A historical sovereign state is a state that once existed, but has since been dissolved due to conflict, war, rebellion, annexation, or uprising. This page lists sovereign states, countries, nations, or empires that ceased to exist as political entities sometime after 1453, grouped geographically and by constitutional nature.
Criteria for inclusion
The criteria for inclusion in this list are similar to that of the list of states with limited recognition. To be included here, a polity must have claimed statehood and either:
- had de facto control over a territory, a population, a government, a capacity to enter into relations with other states, or
- have been recognised as a state by at least one other state.
This is not a list for all variant governments of a state, nor is it a list of variations of countries' official long form name. For purposes of this list, the cutoff between medieval and early modern states is the fall of Constantinople in 1453.
Ancient and medieval states
- List of Copper Age states
- List of Bronze Age states
- List of Iron Age states
- List of Classical Age states
- List of states during Late Antiquity
- List of states during the Middle Ages
Modern states and territories by geography
Africa
This article appears to contradict the article List of pre-modern states. Please discuss at the talk page and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved. (June 2013) |
Morocco (Maghreb al-Aqsa)
- Marinid Sultanate (1244β1465)
- Wattasid dynasty (1472β1549)
- Saadi Sultanate (1510β1649)
- Republic of SalΓ© (1627β1668)
- 'Alawi dynasty (1631β1912)
- Republic of the Rif (1921β1926)
Egypt, Sudan and Libya
- Makuria (5th centuryβ1518)
- Alodia (6th centuryβ1504)
- Mamluk Sultanate (1250β1517)
- Shilluk Kingdom (15th centuryβ1861)
- Egypt Eyalet (1517β1867)
- Kingdom of Fazughli (c. 1500β1685)
- Sultanate of Sennar (1504β1821)
- Sultanate of Darfur (1603β1874/1898β1916)
- Mahdist State (1885β1899)
- Tripolitanian Republic (1918β1922)
- Emirate of Cyrenaica (1949β1951)
- United Arab Republic (1958β1971)
Algeria (Central Maghreb)
- Hafsid dynasty (1229β1574)
- Hafsid Emirate of BΓ©jaΓ―a (1285β1510)
- Kingdom of Tlemcen (1235β1556)
- Kingdom of Kuku (1515β1638)
- Kingdom of Beni Abbas (1510β1871)
- Sultanate of Tuggurt (1414β1871)
- Regency of Algiers (1516β1830)
- Emirate of Abdelkader (1832β1847)
Comoro Islands
- Ali Soilih Regime (1976β1978)
- State of Anjouan (1997β2002), (2007β2008)
Madagascar
- Kingdom of Antankarana β made a French protectorate in 1843, annexed in 1895
- Kingdom of Antongil (1773β1786)
- Kingdom of Boina (c. 1690β1840)
- Kingdom of Menabe (c. 1685β1834)
- Kingdom of Imerina (1540β1897)
- Kingdom of Tamatave (1712β1828)
- Kingdom of Tanibe (1822β1828)
Sub-Saharan Africa
- Bornu Empire (c. 1380β1893)
- Shilluk Kingdom (15th centuryβ1861)
- Wadai Empire (1501β1912)
- Kingdom of Baguirmi (1480/1522β1897)
Horn of Africa
- Medri Bahri (c. 1137β1879)
- Ethiopian Empire (1270β1974)
- Adal Sultanate (1415β1559)
- Imamate of Aussa (16th centuryβ1750)
- Aussa Sultanate (1734β1936)
- Isaaq Sultanate (1750β1884)
- Habr Yunis Sultanate (c. 1769β1907)
- Ajuran Sultanate (13th centuryβ17th century)
- Sultanate of Hobyo (1878β1925)
- Majeerteen Sultanate (c. 1800β1924)
- Sultanate of the Geledi (17th centuryβ1910)
- Kingdom of Kaffa (c. 1390β1897)
- Hadiya Sultanate (13th centuryβ15th century)
- Welayta Kingdom (c. 1250β1894)
- Kingdom of Janjero (c.15th centuryβ1894)
- Kingdom of Gumma (c. 1770β1902)
- Kingdom of Gomma (c. 1780β1886)
- Kingdom of Gera (c. 1835β1887)
- Kingdom of Jimma (1790β1932)
- Ennarea (14th centuryβc. 1710)
- Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea (1801β1891)
- Emirate of Harar (1647β1887)
- State of Somaliland (1960)
Western Africa
- Emirate of Trarza (1640β1902)
- Emirate of Tagant
- Emirate of Brakna
- Mali Empire (c. 1230β1672)
- Bamana Empire (1712β1861)
- Khasso (17th centuryβ19th century)
- Sultanate of Agadez (1449β1900)
- Songhai Empire (c. 1340β1591)
- Mossi States
- Zabarma Emirate (1860β1897)
- Sokoto Caliphate (1804β1903)
- Sultanate of Damagaram (1731β1851)
- Empire of Great Fulo (Denanke Kingdom) (1490β1776)
- Imamate of Futa Toro (1725β1861)
- Jolof Empire (1350β1549)
- Kingdom of Jolof (1549β1875)
- Kingdom of Sine (c. 1520β1867, fully disestablished 1969)
- Kingdom of Saloum (1494β1864, fully disestablished 1969)
- Kingdom of Baol (1555β1895)
- Kingdom of Cayor (1549β1879)
- Kingdom of Waalo (1287β1855)
- Bundu (1690β1858)
- Kaabu (1537β1867)
- Imamate of Futa Jallon (1725β1912)
- Toucouleur Empire (1861β1890)
- Wassoulou Empire (1878β1898)
- Kong Empire (1710β1898)
- Kingdom of Dagbon (c. 1250β1899?)
