352:. Less evident Semitisms occur in vocabulary usage, and semantic content (range of meaning). Numerous words in the New Testament are used in ways that derive from the Septuagint rather than secular or pagan usage. In particular, there is religious vocabulary peculiar to Judaism and monotheism. For example,
340:
Although vocabulary does not truly count as grammar, other than in irregular declension and plurals, it is mentioned here for completeness. A small number of easily identifiable items of
Semitic vocabulary are used as loanwords in the Greek of the Septuagint, New Testament and Patristic texts, such
516:
2000, Page 107: "Plutarch (45–125 ce) and the Jewish writers Philo and
Josephus show some influence from the vernacular Koine. The sophist and satirist Lucian of Samosata (120–180 ce), though an admirer of Classical literature, still made extensive use of the language of his own time and ridiculed
102:
The commonalities between Attic and
Hellenistic era Greek grammar are far greater than the differences. Where divergences became too wide the focus was attracted of the "Atticism", language purists, who sought in their writing to leave the lingua franca of the marketplace for the classical style.
383:
argues that there are three aspects: perfective, imperfective and stative. On the other hand, Constantine R. Campbell finds only two aspects, and adds a category of "proximity" to further differentiate tense of and regards the perfect tense-form (regarded by Porter as aspectually stative) as
376:
A debate currently exists as to the meaning of the tense-forms found in Koine Greek. It is widely held that Koine Greek tense-forms are aspectual, but whether or not tense (semantic time reference) is included, as well as the number of aspects, is under discussion.
291:
The comments above that also apply to the New
Testament are generally true for Koine texts with no "Jewish Greek" influence. The following comments, however, apply to texts influenced by a knowledge of either Jewish literature or Jewish oral traditions:
580:
2002 p. 105: "(pragmatic manifestation) of the general definition of the middle voice (semantic sense). This position actually breaks down into two related issues. The first is whether there is a specific causative use of the Greek middle
119:
is a grammar designed for those who know
Classical Greek, and describes Koine Greek in terms of divergences from Classical. It has been revised in Germany by Friedrich Rehkopf, and translated into English and revised by Robert W. Funk.
328:("by groups", Mark 6:39) could be Semitism, but it is also current in vulgar (common) Greek. Many aspects of New Testament word order, such as avoiding the "Atticist" affectation of placing the verb at the
273:
than in Attic Greek, and the majority of New
Testament middle voice verb usage comes into other categories. Among those other uses is the use of middle voice as an approximation to
224:
conjunctions are used with differing frequencies from natural Greek. For example, the ratio of καί to δέ at the beginning of sentences is higher, influenced by
Semitic languages.
676:
50:
Koine texts from the background of Jewish culture and religion have distinct features not found in classically rooted writings. These texts include the
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imperfective in aspect and more intensely proximal than the present. Campbell's view of Koine Greek tense-forms can be summarised in this way:
221:
are used more often, but also do not always carry any diminutive meaning. This is particularly true in Jewish texts, e.g. " wing of the temple"
1795:
227:τότε 'then' as a common narrative conjunction reflects Aramaic influence from the Second Temple period (5th century BCE to 1st century CE).
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lists "some key features of New
Testament grammar", many of which apply to all Koine texts: Friedrich Blass and Albert Debrunner's
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194:("that") is now used for " that...", " that", and command forms, offering an alternative for (but not quite replacing) the
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Epochs and styles: selected writings on the New
Testament, Greek language and Greek Culture In the Post-classical Era
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The infinitive is now used for " to do", either as a plain infinitive or with the genitive of the
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Greek
Grammar of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature
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Numerous semitisms in grammar and phraseology occur, e.g. impersonal
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Present tense, Historical present, direct speech, directional verbs
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324:. Likewise the repetition of nouns with distributive force, e.g.
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is available on the Westar Institute/Polebridge Press website.
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of the sentence, are simply natural 1st-century Greek style.
