2710:(e.g. a website, book, encyclopedia, newspaper, magazine, journal, etc.). If the name of the publisher changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. Corporate designations such as "Ltd", "Inc.", or "GmbH" are not usually included. Not normally used for periodicals. Omit where the publisher's name is substantially the same as the name of the work (for example, The New York Times Co. publishes
2728:, the location where the story was written. If the name of the location changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. In earlier versions of the template this was the publication place, and for compatibility, will be treated as the publication place if the publication-place parameter is absent; see that parameter for further information. Alias:
2288:: Provides additional information about the media type of the source. May alternatively be used to identify the type of manuscript linked to in the title, if this is not the final version of a manuscript (e.g. if a preprint of a manuscript is freely available, but the version of record is behind a paywall). Format in sentence case. Displays in parentheses following the title. The reserved keyword
31:
66:
2383:: Date of referenced source. Can be full date (day, month, and year) or partial date (month and year, season and year, or year). Use same format as other publication dates in the citations. Do not wikilink. Displays after the authors and is enclosed in parentheses. If there is no author, then displays after the website and publisher. Aliases:
3083:: Archive-service snapshot-date; preceded in display by default text "archived from the original on". Use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations. This does not necessarily have to be the same format that was used for citing publication dates. Do not wikilink; templated dates are discouraged. See
860:{{cite serial |title=ICP on Howard Stern 9.1.09 |series=] |last1=Stern |first1=Howard (host) |author-link1=Howard Stern |last2=Insane Clown Posse (guests) |author-link2=Insane Clown Posse |network=] |station=] |date=1 September 2009 |url=http://www.insaneclownposse.com/media/interview/icp_howard_stern_090901.mp3}}
1019:
Note: This table of metadata is displayed in the documentation of all
Citation Style 1 templates. Not all of these parameters are supported by every CS1 template. Some of these parameters are mutually exclusive, some are aliases of another parameter, and some require other parameters to be present. A
2887:
fields; volume numbers should be entered just as a numeral (e.g. 37). Volume values that are wholly digits, wholly uppercase Roman numerals, or fewer than five characters will appear in bold. Any alphanumeric value of five or more characters will not appear in bold. In rare cases, publications carry
3963:
Hyphens in the ISBN are optional, but preferred. Use the ISBN actually printed on or in the book. Use the 13-digit ISBN – beginning with 978 or 979 – when it is available. If only a 10-digit ISBN is printed on or in the book, use it. ISBNs can be found on the page with the publisher's information –
4407:
In very rare cases, identifiers are published which do not follow their defined standard format or use non-conforming checksums. These would typically cause an error message to be shown. Do not alter them to match a different checksum. In order to suppress the error message, some identifiers
2350:. Do not use templates or wikilinks. Displays in parentheses with "in" before the language name or names. When the only source language is English, no language is displayed in the citation. The use of languages recognized by the citation module adds the page to the appropriate subcategory of
817:{{cite serial |title=] |series=] |last=Nation |first=Terry (Writer) |author-link=Terry Nation |last2=Maloney |first2=David |author-link2=David Maloney |last3=Hinchcliffe |first3=Philip (Producer) |author-link3=Philip Hinchcliffe |network=] |station=] |date=8 March – 12 April 1975}}
3478:
Single apostrophes do not need to be encoded; however, unencoded multiples will be parsed as italic or bold markup. Single curly closing braces also do not need to be encoded; however, an unencoded pair will be parsed as the double closing braces for the template transclusion.
3624:
The following identifiers create links and are designed to accept a single value. Using multiple values or other text will break the link and/or invalidate the identifier. In general, the parameters should include only the variable part of the identifier, e.g.
5010:
will be used as (linked) text. In either case, you must still include the values for all names for metadata purposes. Primarily intended for use with bibliographies or bibliography styles where multiple works by a single author are listed sequentially such as
664:, which are acceptable for use). Use the "|" (pipe) character between each parameter. Unused parameters may be deleted to avoid clutter in the edit window. Some samples on this documentation page may include the current date. If the date is not current, then
4923:); terminal punctuation is omitted; where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are not capitalized ('retrieved...'). These styles correspond to Citation Style 1 and Citation Style 2 respectively. To override default terminal punctuation use
3968:. Do not convert a 10-digit ISBN to 13-digit by just adding the 978 prefix; the last digit is a calculated check digit and just making changes to the numbers will make the ISBN invalid. This parameter should hold only the ISBN without
5082:
Controls the number of author (or other kind of contributor) names that are displayed. By default, all authors are displayed. To change the displayed number of names, set the parameter to the desired number. For example,
3972:
additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens, with "X" permitted as the last character in a 10-digit ISBN – and the proper check digit. Aliases:
2845:) presents the source in a format different from the original, when the URL provided does not make clear the identity of the deliverer, where no URL or DOI is available (EBSCO), or if the deliverer requests attribution.
2613:: date format; sets rendered dates to the specified format; does not support date ranges or seasonal dates; overrides the automatic date formatting described above. Accepts one value which may be one of these:
3964:
usually the back of the title page – or beneath the barcode as a number beginning with 978 or 979 (barcodes beginning with any other numbers are not ISBNs). For sources with the older 9-digit SBN system, use
4627:: This parameter is used to hold the complete name of a single editor (first and last), or the name of an editorial committee. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one editor. Supports
4527:: Relevant text quoted from the source. Displays enclosed in quotes. When supplied, the citation terminator (a period by default) is suppressed, so the quote must include terminating punctuation. If
999:
Use of templates within the citation template is discouraged because many of these templates will add extraneous HTML or CSS that will be included raw in the metadata. Also, HTML entities, for example
4549:: Original quotation for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in
2135:: Original title for languages that do not use a Latin-based script (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, etc.); not italicized, follows italicized Romanization defined in
3280:; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after the archive link. HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the
2745:. Displays after the title. If the name of the publication place changed over time, use the name as stated in the publication or used at the time of the source's publication. If only one of
604:
3262:– Editors may encounter this value which is left behind by a bot that has visited the reference and wasn't able to determine the status of the url. The page will be automatically placed in
5115:
empty is the same as omitting it, but is ambiguous. Additional text, or templates that render more than a single terminating punctuation character, will generate a maintenance message.
