
943:and
918:Soho
852:and
840:and
776:and
766:Jena
711:foil
709:The
692:and
653:foil
562:The
531:The
388:and
365:and
357:and
351:I.33
326:and
281:bone
279:and
259:and
230:duel
182:and
164:club
112:fens
1368:OED
760:or
465:,
427:by
337:in
222:'s
172:axe
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