- Ashanti Empire (1670/1701β1902, still exists as a region)
- Bonoman (11th centuryβ20th century)
- Gyaaman (c. 1450β1895)
- Denkyira (c. 1500β1701)
- Mankessim Kingdom (1252β1844)
- Fante Confederacy (16th centuryβ1873)
- Kingdom of Whydah (c. 1580β1727)
- Kingdom of Dahomey (c. 1600β1904)
- Oyo Empire (c. 1300β1896)
- Kingdom of Benin (1180β1897)
- Kingdom of Nri (10th century?β1911)
- Aro Confederacy (1690β1902)
- Kwararafa (c. 1500 β c. 1840)
- Thomas Sankara's Burkina Faso government (1984β1987)
- People's Revolutionary Republic of Guinea (1979β1984)
- Republic of Maryland (1854β1857)
- Republic of Dahomey (1958β1975)
- Republic of Benin (September 19, 1967 β September 20, 1967)
- Biafra (1967β1970)
African Great Lakes
- Buganda (14th centuryβ1894, still exists as traditional kingdom)
- Bunyoro (13th centuryβ1897, still exists as traditional kingdom)
- Ankole (1478β1901, fully disestablished 1967)
- Toro Kingdom (1830β1876, still exists as traditional kingdom)
- Busoga (?β1906, still exists as traditional kingdom)
- Kingdom of Rwanda (11th centuryβ1885, fully disestablished 1962)
- Kingdom of Burundi (1680β1890/1962β1966)
- Kingdom of Karagwe (1450β1963)
Eastern Africa
- Pate Sultanate (1203β1870)
- Malindi Kingdom (9th centuryβ15th century)
- Mombasa Sultanate (1502β1887, fully disestablished 1963)
- Witu Sultanate (c. 1810β1905/1923)
- Kilwa Sultanate (957β1513)
- Kingdom of Maravi (c. 1480β1891)
- Sultanate of Zanzibar (preβ1503/4, 1856β1890, 1963β1964)
- People's Republic of Zanzibar (1964)
- Tanganyika (1961β1964)
Central Africa
- Kingdom of Loango (c. 1550 β c. 1883)
- Yaka Kingdom (17th centuryβ18th century)
- Anziku Kingdom (?β19th century)
- Kingdom of Kongo (1390β1914)
- Kuba Kingdom (1625β1884)
- Kingdom of Luba (1585β1889)
- Kingdom of Lunda (c. 1600β1887)
- Yeke Kingdom (1856β1891)
- Kingdom of Ndongo (16th centuryβ1671)
- Kasanje Kingdom (1620β1910)
- Kingdom of Matamba (1631β1744)
- Mbunda Kingdom (1700β1914)
- Chokwe Kingdom
- Kazembe Kingdom (c. 1740β1894)
- International Association of the Congo (1879β1885)
- Congo Free State (1885β1908)
- Republic of Zaire (1971β1997)
Southern Africa
- Kingdom of Barotseland (19th century)
- Kingdom of Mutapa (1430β1760)
- Kingdom of Zimbabwe (1220β1450)
- Kingdom of Butua (1450βc. 1683)
- Rozvi Empire (1660β1889)
- Kingdom of Mthwakazi (1823β1894)
- Ndebele Kingdom
- Gaza Empire (1824β1895)
- Mthethwa Empire (c. 1780β1817)
- Swellendam (1795)
- Graaff-Reinet (1795β1796)
- Zulu Kingdom (1816β1897)
- South African Republic (Transvaal) (1852β1877, 1881β1902)
- Orange Free State (1854β1902)
- Griqualand East (1862β1874)
- Nieuwe Republiek (1884β1888)
- Natalia Republic (1839β1843)
- State of Goshen (1882β1883)
- Republic of Stellaland (1882β1885)
- United States of Stellaland (1883β1885)
- Republic of Upingtonia (1885β1887)
- Union of South Africa (1910β1961)
- Bophuthatswana (1977β1994)
- Ciskei (1981β1994)
- Transkei (1976β1994)
- Venda (1979β1994)
- Rhodesia (1965β1979)
- Zimbabwe Rhodesia (1979)
- Natal (1843β1910)
Asia
Central Asia
- Chagatai Khanate (1225β1680)
- Kart dynasty (1244β1381)
- Uzbek Khanate (1428β1471)
- Nogai Horde (1440β1634)
- Kazakh Khanate (1465β1848)
- Khanate of Bukhara (1506β1785)
- Dzungar Khanate (1634β1755)
- Khanate of Kokand (1709β1868)
- Emirate of Bukhara (1785β1873)
- Alash Autonomy (1917β1918)
- Turkestan Autonomy (1917β1918)
- Khanate of Khiva (1511β1920)
- Confederated Republic of Altai (1918β1920)
- Bukharan People's Soviet Republic (1920β1925)
- Khorezm People's Soviet Republic (1920β1925)
- First East Turkestan Republic (1933β1934)
- Second East Turkestan Republic (1944β1949)
East Asia
- Bogd Khanate of Mongolia (1911β1924)
- Republic of China (based on mainland China 1912β1949; continued existence on Taiwan since 1949)
- People's Revolutionary Government of the Republic of China (1933β1934)
- Reformed Government of the Republic of China (1937β1940)
- Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China (Wang Jingwei Regime) (1940β1945)
- Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937β1940)
- East Hebei Autonomous Government (1935β1938)
- Republic of Formosa (1895)
- Great Han Sichuan Military Government (1911β1912)
- Guangzhou Commune (1927)
- Hunan Soviet (1927)
- Hunan Soviet in a continental Chinese province (1927)
- Inner Mongolian People's Republic (1945)
- Jaxa (1665β1674)
- JiangxiβFujian Soviet (1931β1934)
- Jiangxi Soviet (1931β1937)
- Manchukuo (1932β1945)
- Mengjiang United Autonomous Government (1939β1945)
- Ming dynasty (1368β1644) and the Southern Ming (1644β1662)
- Qing dynasty (1644β1912)
- Ryukyu Kingdom (1429β1879)
- Shanghai Great Way Government (1937β1938)
- Shun dynasty (1644β1646)
- Soviet Zone of China (1927β1949)
- Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851β1864)
- Tibet under Ganden Phodrang government (1644β1720)
- Tibet (1912β1951)
- Tibetan states (900β1240, 1300β1620)
- Kingdom of Tungning (1661β1683)
- Tuvan People's Republic (1921β1944)
- Uryankhay Republic (1911β1914)
- Uryankhay Krai (1914)
- Xi dynasty (1643β1647)
- Yuan Dynasty (1271β1368) and the Northern Yuan (1368β1635)
Japanese Archipelago
- Allied Occupied Japan (1945β1952)
- Ashikaga shogunate (1336β1573)
- AzuchiβMomoyama (1568β1600)
- Empire of Japan (1868β1947)
- Republic of Ezo (1869)
- Tokugawa shogunate (1603β1868)
Korean Peninsula
- Tamna (? - 1404 AD)
- Byeonhan confederacy (194 BC-42 AD)
- Buyeo (c. 2nd century BCβ494 AD)
- Eastern Buyeo (86 BC - 22 AD)
- Gaya Confederacy (42-562)
- Ara Gaya (6th Century)
- Siljik (6th Century)
- Samhan (7th Century)
- Goguryeo (37 BCβ 668 AD)
- Baekje (18 BC-660 AD)
- Silla (57 BCEβ935 AD)
- Balhae (698β926)
- Little Goguryeo (699-820)
- Galsa Buyeo (22-68 AD)
- Unified Silla (668β935)
- Goryeo (918β1392)
- Taebong (901-918)
- Later Baekje (892β936)
- Later Sabeol (919β927)
- Joseon (1392β1897)
- Korean Empire (1897β1910)
- Korean People's Association in Manchuria (1929β1931)
- People's Republic of Korea (1945β1946)
- Provisional People's Committee of North Korea (1946β1947)
- People's Committee of North Korea
- Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1945)
- First Republic of Korea (1948β1960)
- Second Republic of Korea (1960-1961)
- Supreme Council for National Reconstruction (1961-1963)
- Third Republic of Korea (1963β1972)
- Fourth Republic of Korea (1972β1981)
- Fifth Republic of Korea (1981β1988)
West Asia
Afghanistan
- Hotak dynasty (1709β1738)
- Durrani Empire (1747β1826)
- Islamic Emirate of Badakhshan (1996)
- Islamic Emirate of Kunar (1991)
Balochistan
- Khanate of Kalat (1666β1736, 1747β1749, 1758β1955)
- Durrani Empire (1749β1758)
Anatolia
- Beylik of Candar (1292β1461)
- Alaiye (1293β1471)
- Beylik of Bafra (14th centuryβ1460)
- Empire of Trebizond (1204β1461)
- Beylik of Alaiye (1293β1471)
- Beylik of Karaman (1250β1487)
- Beylik of Dulkadir (1337β1522)
- Ramadanid Emirate (1352β1608)
- Aq Qoyunlu (1378β1501)
- Kara Koyunlu (1374β1468)
- Emirate of Hasankeyf (1232β1524)
- Kars Republic (1918β1919)
- Ottoman Empire (c. 1299β1923)
Cyprus
- Kingdom of Cyprus (1192β1489)
- Turkish Federated State of Cyprus (1975β1983)
Mesopotamia
- Kingdom of Kurdistan (1922β1924)
- All-Palestine Government (1948β1967)
- Arab Federation (1958)
Persia / Iran
- Kar-Kiya dynasty (1370sβ1592)
- Baduspanids (665β1598)
- Marashiyan dynasty (1359β1596)
- Afrasiyab dynasty (1349β1504)
- Mihrabanid dynasty (1236β1537)
- Iran-u-Turan (Timurid) (1370β1507)
- The Expansive Realm of Iran(Safavid dynasty) (1501β1736)
- Guarded Domains of Iran(Afsharid dynasty) (1736β1796)
- Guarded Domains of Iran(Zand dynasty) (1751β1794)
- Sublime State of Persia/Iran (1794β1925)
- Imperial State of Persia / Iran (1925β1979)
- Persian Soviet Socialist Republic in Gilan (Iran) (1920β1921)
- Azerbaijan People's Government (1945β1946)