5852:
5847:
1573:: this parameter is used to hold the name of an organizational author (e.g. a committee) or the complete name (first and last) of a single person; for the latter, prefer the use of
2354:. Because cs1|2 templates are often copied from en.wiki to other wikis, the use of language codes is preferred so that language names render in the correct language and form, e.g.
2534:
3263:
5680:
3336:; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.)
3288:; thus, they do not add file format information for the visually impaired. (This is not a concern with PDF, because the auto-detection will add "(PDF)" as descriptive text.)
5842:
5573:
579:
2347:
5637:
3549:
3249:
no longer serves its original intent, particularly when the domain has been (mis)appropriated by other entities, such as vice, reseller and advertising sites; links to
5913:
4081:
4994:
to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, "with". The numeric value 0 is a special case to be used in conjunction with
3266:
when this value is present, and per the instructions in that category, editors manually evaluate the state of the URL and change the parameter value appropriately.
4206:
597:
625:
for broadcast programs (television, radio, web) which use titles for a collection of episodes. It can also be used for similar works, such as early-20th-century
4029:
additional characters. It is checked for length, invalid characters – anything other than numbers, spaces, and hyphens – and the proper check digit. Aliases:
2663:
Publication dates in references within an article should all have the same format. This may be a different format from that used for archive and access dates.
5027:
or similar as there is no control of the order in which references are displayed. Mask parameters can take an enumerator in the name of the parameter (e.g.
5692:
5898:
5766:
5148:
5670:
4444:). If the problem is down to a mere typographical error in a third-party source, correct the identifier value instead of overriding the error message.
590:
5857:
2867:: When the publication has more than one edition; for example: "2nd", "Revised", and so forth. Appends the string " ed." after the field, so
6002:
5630:
3557:
3045:
1862:
Free-form list of author names; use of this parameter is discouraged because it does not contribute to a citation's metadata; not an alias of
5592:
3670:
2351:
5984:
5903:
4040:
3887:
2737:: Geographical place of publication; generally not wikilinked; omit when the name of the work includes the publication place, for example,
3493:
Access-date and archive-date in references should all have the same format – either the format used for publication dates, or YYYY-MM-DD.
960:
Where aliases are listed, only one of the parameters may be defined; if multiple aliased parameters are defined, then only one will show.
6056:
5728:
5568:
4014:
2442:
The date of a Web page, PDF, etc. with no visible date can sometimes be established by searching the page source or document code for a
38:
5771:
4119:
4025:
or spaces in the ISMN are optional. Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. This parameter should hold only the ISMN without
3944:
681:{{cite serial |title= |episode= |url= |series= |credits= |network= |station= |date= |number= |minutes= |transcript= |transcript-url=}}
572:
4892:
If no authors: Editors appear before the included work; a single editor is followed by "ed."; multiple editors are followed by "eds."
3994: – if you are unsure of how any particular ISBN should be hyphenated, as the pattern varies by country and publisher.
5665:
5623:
2262:; with proper interwiki prefix, may hold the name of an article at an other-language wikipedia; do not wikilink, do not use a URL.
5908:
4480:
are not used to specify a different link target. This behaviour can be overridden by one out of a number of special keywords for
3022:
2402:
target full citations using the year specified in this parameter. A lowercase letter may be suffixed to the year to disambiguate
2941:
is wikilinked. If applicable, the link may point to the specific page(s) referenced. Remove tracking parameters from URLs, e.g.
5862:
4570:: English translation of the quotation if the source quoted is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets. Alias: none.
4344:
511:
5776:
3390:
5837:
5824:
5141:
2971:
to provide neutral search links for books. Invalid URLs, including those containing spaces, will result in an error message.
2410:
links to multiple works by the same author in the same year, unless the date is formatted as YYYY-MM-DD. In the latter case,
5814:
5718:
5761:
5756:
969:
5675:
3681:. Because this link favours one specific distributor, include it only if standard identifiers are not available. Example
2003:: Title of existing Knowledge (XXG) article about the translator—not the translator's website; do not wikilink. Aliases:
5516:
4907:: Sets element separator, default terminal punctuation, and certain capitalization according to the value provided. For
142:
5804:
5791:
5723:
5708:
5087:
will display only the first two authors in a citation (and not affect the display of the other kinds of contributors).
5330:
3328:.) HTML is implied and should not be specified. PDF is auto-detected and should not be specified. Does not change the
423:
83:
5738:
5687:
4512:
3553:
2067:
52:
656:
Copy a blank version to use. Almost all parameter names are supported only in lower case (some initialisms, such as
5606:
5274:
5218:
2156:: English translation of the title if the source cited is in a foreign language. Displays in square brackets after
324:
244:
5660:
5646:
5386:
5134:
4767:: title of existing Knowledge (XXG) article about the editor—not the editor's website; do not wikilink. Aliases:
3842:
2070:
styles with templates, do not use multiple names in one field, or else the anchor will not match the inline link.
1737:: Title of existing Knowledge (XXG) article about the author—not the author's website; do not wikilink. Aliases:
890:
522:
3890:
for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a
5809:
5190:
5012:
3329:
3281:
3056:
2529:
2399:
2063:
212:
874:
2171:
Titles containing certain characters will not display and link correctly unless those characters are encoded.
5461:
5316:
5232:
4889:
If authors: Authors are first, followed by the included work, then "In" and the editors, then the main work.
