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This article lists political parties in the Netherlands. The country has a multi-party system with numerous political parties, in which any one party has little chance of gaining power alone; parties often work with each other to form coalition governments.
The lower house of the legislature, the House of Representatives, is elected by a national party-list system of proportional representation. There is no threshold for getting a seat, making it possible for a party to get a seat with only two-thirds percent of the vote—roughly one seat for every 67,000 votes.
No party has won a majority of seats since the 1894 general election; no party has even approached the seats needed for a majority since the current proportional representation system was implemented in the Pacification of 1917. All governments since then have been coalitions between two or more parties. However, there is a broad consensus on the basic principles of the political system, with all parties having to adjust their goals to some extent in order to have a realistic chance at being part of the government.
National political parties
Parties represented in the States General and/or European Parliament
Parties without representation in the States General and/or European Parliament
Regional and local political parties
European Netherlands
Regional parties
| Political party | Active in | Main ideology | Position | European affiliation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FNP | 
|
Frisian National Party Fryske Nasjonale Partij |
 Friesland
|
Civic nationalism | Big tent | EFA | |
| GB | 
|
Groninger Interest Groninger Belang |
 Groningen
|
Regionalism | Centre | — | |
| LB | 
|
Local Brabant Lokaal Brabant |
 North Brabant
|
Regionalism | Centre | — | |
| LL | 
|
Local Limburg Lokaal-Limburg |
 Limburg
|
Regionalism | Centre | — | |
| PvhN | Party for the North Partij voor het Noorden |
Groningen Friesland Drenthe
|
Regionalism | Centre | — | ||
| PvZ | 
|
Party for Zeeland Partij voor Zeeland |
 Zeeland
|
Regionalism | Centre | — | |
| PBF | 
|
Provincial Interest Fryslân Provinciaal Belang Fryslân |
Friesland
|
Regionalism | Centre | — | |
| SLD | 
|
Strong Local Drenthe Sterk Lokaal Drenthe |
Drenthe
|
Regionalism | Centre | — | |
| SLF | 
|
Strong Local Flevoland Sterk Lokaal Flevoland |
 Flevoland
|
Regionalism | Centre | — | |
Local parties
| Party | Main ideology | Position | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forza! | 
|
Forza! Netherlands Forza! Nederland |
Right-wing populism | Right-wing | |
| HvDH | Heart for The Hague Hart voor Den Haag/Groep de Mos |
Conservative liberalism | Right-wing | ||
| LR | 
|
Livable Rotterdam Leefbaar Rotterdam |
Fortuynism | Right-wing | |
| VSP | 
|
United Seniors Party Verenigde Senioren Partij |
Pensioners' interests | Single-issue politics | |
Water board parties
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AWP | 
|
General Water Board Party Algemene Waterschapspartij |
Apoliticism | Syncretic | |
| WN | 
|
Water Natuurlijk | Green politics | Centre-left | |
Caribbean Netherlands
Bonaire
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | Affiliation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| American | Intl. | ||||||
| PDB | Bonaire Democratic Party Partido Demokrátiko Boneriano |
Social democracy | Centre-left | Clark Abraham | — | — | |
| UPB | Bonaire Patriotic Union Union PatriĂłtiko Boneriano |
Christian democracy | Centre | James Kroon | ODCA | CDI | |
| MPB | Bonaire People's Movement Movementu di Pueblo Boneriano |
Christian socialism | Centre | Elvis Tjin Asjoe | — | — | |
| FSP | Social Progressive Front Frente Sosial Progresivo |
Social democracy | Centre-left | Robby Beukenboom | — | — | |
Saba
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | American affiliation | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SLP | Saba Labour Party | Social democracy | Centre-left | Monique Wilson | — | |
| WIPM | Windward Islands People's Movement | Christian democracy | Centre | Rolando Wilson | ODCA | |
Sint Eustatius
| Political party | Main ideology | Position | Leader | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DP | Democratic Party | Christian democracy | Centre | Adelka Spanner | |
| PLP | Progressive Labour Party | Social democracy | Centre-left | Rechelline Leerdam | |
Defunct political parties
- General Elderly Alliance (AOV)
- General League of Roman Catholic Caucuses (succeeded by the Roman Catholic State Party)
- Article 50 (merged with For the Netherlands)
- General Dutch Fascist League
- Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP, 1879–1980; merged into Christian Democratic Appeal)
- Arab European League (AEL; initially founded in Belgium, active in the Netherlands between 2003 and 2005; now MDP)
- Workers Party of the Netherlands (APN)
- Farmers' Party (BP)
- League of Christian Socialists (BCS)