- Republic of Mahabad (1946)
- Military Dictatorship of Mughan (1918β1919)
Levant
- Arab Kingdom of Syria (1920)
- United Arab Republic (1958β1971)
- Free Lebanon State (1979β1984)
- Islamic State (2014β2017)
Arabian Peninsula
- Sheikhdom of Kuwait (1613β1961)
- Bani Khalid Emirate (1669β1796)
- Emirate of Diriyah (1744β1812)
- Emirate of Nejd (1812β1891)
- Muscat and Oman (1820β1970)
- Emirate of Jabal Shammar (1836β1921)
- Emirate of Riyadh (1902β1913)
- Idrisid Emirate of Asir (1906β1934)
- Sheikdom of Upper Asir (1916β1920)
- Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (1913β1921)
- Sultanate of Nejd (1921β1925)
- Kingdom of Hejaz (1916β1925)
- Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd (1926β1932)
- Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (1918β1970)
- Peopleβs Democratic Republic of Yemen (1967β1990)
- Yemen Arab Republic (1962β1990)
- Fadhli Sultanate (15th centuryβ1888)
- Qu'aiti Sultanate in Hadhramaut (1858β1888)
- Sultanate of Upper Yafa (1800β1903)
- Sultanate of Lower Yafa (1800β1895)
- Emirate of Beihan (1680β1872)
- Emirate of Dhala (15th centuryβ1904)
- Wahidi Sultanate of Balhaf (1640β1888)
- Wahidi Sultanate of Haban (1640β1895)
- Kathiri Sultanate in Hadhramaut (14th centuryβ1888)
- Mahra State of Qishn and Socotra (1432β1886)
- Sultanate of Lahej (1728β1839)
- Federation of South Arabia (1962β1967)
- Republic of Kuwait (1990)
South Asia
- Garhwal Kingdom (823β1949)
- Kingdom of Cochin (Before 12th century CEβ1949)
- Delhi Sultanate (1206β1526)
- Sur Empire (1540β1556)
- Laur Kingdom (600β1565)
- Bengal Sultanate (1352β1576)
- Jaunpur Sultanate (1394β1479)
- Kingdom of Mysore (1399β1948)
- Bijapur Sultanate (Adil Shahi dynasty, 1490β1686)
- Pratapgarh Kingdom (1489β1700s)
- Bengal Subah (1717β1757)
- Maratha Confederacy (1674β1820)
- Jaintia Kingdom (500β1835)
- Sikh Empire (1799β1849)
- Mughal Empire (1526β1857)
- Provisional Government of Free India (1943β1945)
- Hyderabad State (1724β1798)
- Travancore (1729β1949)
- Udaipur State (734β1818)
- Manikya dynasty (1400β1761)
- United Suvadive Republic (1959β1963)
- Sultanate of Maldives (1117β1796), (1954β1968)
- Sikkim (1642β1975)
Southeast Asia
- Kingdom of Cambodia (1431β1863)
- Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)
- In Laos:
- Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1707β1893)
- Kingdom of Vientiane (1707β1828)
- Kingdom of Champasak (1713β1904)
- Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1945)
- Lao Issara (1945β1946)
- In Vietnam:
- Champa kingdom (192β1832)
- ΔαΊ‘i Viα»t (968β1407/1428β1804)
- Nghα»-TΔ©nh Soviet (1930β1931)
- Empire of Vietnam (1945)
- Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) (1945β1976)
- Republic of Cochinchina (1946β1949)
- Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948β1949)
- State of Vietnam (known as South Vietnam after the Geneva Conference of 1954) (1949β1955)
- Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) (1955β1975)
- Republic of South Vietnam (1975β1976)
- In Myanmar (Burma):
- Mon kingdoms (9thβ11th, 13thβ16th, 18th centuries)
- Hanthawaddy Kingdom (1287β1552)
- Ava (1364β1555)
- Pegu (1287β1539, 1747β1757)
- Kingdom of Mrauk U (1429β1785)
- Taungoo dynasty (1486β1752, 2nd Empire)
- Konbaung dynasty (1752β1885, 3rd Empire)
- Shan States (1287β1557)
- Arakan (1287β1784)
- State of Burma (1943β1945)
- In Thailand:
- Langkasuka (2ndβ15th century)
- Sultanate of Singora (1605β1680)
- Ayutthaya Kingdom (1350β1767)
- Thonburi Kingdom (1767β1782)
- Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom (13th centuryβ1782)
- Lan Na (1292β1775)
- Kingdom of Chiang Mai (1782β1894)
- Pattani kingdom (1516β1902)
- Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara (1808β1916)
- Kingdom of Siam (1782β1932)
- In Indonesia:
- Republic of Indonesia (1945β1949)
- United States of Indonesia (1949β1950)