391:
276:
193:
5505:
5260:
5204:
3098:
3090:
3016:
3008:
2595:
2587:
2501:
2493:
2326:: The language (or a comma-separated list of the languages) in which the source is written, as either the
886:
308:
228:
126:
3225:
2954:
1020:
full list of this template's supported parameters, their aliases, and their dependencies is shown in the
5878:
5751:
5746:
5538:
5527:
5472:
5450:
5246:
5157:
4844:
4628:
4554:
4466:
4448:
4429:
3595:
3339:
3291:
2888:
both an ongoing volume and a year-related value; if so, provide them both, for example |volume=IV / #10.
2467:
2463:
2390:
2140:
2094:
1894:
1826:
1582:
881:
836:
642:
618:
407:
356:
292:
260:
158:
96:
4589:
instead. Where the surname is usually written first—as in
Chinese—or for corporate authors, simply use
3393:
contain certain characters, then they will not display and link correctly. Those characters need to be
3221:
41:
2532:
target multiple citations with same last name and year of publication. (This situation necessitates a
5549:
5400:
5372:
5344:
4313:
4295:
4145:
3984:
2997:. Access dates are not required for links to published research papers or published books. Note that
538:
487:
455:
439:
46:
17:
2994:
2993:
is required for online sources, such as personal websites, that do not have a publication date; see
2057:
listing one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends "et al." to author name-list.
5883:
5439:
3832:
980:
As a general rule, only one data item per parameter. Do not include explanatory or alternate text:
107:
79:
3659:(since January 2015). Do not include extraneous file extensions like ".pdf" or ".html". Aliases:
3254:
3229:
5932:
5893:
5483:
5358:
5302:
5176:
4886:
to control the length of the displayed editor name list and to specify when "et al." is included.
3138:
2548:
format is YYYY-MM-DD. (This format prevents the addition of a disambiguating letter to the year.)
870:
831:
634:
503:
471:
375:
177:
6020:
4536:
2122:
975:
4122:. When present, alphabetic prefix characters are to be lower case and without a space; example
2470:
templates, including this template, automatically render dates in all date parameters (such as
5965:
5713:
5414:
5288:
4472:, some identifiers (specifying free resources) will automatically be linked to the title when
4382:
1539:
instead. For corporate authors or authors for whom only one name is listed by the source, use
554:
340:
4915:); where appropriate, initial letters of certain words are capitalized ('Retrieved...'). For
3954:
3588:
be used and may be removed from existing cs1|2 templates. To inhibit anchor ID creation, set
2619:– set publication dates to day month year format; access- and archive-dates are not modified;
622:
5954:
5888:
5781:
5018:
4362:
3612:: The network the episode was aired on. (e.g. ABC, NBC, CBS, Fox, Disney, USA Network, BBC)
3040:
2960:
2373:
2211:
3333:
3285:
72:
6038:
5943:
4840:
4820:
4228:
3394:
3001:
is the date that the URL was found to be working and to support the text being cited. See
2757:
is defined, it will be treated as the publication place and will show after the title; if
1822:
1802:
5799:
4815:, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to
4511:) can then be used for providing a direct deep link to the corresponding document or a
4224:
1797:, inserts the conjunction 'and' between the last two names of a name list; when set to
6050:
4170:
3926:
3802:
3574:
3496:
3220:
are suppressed in the rendering. If an entire domain is unsuitable, consider instead
3051:
3036:
2666:
2217:
827:
3516:: the citation's HTML anchor identifier, when different from its default. When set,
2452:
date=2021-12-25<!--date from page source-->|orig-date=Original date 2011-01-01
5832:
4188:
3564:
2908:: Time the event occurs in the source; preceded by default text "Event occurs at".
2576:
does not support automatic date formatting, use the same date format as defined by
2538:
2405:
866:
823:
3073:) the archived link is displayed first, with the original link at the end. Alias:
2841:, but provides additional detail. It may be used when the content deliverer (e.g.
3382:
may require a plug-in or an external application and should normally be avoided.
5994:
4163:
2981:
was last verified to support the text in the article; do not wikilink; requires
1581:. This parameter should never hold the names of more than one author. Supports
626:
2105:: Title of source. Can be wikilinked to an existing Knowledge (XXG) article or
5091:
is a special case suppressing the display of all authors including the et al.
4811:, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to
3347:
2223:
1793:, inserts an ampersand between the last two names in a name list; when set to
842:
3929:
identifier for digital objects and other resources on the
Internet; example
3824:
3814:
3198:
is still 'live' but no-longer supports the text in a
Knowledge (XXG) article
2787:: Date of publication when different from the date the work was written. If
2687:
2518:
parameter also handles a year by itself. Do not use in combination with the
201:
2948:?utm_source=google&utm_medium=...&utm_term=...&utm_campaign=...
2556:: Original publication date or year; displays in square brackets after the
2360:
at a French-language wiki instead of the
English word "Spanish". Aliases:
3695:: ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US; valid values:
3644:
2985:; use the same format as other access and archive dates in the citations.
2871:
produces "2nd ed." Does not display if a periodical field is defined.
1585:. Do not use italics in this field, as doing so produces corrupt metadata.
5103:: Controls the closing punctuation for a citation; defaults to a period (
4561:... |quote=Tōkyō tawā |script-quote=ja:東京タワー |trans-quote=Tokyo Tower ...
4167:
2842:
2725:
2147:... |title=Tōkyō tawā |script-title=ja:東京タワー |trans-title=Tokyo Tower ...