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are supplied more where the sense is still clear without them
320:, is also often classed as a semitism, but is also found in
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by Friedrich Blass, Albert Debrunner, Friedrich Rehkopf,
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Dimensions of baptism: biblical and theological studies
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132:with difficulties and irregularities reduced:
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117:Grammatik des neutestamentlichen Griechisch
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153:with irregular declension become rarer
482:Background of background information
7:
368:" more often than mere "slanderer".
454:Past tense, background information
39:, as well as many of the surviving
27:dialect. It includes many forms of
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514:Introduction to the New Testament
113:Oxford Grammar of Classical Greek
590:Albert Wifstrand, Lars Rydbeck,
183:The following changes occur in
107:Differences from Attic grammar
1:
86:Similarities to Attic grammar
76:Old Testament Pseudepigrapha
281:Semitisms in "Jewish Greek"
31:Greek, and authors such as
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517:the excesses of Atticism."
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261:In Hellenistic era Greek,
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399:Typical pragmatic values
205:are used more where case
196:accusative and infinitive
160:are given the endings of
413:Past temporal reference
360:" than "messenger", and
1408:Central Atlas Tamazight
356:more frequently means "
60:Deuterocanonical books
633:Constantine Campbell
620:Constantine Campbell
495:Koine Greek phonology
479:Heightened remoteness
237:Infinitive of purpose
58:, which includes the
21:Ancient Greek grammar
650:Koine Greek Keyboard
465:Heightened proximity
1038:Old Church Slavonic
576:, Anthony R. Cross
372:Tense-aspect debate
312:Semitic word order?
296:Semitic phraseology
98:Ancient Greek verbs
92:Ancient Greek nouns
72:Philo of Alexandria
17:Koine Greek grammar
1903:Lingua Franca Nova
1546:Classical Japanese
637:2008, Chapters 3–7
607:Geoffrey Horrocks
396:Semantic proximity
336:Semitic vocabulary
318:chiastic structure
287:Jewish Koine Greek
249:) before it (as a
128:Simplification of
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592:Stanley E. Porter
574:Stanley E. Porter
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326:sumposia sumposia
142:third declension
124:Grammatical forms
111:James Morwood in
19:is a subclass of
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753:Indo-European
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742:
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364:means Job's "
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149:monosyllabic
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106:
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64:New Testament
61:
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56:Old Testament
53:
48:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
18:
1745:Massachusett
1699:Austronesian
1566:Sino-Tibetan
1213:
832:West Frisian
731:Prepositions
710:
647:
634:
629:
621:
616:
608:
603:
595:
586:
577:
569:
554:
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535:
531:
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476:Imperfective
462:Imperfective
448:Imperfective
434:Imperfective
379:
375:
361:
353:
346:
342:
339:
325:
315:
301:
299:
290:
263:middle voice
260:
257:Middle voice
246:
240:
203:prepositions
191:
182:
165:
157:
146:become rarer
138:comparatives
127:
116:
112:
110:
101:
78:, and early
74:, the Greek
49:
41:inscriptions
16:
15:
1943:Koine Greek
1914:constructed
1898:Interlingue
1893:Interlingua
1765:Uto-Aztecan
1455:Niger–Congo
1395:Afroasiatic
721:Determiners
701:Phonologies
345:for Hebrew
251:verbal noun
219:diminutives
170:1st (weak)
25:Koine Greek
1937:Categories
1671:East Asian
1632:Vietnamese
1418:Historical
1380:Mingrelian
1146:Hindustani
1123:Indo-Aryan
1073:Slovincian
1033:Macedonian
1018:Belarusian
1000:Lithuanian
962:Portuguese
892:colloquial
716:Adjectives
611:p. 140–141
598:2005 p. 22
526:p. 230-231
501:References
473:Pluperfect
421:Perfective
407:Perfective
390:Tense-form
207:declension
144:adjectives
82:writings.