- State of East Indonesia (1946β1950)
- State of East Java (1948β1950)
- State of East Sumatra (1947β1950)
- State of Madura (1948β1950)
- State of Pasundan (1948β1950)
- State of South Sumatra (1948β1950)
- Great Dayak (1946β1950)
- West Kalimantan (1946β1950)
- In Sumatra:
- Sultanate of Aceh (1496β1903)
- Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura
- Jambi Sultanate (? β late 19th century)
- Palembang Sultanate (1659β1823)
- Sultanate of Deli (1609β1862, fully disestablished 1956)
- Sultanate of Langkat (1568β1946)
- Sultanate of Serdang (1723β1946)
- In Java:
- Majapahit (1293β1527)
- Sultanate of Mataram (1588β1681)
- Sultanate of Banten (1527β1813)
- Sultanate of Cirebon (1445β1677)
- Sultanate of Demak (1475β1548)
- Kingdom of Pajang (1568β1586)
- In Lesser Sunda Islands
- Bali Kingdoms (914β1908)
- Bima Sultanate (1620β1669, fully disestablished 1958)
- Kingdom of Larantuka (1515β1904)
- In Sulawesi:
- Kingdom of Banggai (? β 1907)
- Sultanate of Gowa (14th centuryβ1911, fully disestablished 1945)
- Sultanate of Bone (14th century β 1905)
- Kingdom of Wajoq (c. 1400β1906, fully disestablished 1957)
- In Maluku:
- Sultanate of Ternate (1257β1914)
- In Borneo:
- Bruneian Empire (1368β1888)
- Sambas Sultanate (1609β1819, fully disestablished 1956)
- Pontianak Sultanate (1771β1779)
- Kingdom of Sarawak (1841β1888)
- Berau Sultanate
- Sultanate of Bulungan (1731βc. 1880, fully disestablished 1964)
- Kingdom of Kutai Martadipura (399β1635)
- Sultanate of Kutai Kartanegara (1300β1844)
- Sultanate of Banjar (1526β1860)
- Lanfang Republic (1777β1884)
- In Riau Islands:
- Riau-Lingga Sultanate (1824β1911)
- In Malaysia:
- Sultanate of Malacca (1400β1511)
- Johor Sultanate (1528β1855)
- Pahang Sultanate (1470β1623)
- Pahang Kingdom (1770β1881)
- Malayan Union (1946β1948)
- Federation of Malaya (1957β1963)
- In the Philippines
- Sultanate of Maguindanao (1500β1888)
- Sultanate of Sulu (1405β1915)
- Republic of Negros (1898β1899)
- Cantonal Government of Negros (1898β1901)
- Tejeros Revolutionary Government (1897)
- Sovereign Tagalog Nation (1896β1897)
- First Philippine Republic (1899β1902)
- Tagalog Republic (1902β1906)
- Second Philippine Republic (1943β1945)
Europe
Nordic countries
In the Nordic countries, unions were personal, not unitary
- Icelandic Commonwealth (c. 930β1262)
- Kingdom of Finland (1742β1743)
- Kingdom of Finland (1918β1919)
- Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic (1918β1919)
- United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway (1814β1905)
- Kingdom of Norway (1814)
- DenmarkβNorway (1524β1814, intermittent)
- Kalmar Union (1397β1523, intermittent)
- Schleswig (1058β1864)
Modern France
- Kingdom of France (843β1792) (1814/15β1848)
- Duchy of Brittany (939β1532)
- Duchy of Burgundy (918β1482)
- French Empire (1804-1814/15) (1852β1870)
- First French Empire (1804β1814/15)
- Second French Empire (1852β1870)
- Duchy of Normandy (911β1259/1469)
- Duchy of Lorraine (959β1766)
- Viscounty of BΓ©arn (9th centuryβ1620)
- Free City of Danzig (1807β1814)
- Duchy of Warsaw (1807β1815)
- Territory of the Saar Basin (1920β1935)
- Vichy France (1940β1944)
- Saar Protectorate (1946β1956)
- Kingdom of Corsica (1736)
- Corsican Republic (1755β1769)
- Anglo-Corsican Kingdom (1794β1796)
- County of Foix (1010β1607)
- Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune (1848β1849)
Modern Germany
- Holy Roman Empire (843β1806)
- Confederation of the Rhine (1806β1813)
- Duchy of Anhalt (1806β1918)
- Principality of Reuss-Gera (1806β1918)
- Grand Duchy of Frankfurt (1810β1813)
- German Confederation (1815β1866)
- German Empire (1848β1849)
- North German Federation (1867β1871)
- German Empire (1871β1918)
- West Berlin (1948β1990), Western Bloc-aligned political enclave.
- German Democratic Republic (1949β1990) (also known as East Germany or GDR), its states acceded to Federal Republic of Germany in 1990.