1628:
5615:
3212:
links to vice (gambling, pornography), advertising, or other unsuitable
2799:
displays preceded by "published" and enclosed in parentheses, following
2714:
newspaper, so there is no reason to name the publisher). Displays after
4022:
3794:
3780:
2933:: URL of an online location where the text of the publication named by
2879:: For one publication published in several volumes. Displays after the
2637:– set publication, access-, and archive-dates to day month year format;
2327:
1948:
is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of translators (each
1632:
1627:
is empty. Use generational and regnal suffixes only in accordance with
851:
364:
166:
4751:). For an individual editor plus an institutional editor, you can use
3596:
Template:Citation/doc § Anchors for
Harvard referencing templates
2372:"Knowledge (XXG):Undated" redirects here. For undated signatures, see
2238:: Title of existing Knowledge (XXG) article about the source named in
1721:. For an individual author plus an institutional author, you can use
1011:, should not be used in parameters that contribute to the metadata.
4270:
4044:
3891:
2819:. Use the same format as other dates in the article; do not wikilink.
3878:. Use the same format as other dates in the article. Aliases: none.
3039:
snapshot of a web page. Typically used to refer to services such as
2252:: The name of the series the episode belongs to; may be wikilinked.
5126:
1664:
is any consecutive number for an unlimited number of authors (each
6016:
5095:
displays all authors in the list followed by et al. Aliases: none.
4101:
3641:
965:
115:
3806:
3305:
55:
and other content that is not part of the original template page.
4967:
4515:
to a resource that would not otherwise be obviously accessible.
4048:
4043:; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a
3958:
3895:
3833:
https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.176.341
3383:
2901:: Time the event occurs in the source; followed by "minutes in".
2258:: name of an existing Knowledge (XXG) article; used to wikilink
5619:
5130:
4637:: given or first names of editor, including title(s); example:
3827:
id, a string of digits and dots found in a CiteSeerX URL (e.g.
2330:
language code (preferred) or the full language name. Examples:
2109:
may be used to add an external link, but not both. Displays in
4553:(if available). Alias: none. Must be prefixed with one of the
3783:; used by a number of astronomical data systems; for example:
2698:
or other legal entity that publishes the work being cited. Do
847:
60:
25:
1424:
By default, sets of fields are terminated with a period (.).
993:|date=27 September 2007 (print version 25 September)
3401:. To encode the URL, replace the following characters with:
4799:: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to
3990:
template within the parameter – in the form
3874:: Date a valid DOI was found to be non-working/inactive at
3332:(except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include
3284:(except for PDF). Note: External link icons do not include
1781:: accepts a limited list of keywords as value; when set to
4911:, element separator and terminal punctuation is a period (
3580:
templates. Since April 2020, the parameter / keyword pair
3320:; for example: DOC or XLS; displayed in parentheses after
3253:
are suppressed in the rendering. Bot help is available at
2953:
For linking to pages in PDF files or in Google Books, see
2506:
template. See those templates' documentation for details.
1903:: Given or first names of translator. Do not wikilink—use
2777:
is shown before the title prefixed with "written at" and
2686:: Name of publisher; may be wikilinked if relevant. The
2292:
can be used to disable the display of a type. Examples:
2045:: Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires
4432:
which can be applied to disable the error-checking (as
3584:
has no special meaning; this deprecated setting should
666:
4282:
parameter, above; these are two different identifiers.
4191:
identifier; do not include "OL" in the value; example
2564:). For clarity, please supply specifics. For example:
4851:|veditors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
4241:
parameter, below; these are two different identifiers
2987:
Not required for linked documents that do not change.
2649:– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
2631:– as above for year initial numeric format YYYY-MM-DD
1833:|vauthors=Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corp.)), etal
1825:; enclose corporate or institutional author names in
4447:
For some identifiers, it is possible to specify the
3264:
Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown
1686:
parameters to change how many authors are displayed.
5993:
5977:
5922:
5871:
5823:
5790:
5737:
5701:
5653:
5582:
5561:
5495:
5429:
5164:
4593:to include the same format as the source. Aliases:
4327:Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate
4062:Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate
3997:Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate
3909:Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate
3860:Supports accept-this-as-written markup to indicate
3850:
3552:, especially useful with short-form citations like
2959:Do not link to any commercial booksellers, such as
2541:, usually a lowercase letter suffixed to the year.)
908:Nested parameters rely on their parent parameters:
566:
550:
534:
518:
499:
483:
467:
451:
435:
419:
403:
387:
371:
352:
336:
320:
304:
288:
272:
256:
240:
224:
208:
189:
173:
154:
138:
122:
103:
3875:
3803:http://biorxiv.org/content/early/2016/10/01/078733
1535:: Surname of a single author. Do not wikilink—use
3560:. The default anchor ID is suitable for use with
1024:section near the top of this documentation page.
4499:It is not necessary to specify a URL to a link
4257:goes live; if this date is in the future, then
3548:identifies the template as a target and allows
2139:(if present). Must be prefixed with one of the
1591:: Given or first names of author; for example:
4843:; enclose corporate or institutional names in
4557:to help browsers properly display the script:
4503:to a link also produced by an identifier. The
4492:) for auto-linking or to disable the feature (
4261:is not linked until that date. Aliases: none.
4207:Office of Scientific and Technical Information
2143:to help browsers properly display the script:
1015:COinS metadata is created for these parameters
5631:
5142:
4966:Replaces the name of the (first) author with
4086:; do not include "JFM" in the value; example
4082:Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik
3618:: Call letters of the local station (if any).
2418:is required to disambiguate the link targets.
1873:: Surname of translator. Do not wikilink—use
598:
8:
4380:
4079:
3358:will be supported by all browsers; however,
3306:Access indicators for url-holding parameters
2914:: Changes the default text displayed before
2355:
2242:– do not use a web address; do not wikilink.
95:
5107:); for no terminating punctuation, specify
3397:. For example, a space must be replaced by
3084:
3002:
2977:: Full date when the content pointed to by
2095:Help:Citation Style 1 § Titles and chapters
1631:and use honorifics only in accordance with
6039:pipe trick does not work inside references
5638:
5624:
5616:
5574:Citation Style 1 specific-source templates
5149:
5135:
5127:
4839:: comma separated list of editor names in
3849:. It is checked to ensure it begins with (
2853:parameters to display access restrictions.