- League of Dutch Marxist–Leninists (BNML; merged into the Communist Workers Organisation (Marxist–Leninist))
- League of Free Liberals (merged into Liberal State Party)
- Brabant Party (active in North Brabant)
- Centre Democrats (CD; split from the Centre Party)
- Centre Party (CP; later Centre Party '86)
- Centre Party '86 (CP'86)
- Christian Democratic Party (CDP)
- Christian Democratic Union (CDU; merged into Labour Party)
- Christian Historical Union (CHU) (merged into Christian Democratic Appeal)
- Christian Social Party (CSP)
- Christian Historical Voters' League (CHK) (merged into the Christian Historical Party)
- Christian Historical Party (CHP) (merged into the Christian Historical Union)
- Christian Organisation of Self-employed Persons
- Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) (Communist Party Netherlands; merged into GroenLinks, some members formed the New Communist Party of the Netherlands)
- Democratic Party (DP)
- Democratic Socialists '70 (DS'70)
- Economic League (EB)
- Entrepreneurs Party (OP)
- Europe Transparent (ET)
- Evangelical People's Party (EVP; merged into GroenLinks)
- Fatherland League
- Free and Social Netherlands
- Frisian League (merged into the Christian Historical Union)
- Reformed Political League (GPV; merged into Christian Union)
- Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij (dissolved in 1946)
- Independent Socialist Party (OSP)
- Islam Democrats (ID)
- Catholic National Party (KNP; merged into the Catholic People's Party)
- Catholic People's Party (KVP; merged into Christian Democratic Appeal)
- Communist Workers Organisation (Marxist–Leninist) (KAO(ml); dissolved around 1980)
- Communist Unity Movement of the Netherlands (Marxist–Leninist) (KEN(ml); dissolved in mid-1980s)
- Independent Citizens' Party (OBP)
- Livable Netherlands (LN)
- Liberal State Party (LSP; Liberal State Party; merged into Freedom Party (PvdV))
- Liberal Party (merged into the Fatherland League)
- Liberal Union (merged into Liberal State Party)
- Pim Fortuyn List (LPF) (disbanded in 2007)
- Ratelband List
- Marxist–Leninist Party of the Netherlands (MLPN; a fake party founded in 1970 by the Dutch Intelligence Service BVD and the CIA, to research support for Maoism and to fool the People's Republic of China)
- Middle Party for City and Country (MPSL)
- Middle Class Party (MP)
- National Socialist Dutch Workers Party (NSNAP) (1931–1941)
- National Alliance (NA)
- Dutch Block (NB)
- New Middle Party (NMP)
- Neutral Party
- New National Party (NNP)
- New Right (NR)
- NIDA
- Nieuwe Wegen (NiWe, New Ways)
- Pacifist Socialist Party (PSP; merged into GroenLinks)
- Party New Limburg (PNL; has been active in Limburg
- Party of the Future (PvdT) or PartyParty (DFP) (Defunct in 2021)
- Party for Neighbourly Love, Freedom and Diversity (PNVD; The PNVD was often referred to as the "pedo party" (pedopartij) for its controversial advocacy of pedophilia.) (Defunct in 2022)
- Freedom Party (PvdV) (succeeded by the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy)
- Party for Justice, Action and Progress (PRDV)
- Peasants' League
- Political Party of Radicals (PPR; merged into GroenLinks)
- Progressive Integration Party
- Radical League (RB; merged into Free-thinking Democratic League)
- Reformatory Political Federation (RPF; merged into Christian Union)
- Roman Catholic Party of the Netherlands (RKPN)
- Roman Catholic State Party (RKSP; succeeded by the Catholic People's Party)
- Social Democratic Workers' Party (SDAP; merged into Labour Party)
- Social Democratic League (merged into the Social Democratic Workers' Party)
- Socialist Party (Socialist Party active before World War II, not the current Socialist Party)
- Union 55+ (General Senior Union/Union 55+)
- Alliance for the Democratisation of the Army
- League of Communists in the Netherlands (VCN; split from the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) in 1983 and merged with the remains of the CPN in 1992 to form the New Communist Party of the Netherlands (NCPN))
- Alliance for National Reconstruction
- VoorNederland (VNL)
- Free-minded Party
- Free-thinking Democratic League (VDB; merged into Labour Party)
- Free Anti Revolutionary Party (merged into Christian Historical Party)
See also
- Politics of the Netherlands
- List of ruling political parties by country
- Liberalism in the Netherlands
- Socialism in the Netherlands
- Christian democracy in the Netherlands
- Republicanism in the Netherlands
References
- Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1412 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- Lead candidate of the joint list GreenLeft and Labour Party at the 2023 general election.
- ^ Wolfram Nordsieck. "Parties and Elections in Europe". Retrieved 8 June 2015.
- ^ Josep M. Colomer (24 July 2008). Comparative European Politics. Taylor & Francis. p. 221f. ISBN 978-0-203-94609-1. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
- Lead candidate of the joint list GreenLeft and Labour Party at the 2023 general election.