- Alsace Soviet Republic (1918)
- Baden (Grand Duchy β 1806β1871)
- Kingdom of Bavaria (1806β1871)
- Bavarian Soviet Republic (1919)
- Bremen (1815β1871)
- Brunswick (1815β1871)
- Frankfurt (Free Imperial City of Frankfurt (HRE), before 1806; City of Frankfurt, 1815β1866)
- Hamburg (1189β1871)
- Kingdom of Hanover (1814β1866)
- Hesse-Homburg (1815β1866)
- Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel) (Electorate, 1803β1807, 1813β1866)
- Hohenzollern-Hechingen (1623β1850)
- Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1623β1850)
- Holstein (1815β1864)
- Lippe (1123β1871)
- LΓΌbeck (Free city 1226β1871)
- Mecklenburg-Schwerin (1815β1871)
- Mecklenburg-Strelitz (1815β1871)
- Nassau (1806β1866)
- Oldenburg (1815β1871)
- Pomerania (1121β1637)
- Prussia (1525β1871)
- Duchy of Prussia (1525β1618)
- Brandenburg-Prussia (1618β1701)
- Kingdom of Prussia (1701β1871)
- Reuss (1010β1806)
- Saxe-Altenburg (1602β1871)
- Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1735β1826)
- Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1826β1871)
- Saxe-Gotha (1640β1680)
- Saxe-Hildburghausen (1680β1826)
- Saxe-Lauenburg (or Duchy of Lauenburg) (1296β1871)
- Saxe-Meiningen (1680β1871)
- Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (1809β1871)
- Saxony (kingdom) β 1806β1871)
- Schaumburg-Lippe (1647β1871)
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (1599β1871)
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen (1599β1871)
- Waldeck (1180β1871)
- WΓΌrttemberg (kingdom) β 1806β1871)
- Free State of Bottleneck (1919β1923)
Austria
- Archduchy of Austria (1453β1804, 1867β1918)
- County of Tyrol (1140β1919)
- Duchy of Styria (1180β1918)
- Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg (1328β1803)
- Republic of German-Austria (1918β1919)
- Austrian Empire (1804β1867)
Switzerland
- Old Swiss Confederacy (1300β1798)
- Helvetic Republic (1798β1803)
- Rhodanic Republic (1802β1810)
Italy
- Republic of Crema (1797)
- Republic of Alba (1796)
- Republic of Ancona (c. 1000β1532)
- Republic of Florence (1115β1569)
- Kingdom of Naples (1282β1816)
- Duchy of Urbino (1443β1625)
- Anconine Republic (1797β1798)
- Judicate of Arborea (9th centuryβ1420)
- Kingdom of Etruria (1801β1807)
- United Provinces of Central Italy (1859β1860)
- Cisalpine Republic (1797β1802)
- Cispadane Republic (1796β1797)
- Republic of Cospaia (1440β1826)
- Principality of Elba (Elba) (1814β1815)
- Kingdom of Etruria (1801β1807)
- Marquisate of Finale (967β1602)
- Regency of Carnaro (1919β1920)
- Gozitan Nation (1798β1801)
- Italian Republic (Napoleonic) (1802β1805)
- Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic) (1805β1814)
- Kingdom of LombardyβVenetia (1815β1866)
- Duchy of Lucca (1815β1847)
- Principality of Lucca and Piombino (1805β1814)
- Republic of Lucca (1160β1805)
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta (1530β1798)
- Duchy of Mantua (1273β1707)
- Duchy of Massa and Carrara (1473β1829)
- Duchy of Milan (1395β1797)
- Provisional Government of Milan (1848)
- Duchy of Modena (1452β1796, 1815β1859)
- Kingdom of Naples (1285β1816)
- Republic of Noli (1192β1797)
- Duchy of Parma (1545β1859)
- Papal States (752β1870)
- Republic of Pisa (c. 1000β1406)
- Roman Republic (19th century) (1849)
- Kingdom of Sardinia (1720β1861)
- Republic of San Marco (1848β1849)
- Republic of Senarica (1343β1797)
- Kingdom of Sicily (1130β1816)
- Kingdom of Sicily (1848)
- Transpadane Republic (1796β1797)
- Grand Duchy of Tuscany (1569β1801, 1815β1859)
- Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1815β1860)
- Republic of Venice (697β1797)
- Republic of Genoa (1095β1797)
- Italian protectorate of Albania (1939β1943)
- Italian governorate of Montenegro (1941β1943)
- Kingdom of Tavolara (1836β1934)
- Free Territory of Trieste (1947β1954)
- Republic of Rose Island (1968β1969)
Modern United Kingdom
- Kingdom of Gwynedd (450β1216)
- Kingdom of Powys (5th centuryβ1160)
- Kingdom of Scotland (843β1707)
- Kingdom of England (927β1707)
- Angevin Empire (1154β1214)
- Principality of Wales (1216β1536)
- Commonwealth of England (1649β1653) and (1659β1660)
- The Protectorate (1653β1659)
- Kingdom of Great Britain (1707β1800)
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1801β1922)
Ireland
- Osraige (150β1541)
- AirgΓalla (331β1585)
- UΓ Maine (c. 357β1611)
- Ailech (450β1617)
- Tyrconnell (5th centuryβ1607)
- TΓr Eoghain (5th centuryβ1607)
- Fermanagh (10th centuryβ1607)
- Magh Luirg (c. 956β1585)
- Republic of Connacht
- Thomond (1118β1543)
- Kingdom of Desmond (1118β1596)
- Lordship of Ireland (1171β1542)
- Clandeboye (1283β1605)
- Kingdom of UΓ Failghe (Unknownβ1550)
- Kingdom of Leinster
- Kingdom of Connacht
- Kingdom of Ireland (1541β1801)
- Irish Catholic Confederation (1641β1649)
- Republic of Connacht (1798)
- Irish soviets (1919β1922)
- Limerick Soviet (1919)
Benelux
- Prince-Bishopric of LiΓ¨ge (972β1795) annexed by France in 1795.
- Duchy of Brabant (1183β1794)
- Duchy of Bouillon (1456? β 1794)
- United Belgian States (1789β1790)
- Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (1581β1795) (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden/ProvinciΓ«n) Independence from Spain after Eighty Years' War in 1581, conquered by France 1795.
- Batavian Republic (1795β1806) (Bataafse Republiek) France's vassal state.