1962:, but not the other way around). Aliases:
1821:: comma-separated list of author names in
605:
591:
4585:: surname of editor. Do not wikilink—use
3815:https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.220400
3316:: File format of the work referred to by
3276:: File format of the work referred to by
3087:above for details about interaction with
3046:Knowledge (XXG):Using the Wayback Machine
3005:above for details about interaction with
2795:) is also defined and is different, then
2514:: Year of publication. The more flexible
2348:See the list of supported codes and names
4870:may be used for the individual names in
3913:eISSNs using a non-standard format, see
3403:
3386:host-names are currently not supported.
2566:|orig-date=First published 1859
2490:in the style specified by the article's
2174:
1846:may be used for the individual names in
1458:
1431:
6041:, so be sure to insert a full wikilink.
6030:
4066:ISSNs using a non-standard format, see
4001:ISBNs using a non-standard format, see
3483:
3113:: A control parameter to select one of
2848:
2656:
667:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5092:
5088:
5084:
5028:
4916:
4908:
4871:
4850:
4758:
4755:
4752:
4508:
4504:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4484:to manually select a specific source (
4481:
4477:
4473:
4452:
4433:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4331:SBNs using a non-standard format, see
3864:DOIs using a non-standard format, see
3589:
3581:
3542:
3517:
3489:
3487:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3217:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3191:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3165:
3161:
3148:
3144:
3122:
3118:
3114:
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2968:
2964:
2868:
2601:
2581:
2577:
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2569:
2565:
2545:
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2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2437:
2426:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
1847:
1832:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1578:
1574:
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1508:
1500:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
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1362:
1358:
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1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1316:
1312:
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1304:
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1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
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1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
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1243:
1239:
1235:
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1227:
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1219:
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1197:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
992:
986:
968:metadata in the HTML output, allowing
661:
657:
94:
5899:Converting between references formats
5212:short, stand-alone, offline documents
4235:. Do not include "PMC" in the value.
4231:full-text of a journal article, e.g.
3671:Amazon Standard Identification Number
2643:– as above for month day, year format
2625:– as above for month day, year format
2580:(or, if it exists in the article, by
2526:of the following conditions are met:
2352:Category:CS1 foreign language sources
2344:|language=French, Portuguese
2272:: Transcript of the original source.
631:For written serial publications, see
236:short, stand-alone, offline documents
7:
5015:. Do not use in a list generated by
4041:International Standard Serial Number
3888:International Standard Serial Number
2825:: Name of the content deliverer (if
2450:date; a comment for editors such as
2421:For approximate year, precede with "
2224:Help:Table § Rendering the pipe
1460:Recently removed CS1/CS2 parameters
972:to retrieve bibliographic metadata.
562:web sources not covered by the above
5914:Guidance on source reviewing at FAC
5853:Referencing without using templates
5848:Referencing with citation templates
5024:
4166:for looking up publications in the
4015:International Standard Music Number
3992:|isbn={{Format ISBN|9780812695939}}
3534:
3523:generates an anchor with the given
5035:) to apply the mask to a specific
5002:—in this case, the value of
4120:Library of Congress Control Number
3945:International Standard Book Number
2391:Help:Citation Style 1 § Dates
2014:OR: for multiple translators, use
1922:OR: for multiple translators, use
1681:
580:Citation Style 1 wrapper templates
51:It may contain usage information,
24:
4273:; use unique identifier; example
3346:URLs must begin with a supported
2570:|orig-date=Composed 1904
2389:For acceptable date formats, see
1678:, but not the other way around).
1623:; first name will not display if
4919:, element separator is a comma (
4847:. End with etal if appropriate:
3655:(April 2007 – December 2014) or
2937:can be found. Cannot be used if
1829:. End with etal if appropriate:
987:|date=27 September 2007
64:
29:
5904:Reference display customization
4391:For zbMATH search results like
4345:Social Science Research Network
4104:reference number; for example:
3797:id, as in the entire DOI (e.g.
2707:
2436:For no date, or "undated", use
2125:(if available) of the title in
5093:|display-authors=etal
4774:OR: for multiple editors, use
4676:OR: for multiple editors, use
4539:(if available) of the text in
3807:https://doi.org/10.1101/078733
3550:wikilinking to full references
3181:is preemptively archived with
3025:by registered editors. Alias:
1752:OR: for multiple authors, use
1638:OR: for multiple authors, use
1433:Deprecated CS1/CS2 parameters
1078:|script-contribution=
832:Hinchcliffe, Philip (Producer)
1:
5671:Biographies of living persons
4629:accept-this-as-written markup
4430:accept-this-as-written markup
2600:template), or as used in the
1895:accept-this-as-written markup
1583:accept-this-as-written markup
970:reference management software
660:have upper-case aliases like
5607:Citation Style 1 noticeboard
5593:Citation Style documentation
5025:<references />
3533:attribute in the citation's
3391:citation template parameters
3069:. By default (overridden by
2706:parameter for the name of a
1543:or one of its aliases (e.g.
1120:|publication-place=
6023:for background information.
5909:References and page numbers
5843:Introduction to referencing
5647:Knowledge (XXG) referencing
5089:|display-authors=0
5085:|display-authors=2
4753:|editor-first1=...
4277:
4236:
3952:
3593:
3494:
3337:
3303:
3289:
3228:. Bot help is available at
3154:Accepts multiple keywords:
3085:"Automatic date formatting"
3054:
3043:
3003:"Automatic date formatting"
2952:
2846:
2664:
2476:|publication-date=
2388:
2221:
2092:
1679:
1211:|contribution-url=
1141:|publication-date=
973:
871:Insane Clown Posse (guests)
834:(8 March – 12 April 1975).