- Pauwels, Teun (2014). Populism in Western Europe: Comparing Belgium, Germany and The Netherlands. Routledge. pp. 117–118. ISBN 9781317653912.
- Merijn Oudenampsen (2013). "Explaining the Swing to the Right: The Dutch Debate on the Rise of Right-Wing Populism". In Ruth Wodak, Majid KhosraviNik, Brigitte Mral. Right-Wing Populism in Europe: Politics and Discourse. A&C Black. p. 191.
- Tjitske Akkerman (2015). "Gender and the radical right in Western Europe: a comparative analysis of policy agendas". Patterns of Prejudice. 49 (1–2): 37–60. doi:10.1080/0031322X.2015.1023655. S2CID 144264153.
- "Partij voor de Vrijheid (PVV) — Europe Politique". www.europe-politique.eu. Retrieved 13 August 2019.
- ^ Andeweg, R. and G. Irwin Politics and Governance in the Netherlands, Basingstoke (Palgrave) p.49
- ^ Hans Keman (2008), "The Low Countries: Confrontation and Coalition in Segmented Societies", Comparative European Politics, Taylor & Francis, p. 221, ISBN 9780203946091
- Sean Lusk; Nick Birks (2014). Rethinking Public Strategy. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 168. ISBN 978-1-137-37758-6.
- "CDA: partij van samenleving en van waarden" (in Dutch). Reformatorisch Dagblad. 8 August 2015. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- Syuzanna Vasilyan (2009). "The integration crisis in the Netherlands: the causes and the new policy measures". In Ditta Dolejšiová; Miguel Angel GarcĂa LĂłpez (eds.). European Citizenship in the Process of Construction: Challenges for Citizenship, Citizenship Education and Democratic Practice in Europe. Council of Europe. p. 73. ISBN 978-92-871-6478-0.
- Hans Vollaard; Gerrit Voerman; Nelleke van de Walle (2015). "The Netherlands". In Donatella M. Viola (ed.). Routledge Handbook of European Elections. Routledge. p. 171. ISBN 978-1-317-50363-7.
- Bremmer, Ian (13 September 2012). "Going Dutch: The Netherlands' election results roll in". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 29 June 2019.
- José Magone (3 July 2013). Contemporary European Politics: A Comparative Introduction. Routledge. p. 533. ISBN 978-1-136-93397-4.
- "European Social Survey 2012 - Appendix 3 (in English)" (PDF). European Science Foundation. 1 January 2014. Retrieved 6 May 2014.
- Watkins, Susan (May–June 2005). "Continental tremors". New Left Review. II (33). New Left Review.
- "Contemporary Far Left Parties in Europe", published November 2008, retrieved 18 November 2016: http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/id/ipa/05818.pdf
- ^ "Parties and Elections in Europe". Parties-and-elections.eu.
- Jort Statema; Paul Aarts. Timo Behr; Teija Tiilikainen (eds.). The Netherlands: Follow Washington, Be a Good European. note on p. 237.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - Rudy B. Andeweg; Galen A. Irwin (2014). Governance and Politics of the Netherlands (4th ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 74.
- "Standpunten" (in Dutch). Forum voor Democratie. 15 November 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- "Forum voor Democratie: Why has the Dutch far right surged?". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 10 May 2020.
- Tierolf, Bas; Drost, Lisanne; van Kapel, Maaike (December 2018). Zevende rapportage racisme, antisemitisme en extreemrechts geweld in Nederland (PDF) (Report) (in Dutch). Verwey-Jonker Instituut. p. 35. ISBN 978-90-5830-912-9. Retrieved 22 April 2019.
- "Far-right MEPs form group in European Parliament". EurActiv. 2 July 2009. Retrieved 20 March 2014.
- Stagni, Federica (6 December 2018). "Time For Change: How Volt Wants To Fix Europe". Italics Magazine. Retrieved 9 June 2019.
- "A Pro-Immigrant Party Rises in the Netherlands". The New York Times. 29 July 2016.
- "Ethnic minorities desert Labour, turn to Denk ahead of March vote". Dutch News. 6 February 2017.
- "Verkiezingsprogramma 2017 – 2021" (in Dutch). Libertarische Partij. 10 November 2016. Archived from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- "Doelstellingen" (in Dutch). Partij voor Mens en Spirit. 5 May 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- Lead candidate of the joint list Pirate Party and The Greens at the 2023 general election.
- Piratenpartij (13 April 2010). "Structuur" [Structure] (in Dutch). Retrieved 14 April 2010.
- Lead candidate of the joint list Pirate Party and The Greens at the 2023 general election.
- "Frisian National Party Membership Survey".
External links
- Documentation Centre for Dutch Political Parties (DNPP) at University of Groningen