- Kingdom of Holland (1806β1810) (Koninkrijk Holland/Royaume d'Hollande) Ruled by Louis Bonaparte, annexed by France 1810.
- Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands (1813β1815)
- United Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815β1839)
- Neutral Moresnet (1816β1920)
Poland
- Duchy of Pomerania (1121β1160, 1264β1295, 1478β1531, 1625β1637)
- Demmin Principality (1160β1264)
- Szczecin Principality (1160β1264, 1295β1523)
- Duchy of Pomerania-Wolgast (1295β1478)
- Duchy of Masovia (1138β1275, 1294β1310, 1370β1381, 1495β1526)
- Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp (1368β1478)
- Duchy of Pomerania-Neustettin (1368β1390)
- Duchy of KrakΓ³w (1227β1320)
- Principality of Halych (1110β1339)
- Kingdom of GaliciaβVolhynia (1199β1349)
- Duchy of Bytom (1281β1498)
- Duchy of Silesia (1138β1335)
- Duchy of Opole (1172β1202, 1281β1532)
- Duchy of RacibΓ³rz (1172β1202, 1281β1521)
- Duchy of Opole and RacibΓ³rz (1202β1281, 1521β1532, 1551β1556)
- Duchy of InowrocΕaw (1267β1364)
- Duchy of Teschen (1281β1918)
- Duchy of Poland (966β1025, 1031β1076, 1079β1138, 1138β1227)
- Kingdom of Poland (1025β1031, 1076β1079, 1295β1296, 1300β1320)
- United Kingdom of Poland (1320β1386)
- PolishβLithuanian Commonwealth (1569β1795)
- Crown of the Kingdom of Poland (1386β1795)
- Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1236β1795)
- Royal Prussia (1466β1569)
- Duchy of Prussia (1525β1657)
- Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1561β1795)
- New Courland (1637, 1639, 1642, 1654β1659, 1660β1666, 1680β1683, 1686β1690)
- Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (1772β1918, part of the Austrian Empire, later part of the Austria-Hungary.)
- Duchy of Warsaw (1807β1815; part of First French Empire, personal union with Kingdom of Saxony.)
- Free, Independent, and Strictly Neutral City of Cracow with its Territory (1815β1846)
- Kingdom of Poland (1815β1832; personal union with Russian Empire.)
- Vistula Land (1867β1915; part of the Russian Empire.)
- Grand Duchy of Posen (1815β1848; part of Kingdom of Prussia)
- Grand Duchy of KrakΓ³w (1846β1918; part of the Austria-Hungary)
- Polish National Government (1830β1831)
- Polish National Government (1846)
- Polish National Government (1863β1864)
- Kingdom of Poland (1917β1918)
- Republic of Zakopane (1918)
- Republic of Tarnobrzeg (1918β1919)
- Komancza Republic (1918β1919)
- Lemko-Rusyn People's Republic (1918β1920)
- II Republic of Poland (1918β1939)
- Republic of Central Lithuania (1920β1922)
- Free City of Danzig (1920β1939)
- Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee (1920)
- Military Administration in Poland (1939)
- General Governorate for the Occupied Polish Region (1939β1945)
- Polish Underground State (1939β1945)
- Polish Committee of National Liberation (1944)
- Provisional Government of the Republic of Poland (1944β1945)
- Provisional Government of National Unity (1945β1947)
- Republic of Poland (1947β1952)
- Polish People's Republic (1952β1989)
- Polish National-Territorial Region (1990β1991)
Ukraine
- Kholodny Yar Republic (1919β1922)
- Zaporozhian Sich (1552β1775)
- Cossack Hetmanate (1649β1764)
- Ukrainian People's Republic (1917β1920)
- Ukrainian State (1918)
- West Ukrainian People's Republic (1918β1919)
- Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919β1991; sovereign until 1922)
- Makhnovshchina (1918β1921)
- Hutsul Republic (1919)
- Galician Soviet Socialist Republic (1920)
- Carpatho-Ukraine (1939)
- Ukrainian National Government (1941)
- Donetsk People's Republic (2014β2022)
- Luhansk People's Republic (2014β2022)
Crimea
- Principality of Theodoro (13th centuryβ1475)
- Crimean Khanate (1449β1783)
- Crimean People's Republic (1917β1918)
- Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921β1941/1944β1945/1991β1992)
- Republic of Crimea (2014)
Baltic countries and Belarus
- Principality of Polotsk (10th centuryβ1397)
- Grand Duchy of Lithuania (1236β1795)
- Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)
- Republic of Lithuania (1918β1940)
- Republic of Perloja (1918β1923)
- Republic of Central Lithuania (1920β1922)
- LithuanianβByelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919)
- Belarusian People's Republic (1918β1919)
- Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919β1922)
- State of the Teutonic Order (1230β1525)
- Kingdom of Livonia (1570β1578)
- United Baltic Duchy (1918)
- Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic (1918β1920)
- First Latvian Republic (1918β1940)
- Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)
- Soviet Republic of Naissaar on an Estonian Baltic Sea island (1917β1918)
- Commune of the Working People of Estonia (1918β1919)
- First Estonian Republic (1918β1940)
Romania and Moldova
- Dacian Kingdom (168 BCβ106 AD)
- Θara Litua (1247β1330)
- Voievodeship of Gelu (9thβ11th century)
- Voivodeship of MaramureΘ (9th centuryβ1402)
- Jupanat of Dimitrie (c. 943)
- Voivodeship of Glad (10th century)
- Voivodeship of Menumorut (9thβ11th century)
- Jupanat of Gheorghe (10th century)
- Jupanat of Tatos (c. 1190)
- Jupanat of Sacea (11th century)
- Jupanat of Setslav (c. 1085)
- Voivodship of Transylvania (12th centuryβ1541)
- Banat of Severin (1228β1526)
- Voivodship of Seneslav (13th century)
- Cnezatul lui Ioan (13th century)
- Cnezatul lui FarcaΘ (13th century)
- Principality of Wallachia (1330β1859)
- Principality of Moldavia (1346β1859)
- Principality of Transylvania (1570β1711)
- Wallachian Eyalet (1595)
- TemeΕvar Eyalet (1552β1716)
- Varat Eyalet (1660β1692)
- Grand Principality of Transylvania (1711β1867)
- Banat of Temeswar (1718β1778)