630:
621:template is used to create
6073:
6057:Templates generating COinS
5858:Referencing dos and don'ts
5569:Citation Style 1 templates
4756:|editor-last1=...
4332:
4067:
4002:
3914:
3865:
3164:omitted or empty) selects
3160:– (default condition when
2724:: For news stories with a
2371:
1449:none deprecated at present
1240:|author#-surname=
1236:|author-surname#=
1021:
876:ICP on Howard Stern 9.1.09
6003:Parenthetical referencing
5838:Citations quick reference
5805:Punctuation and footnotes
5604:
5109:|postscript=none
4831:forms of name parameters.
4494:|title-link=none
4381:
4227:; use article number for
3843:Digital object identifier
3811:10.1101/2020.07.24.220400
3558:parenthetical referencing
3441:
3436:
3433:
3430:
3427:
3424:
3421:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3324:. (For media format, use
3071:|url-status=live
2837:is not a replacement for
2781:is shown after the title.
2460:Automatic date formatting
2210:
2164:parameter is recommended.
2068:parenthetical referencing
1955:requires a corresponding
1813:forms of name parameters.
1671:requires a corresponding
1232:|author-surname=
1102:|script-section=
1094:|script-article=
1070:|script-chapter=
586:
573:Specific-source templates
6021:COinS in Knowledge (XXG)
5757:Citation Style Vancouver
4555:supported language codes
4490:|title-link=doi
4486:|title-link=pmc
4451:using the corresponding
3673:; if first character of
3057:Help:Using archive.today
2336:|lang=fr, pt-br
2278:: URL of the transcript.
2141:supported language codes
1305:|author#-given=
1301:|author-given#=
1293:|author#-first=
1289:|author-first#=
1057:|encyclopaedia=
945:—may be used instead of
921:—may be used instead of
689:
6015:This template produces
5985:Knowledge (XXG) Library
5654:Policies and guidelines
4823:when the lists use the
4819:displays name lists in
3651:(before April 2007) or
2484:|archive-date=
1805:when the lists use the
1801:displays name lists in
1297:|author-given=
1285:|author-first=
1228:|author#-last=
1224:|author-last#=
1111:|script-title=
1086:|script-entry=
1074:|contribution=
1053:|encyclopedia=
5923:Template documentation
5863:Citing Knowledge (XXG)
4080:
3677:value is a digit, use
3239:|archive-url=
3206:|archive-url=
3192:|archive-url=
3183:|archive-url=
3166:|archive-url=
3149:|archive-url=
3119:|archive-url=
2480:|access-date=
2427:|date=c. 1900
2356:
2340:|lang=Russian
1220:|author-last=
1215:|section-url=
1207:|chapter-url=
1198:|institution=
1184:|quote-pages=
887:Sirius Satellite Radio
824:Nation, Terry (Writer)
463:audio or video serials
316:magazines, periodicals
134:audio and visual media
5117:|postscript=
5113:|postscript=
4759:|editor2=...
4647:Dr. Firstname M., Sr.
4509:|title-link=
4482:|title-link=
4478:|title-link=
3649:|arxiv=hep-th/9205027
3162:|url-status=
2869:|edition=2nd
2332:|language=ru
1729:|author2=...
1545:|author=Bono
1438:Deprecated parameter
1383:|message-id=
1180:|quote-page=
1115:|book-title=
1061:|dictionary=
1029:|periodical=
976:Knowledge (XXG):COinS
964:This template embeds
882:The Howard Stern Show
837:Genesis of the Daleks
5693:Scientific citations
5666:No original research
5282:public mailing lists
5065:display-interviewers
5053:display-contributors
4986:em spaces wide; set
4874:, as described above
4649:Do not wikilink—use
4639:Firstname Middlename
4428:) support a special
4314:Standard Book Number
4296:Request for Comments
4146:Mathematical Reviews
4051:or a space; example
3959:ISBN § Overview
3955:Knowledge (XXG):ISBN
3898:or a space; example
3847:10.1038/news070508-7
2582:|cs1-dates=
2574:|orig-date=
2488:|orig-date=
1723:|first1=...
1603:Do not wikilink—use
1593:Firstname Middlename
1343:|citeseerx=
1194:|publisher=
1037:|newspaper=
873:(1 September 2009).
867:Stern, Howard (host)
332:public mailing lists
268:radio or TV episodes
150:AV media liner notes
71:This template uses
47:Template:Cite serial
18:Template:Cite serial
5810:Shortened footnotes
5517:Cite AV media notes
5496:Audiovisual-related
5352:unpublished reports
5077:display-translators
5013:shortened footnotes
4978:to a numeric value
4872:|veditors=
4845:doubled parentheses
4365:corpus ID; example
3785:1974AJ.....79..819H
3541:HTML tag). Setting
3340:Using |format=
3292:Using |format=
2893:In-source locations
2530:Shortened footnotes
2486:, etc.) except for
2438:|date=n.d.
2400:Shortened footnotes
2302:Accepted manuscript
2064:shortened footnotes
1907:instead. Aliases:
1877:instead. Aliases:
1848:|vauthors=
1827:doubled parentheses
1726:|last1=...
1509:|vauthors=
1461:
1434:
1272:|subject#=
1256:|surname#=
1128:|location=
1041:|magazine=
949:(and is ignored if
934:(and is ignored if
143:Cite AV media notes
100:
80:Module:Citation/CS1
5825:Help for beginners
5777:Citation templates
5729:Referencing styles
5430:Preprint templates
5331:Cite press release
5226:edited collections
4917:|mode=cs2
4909:|mode=cs1
4653:instead. Aliases:
3835:). Aliases: none.
3817:). Aliases: none.