52:Septuagint
1888:Esperanto
1880:auxiliary
1778:Classical
1689:Mongolian
1579:Cantonese
1513:Malayalam
1500:Dravidian
1370:Kabardian
1278:Meänkieli
1253:Hungarian
1078:Ukrainian
1023:Bulgarian
922:Dalmatian
822:Ripuarian
817:Old Norse
812:Norwegian
807:Icelandic
770:Afrikaans
445:Imperfect
437:Proximate
275:causative
267:reflexive
156:verbs in
130:accidence
80:Patristic
1852:artistic
1842:American
1804:Cherokee
1712:Hawaiian
1650:Has Hlai
1594:Kokborok
1589:Dzongkha
1551:Okinawan
1541:Japanese
1445:Ugaritic
1440:Tigrinya
1365:Georgian
1342:European
1268:Livonian
1243:Estonian
1199:Albanian
1176:Sanskrit
1151:Maithili
1141:Gujarati
1136:Bhojpuri
1053:Silesian
977:Venetian
967:Romanian
946:Lombard
897:literary
762:Germanic
736:Pronouns
711:Grammars
686:Grammars
489:See also
362:diabolos
213:pronouns
68:Josephus
33:Plutarch
1860:Klingon
1814:Miskito
1773:Nahuatl
1727:Tagalog
1717:Ilocano
1707:Cebuano
1642:Kra–Dai
1609:Tibetan
1574:Burmese
1556:Hachijō
1533:Japonic
1508:Kannada
1485:Swahili
1316:Turkmen
1311:Turkish
1258:Ingrian
1248:Finnish
1221:Hittite
1209:Ancient
1171:Punjabi
1156:Marathi
1131:Bengali
1106:Persian
1096:Kurdish
1088:Iranian
1068:Slovene
1048:Russian
995:Latvian
972:Spanish
955:Western
950:Eastern
937:Italian
917:Catalan
860:Cornish
837:Yiddish
827:Swedish
797:Faroese
785:English
688:of the
648:A free
581:voice,"
459:Perfect
431:Present
354:angelos
343:satanas
302:egeneto
54:(Greek
1922:Lojban
1912:Other
1870:Quenya
1819:Navajo
1794:Other
1755:Ojibwe
1750:Munsee
1684:Korean
1679:Evenki
1669:Other
1523:Telugu
1475:Herero
1435:Somali
1425:Kabyle
1413:Hebrew
1403:Arabic
1360:Basque
1355:Adyghe
1350:Abkhaz
1340:Other
1321:Uyghur
1301:Kyrgyz
1296:Kazakh
1288:Turkic
1273:Udmurt
1235:Uralic
1161:Nepali
1101:Pashto
1063:Slovak
1043:Polish
1010:Slavic
987:Baltic
927:French
909:Italic
855:Breton
847:Celtic
802:German
775:Danish
561:
542:
451:Remote
424:Future
418:Future
410:Remote
404:Aorist
330:penult
306:Hebrew
185:syntax
179:Syntax
172:aorist
45:papyri
37:Lucian
1865:Naʼvi
1824:Otomi
1809:Inuit
1785:Nawat
1737:Algic
1722:Malay
1627:Khmer
1518:Tamil
1480:Sotho
1468:Pular
1385:Ubykh
1331:Yakut
1326:Uzbek
1306:Tatar
1214:Koine
1204:Greek
1192:Other
1181:Vedic
1111:Tajik
1028:Czech
942:Latin
887:Welsh
865:Irish
780:Dutch
741:Verbs
726:Nouns
366:devil
358:angel
349:Satan
322:Homer
232:Verbs
201:some
162:verbs
151:nouns
1834:sign
1660:Thai
1604:Mizo
1490:Zulu
1463:Fula
1263:Komi
1166:Odia
877:Manx
624:2008
559:ISBN
540:ISBN
43:and
35:and
1655:Lao
1375:Laz
870:Old
790:Old
347:ha-
341:as
253:).
247:τοῦ
192:ἵνα
164:in
158:-μι
62:),
1939::
277:.
187::
166:-ω
70:,
66:,
47:.
678:e
671:t
664:v
245:(
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