3590:|ref=none
3582:|ref=harv
3330:external link icon
3282:external link icon
2811:) is not defined,
2769:are defined, then
2743:The Times of India
2712:The New York Times
2604:parameter. Alias:
2522:parameter, unless
1879:translator-surname
1850:as described above
1607:instead. Aliases:
1480:|authors=
1459:
1432:
1339:|biorxiv=
1335:|bibcode=
1268:|subject=
1264:|author#=
1252:|surname=
1189:|edition=
1150:|version=
1098:|section=
1090:|article=
1066:|chapter=
1049:|website=
1033:|journal=
930:—may be used with
627:theatrical serials
424:Cite press release
252:edited collections
185:books and chapters
44:
6011:
6010:
5815:Nesting footnotes
5719:Combining sources
5613:
5612:
5394:technical reports
5324:online newsgroups
5275:Cite mailing list
5254:academic journals
5219:Cite encyclopedia
5198:conference papers
4383:Zentralblatt MATH
4019:979-0-9016791-7-7
3949:978-0-8126-9593-9
3787:. Aliases: none.
3771:. Aliases: none.
3657:|arxiv=1501.00001
3592:. Aliases: none.
3535:<cite id="
3476:
3475:
3147:when there is no
2779:publication-place
2759:publication-place
2747:publication-place
2735:publication-place
2230:
2229:
2062:Note: When using
1968:translator1-first
1928:translator-first1
1917:translator-first1
1913:translator1-first
1519:
1518:
1465:Removed parameter
1457:
1456:
1355:|eprint=
1326:|degree=
1321:|given#=
1313:|first#=
1260:|author=
1163:|number=
1155:|volume=
1146:|series=
676:Horizontal format
615:
614:
530:technical reports
399:online newsgroups
325:Cite mailing list
300:academic journals
245:Cite encyclopedia
220:conference papers
93:
92:
59:
58:
36:
6064:
6042:
6035:
5970:
5964:
5959:
5953:
5948:
5942:
5937:
5931:
5879:Cite link labels
5792:Inline citations
5782:Reflist template
5752:Citation Style 2
5747:Citation Style 1
5676:Reliable sources
5640:
5633:
5626:
5617:
5597:
5591:
5554:
5548:
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5387:Cite tech report
5385:
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5158:Citation Style 1
5151:
5144:
5137:
5128:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5071:display-subjects
5034:
5026:
5022:
4982:to set the dash
4949:interviewer-mask
4937:contributor-mask
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4873:
4852:
4830:
4826:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4562:
4531:is defined, use
4513:convenience link
4510:
4506:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4465:
4458:
4457:>-access=
4443:
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4415:
4414:|eissn=
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4398:
4394:
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4386:
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4368:
4363:Semantic Scholar
4350:
4319:
4318:|sbn=356-02201-3
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4251:pmc-embargo-date
4242:
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4128:|lccn=2004042477
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3248:
3241:; used when the
3240:
3236:
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3207:
3203:
3197:
3193:
3189:
3184:
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3176:
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3146:
3142:
3124:
3123:|title=
3120:
3116:
3102:
3094:
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3049:
3041:Internet Archive
3035:: The URL of an
3023:hidden or styled
3020:
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2970:
2966:
2958:
2950:
2949:
2944:
2870:
2854:
2815:is displayed as
2813:publication-date
2797:publication-date
2785:publication-date
2739:The Boston Globe
2671:
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2648:
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2473:
2464:Citation Style 1
2461:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2428:
2424:
2409:
2394:
2374:Template:Undated
2359:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2226:
2212:{{bracket|text}}
2203:
2175:
2148:
2117:is defined, use
2098:
2027:translator1-link
2016:translator-link1
2009:translator1-link
2005:translator-link1
1964:translator1-last
1950:translator-first
1939:translator-first
1924:translator-last1
1909:translator-given
1901:translator-first
1891:translator-last1
1887:translator1-last
1858:
1849:
1834:
1812:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1687:
1601:Firstname M. Sr.
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5702:General advice
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5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
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5662:
5661:Verifiability
5659:
5658:
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5641:
5636:
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5629:
5627:
5622:
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5583:Documentation
5581:
5575:
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5567:
5566:
5564:
5560:
5551:
5545:
5540:
5534:
5529:
5523:
5518:
5512:
5507:
5506:Cite AV media
5501:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5485:
5479:
5474:
5468:
5463:
5457:
5452:
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5360:
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5337:
5332:
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5318:
5312:
5310:news articles
5309:
5304:
5298:
5295:
5290:
5284:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5262:
5261:Cite magazine
5256:
5253:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5234:
5228:
5225:
5220:
5214:
5211:
5206:
5205:Cite document
5200:
5197:
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5183:
5178:
5172:
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5169:
5163:
5159:
5152:
5147:
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5140:
5138:
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5129:
5122:
5102:
5099:
5081:
5080:
5078:
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5069:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5020:
5014:
5009:
5001:
4993:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4970:or text. Set
4969:
4965:
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4956:
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4941:
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4856:
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4777:
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4750:
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4720:
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4705:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4682:editor-first1
4679:
4675:
4672:
4671:editor1-given
4668:
4667:editor-given1
4664:
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4659:editor1-first
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4655:editor-first1
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4449:access status
4445:
4431:
4402:
4384:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4354:
4349:|ssrn=1900856
4346:
4342:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4287:
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4278:See also the
4272:
4268:
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4260:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4240:
4237:See also the
4230:
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4211:|osti=4367507
4208:
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4201:
4198:
4190:
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4175:|oclc=9355469
4172:
4171:union catalog
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4077:
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4060:
4058:
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4047:, but not an
4046:
4042:
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4035:
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4024:
4016:
4012:
4009:
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4000:
3996:
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3927:Handle System
3924:
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3916:
3912:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3897:
3894:, but not an
3893:
3889:
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3882:
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3863:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3853:). Aliases:
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3808:
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3497:MOS:DATEUNIFY
3490:
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3258:
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3244:
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3231:
3227:
3223:
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3200:
3186:
3169:
3156:
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3153:
3152:
3143:to mark dead
3140:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3100:
3099:use mdy dates
3092:
3091:use dmy dates
3086:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3053:
3052:archive.today
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3017:use mdy dates
3010:
3009:use dmy dates
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2989:For example,
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2973:
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2962:
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2897:
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2798:
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2709:
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2699:
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2689:
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2677:
2668:
2667:MOS:DATEUNIFY
2660:
2657:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2597:
2596:use mdy dates
2589:
2588:use dmy dates
2578:|df=
2563:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2543:
2540:
2539:disambiguator
2536:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2503:
2502:use mdy dates
2495:
2494:use dmy dates
2469:
2465:
2458:
2457:
2454:can be added.
2441:
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2413:
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2310:Press release
2287:
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2200:
2197:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2160:. Use of the
2159:
2155:
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2144:
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2131:
2130:
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2061:
2060:
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2052:
2048:
2044:
2043:collaboration
2041:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1954:
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1899:
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1867:
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1860:: deprecated
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1512:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1441:Replace with
1440:
1437:
1436:
1427:
1425:
1387:|mr=
1329:
1324:
1283:
1218:
1201:
1192:
1187:
1176:|at=
1166:
1153:
1144:
1131:
1118:
1105:
1064:
1027:
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1023:
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1012:
983:
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916:
914:
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868:
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849:
845:
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829:
825:
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820:
819:
811:
791:transcript
782:minutes
773:number
764:date
755:station
746:network
737:credits
728:series
719:url
710:episode
701:title
688:
687:
683:
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649:
644:
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628:
624:
620:
608:
603:
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582:
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569:
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549:
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457:
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398:
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383:news articles
382:
377:
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351:
347:
342:
335:
331:
326:
319:
315:
310:
309:Cite magazine
303:
299:
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229:Cite document
223:
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200:
195:
188:
184:
179:
172:
168:
165:
160:
153:
149:
144:
137:
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128:
127:Cite AV media
121:
117:
114:
109:
102:
98:
85:
81:
78:
77:
74:
70:
63:
62:
54:
48:
43:
40:
39:documentation
35:
28:
27:
19:
6033:
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5969:}}
5963:{{
5958:}}
5952:{{
5947:}}
5941:{{
5936:}}
5930:{{
5714:Find sources
5596:}}
5590:{{
5553:}}
5547:{{
5542:}}
5539:Cite podcast
5536:{{
5531:}}
5528:Cite episode
5525:{{
5520:}}
5514:{{
5509:}}
5503:{{
5487:}}
5481:{{
5476:}}
5473:Cite medRxiv
5470:{{
5465:}}
5459:{{
5454:}}
5451:Cite bioRxiv
5448:{{
5443:}}
5437:{{
5418:}}
5412:{{
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5286:{{
5278:}}
5272:{{
5264:}}
5258:{{
5250:}}
5247:Cite journal
5244:{{
5236:}}
5230:{{
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5216:{{
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5194:}}
5188:{{
5180:}}
5174:{{
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4883:
4866:
4864:
4859:
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4768:
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4731:editor-given
4730:
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4638:
4635:editor-first
4634:
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4606:
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4599:editor1-last
4598:
4595:editor-last1
4594:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4567:
4550:
4547:script-quote
4546:
4541:script-quote
4540:
4537:Romanization
4532:
4529:script-quote
4528:
4524:
4500:
4498:
4470:}}
4467:cite journal
4464:{{
4461:
4446:
4406:
4400:
4399:. Aliases:
4376:
4370:
4369:. Aliases:
4358:
4352:
4351:. Aliases:
4340:
4328:
4321:
4320:. Aliases:
4309:
4303:
4302:. Aliases:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4266:
4258:
4254:
4253:: Date that
4250:
4244:
4243:. Aliases:
4238:
4220:
4214:
4213:. Aliases:
4202:
4196:
4195:. Aliases:
4193:|ol=7030731M
4189:Open Library
4184:
4178:
4177:. Aliases:
4159:
4153:
4152:. Aliases:
4141:
4135:
4134:. Aliases:
4115:
4109:
4108:. Aliases:
4097:
4091:
4090:. Aliases:
4075:
4063:
4056:
4055:. Aliases:
4036:
4030:
4026:
4010:
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3988:}}
3982:{{
3974:
3965:
3940:
3934:
3933:. Aliases:
3922:
3910:
3903:
3902:. Aliases:
3883:
3871:
3861:
3854:
3838:
3820:
3790:
3776:
3692:
3686:
3685:. Aliases:
3678:
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3623:
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3585:
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3572:{{
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3562:{{
3513:
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3388:
3345:
3325:
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3317:
3313:
3299:
3277:
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3260:bot: unknown
3242:
3213:
3208:; used when
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3141:}}
3137:{{
3132:
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3110:
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3101:}}
3097:{{
3093:}}
3089:{{
3081:archive-date
3080:
3074:
3066:
3063:archive-date
3062:
3032:
3026:
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3015:{{
3011:}}
3007:{{
2998:
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2978:
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2955:WP:PAGELINKS
2938:
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2930:
2915:
2912:time-caption
2911:
2905:
2898:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2864:
2850:access level
2849:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
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2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
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2384:
2380:
2361:
2322:
2313:
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2275:
2269:
2259:
2255:
2249:
2239:
2235:
2204:(preferred)
2161:
2157:
2153:
2136:
2133:script-title
2132:
2127:script-title
2126:
2123:Romanization
2118:
2115:script-title
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2091:
2080:
2076:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1991:
1987:
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