- Duchy of Bukovina (1849β1918)
- United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia (1859β1881)
- Kingdom of Romania (1881β1947)
- Banat Republic (1918β1919)
- Moldavian Democratic Republic (1917β1918)
Russia
- Novgorod Republic (1136β1478)
- Pskov Republic (1348β1510)
- Principality of Tver (1246β1483)
- Principality of Beloozero (13thβ15th century)
- Principality of Yaroslavl (1218β1463)
- Grand Duchy of Ryazan (1097β1521)
- Principality of Great Perm (1323β1505)
- Golden Horde (1320β1547)
- Astrakhan Khanate (1466β1556)
- Khanate of Kazan (1438β1552)
- Qasim Khanate (1452β1681)
- Khanate of Sibir (1468β1598)
- Kalmyk Khanate (1630β1771)
- Republic of Uhtua (1918β1920)
- Kuban People's Republic (1918β1920)
- Don Republic (1918β1920)
- Idel-Ural State (1 March 1918 β 28 March 1918)
- Far Eastern Republic (1920β1922)
- Green Ukraine (1920β1922)
- Tungus Republic (1924β1925)
- State of Buryat-Mongolia (1917β1920)
- Grand Duchy of Moscow (1283β1547)
- North Ingria(1919β1920)Jaxa (1665β1674)
- Tsardom of Russia (1547β1721)
- Russian Empire (1721β1917)
- Kingdom of Poland (1815β1867)
- Grand Duchy of Finland (1809β1917)
- Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (1917β1924)
- Russian Republic (1917)
- Russian Republic (1918)
- Russian State (1918β1920)
- Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1917β1922)
- Supreme Administration of the Northern Region (1918)
- Provisional Government of the Northern Region (1918β1920)
- Armed Forces of South Russia (1918β1919)
- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (1922β1991)
- Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922β1991)
- Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (1922β1991)
- Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922β1991)
- Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940β1991)
- Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922β1991)
- Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (1940β1956)
- Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1936β1991)
- Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic (1936β1991)
- Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940β1990)
- Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940β1990)
- Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1940β1991)
- Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1990β1991)
- Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (1922β1991)
- Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918β1924)
- Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1918β1941)
- Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1919β1991)
- Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1920β1990)
- Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920β1936)
- Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921β1924)
- Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921β1991)
- Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1921β1945)
- Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1922β1991)
- Buryat Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923β1990)
- Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1923β1940; 1956β1991)
- Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926β1936)
- Mordovian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934β1990)
- Udmurt Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1934β1990)
- Kalmyk Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1935β1943; 1957β1991)
- Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936β1944; 1957β1991)
- Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936β1944; 1957β1991)
- Komi Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936β1991)
- Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936β1991)
- North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1936β1992)
- Kabardin Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1944β1957)
- Tuvan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1961β1992)
- Khakas Autonomous Oblast (1990β1991)
- Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (1990β1991)
- Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (1929β1991)
- Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (1924β1991)
- Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1922β1991)
- Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (1924β1991)
Hungary
- Principality of Hungary (895β1000)
- Kingdom of Hungary (1000β1804)
- Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (1526β1551, 1556β1570)
- Principality of Transylvania (1570β1711)
- Principality of Upper Hungary (1682β1685)
- Principality of Transylvania (1711β1804)
- Kingdom of Croatia (1102β1526)
- Kingdom of Hungary (1301β1526)
- Hungarian State (1849)
Czechia and Slovakia
- Duchy of Bohemia (c. 870β1198)
- Kingdom of Bohemia (1198β1918)
- Margraviate of Moravia (1182β1918)
- Slovak Soviet Republic (1919)
- Slovak Republic (1939β1945)
- First Czechoslovak Republic (1918β1938)
- Second Czechoslovak Republic (1938β1939)
- Third Czechoslovak Republic (1945β1948)
- Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (1948β1989; before 1960 as Czechoslovak Republic)
- Czech and Slovak Federative Republic (1990β1992)
Austria
- Duchy of Austria (1156β1453)
- Archduchy of Austria (1453β1804)
- Austrian Empire (1804β1867)
- Austria-Hungary (1867β1918)
Balkans
- In Albania:
- Independent Albania (1912β1914)
- Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus (1914)
- Republic of Central Albania (1913β1914)
- Principality of Albania (1914β1925)
- Italian protectorate over Albania (1917β1920)
- Republic of Mirdita (1921)
- Italian protectorate of Albania (1939β1943)
- German occupation of Albania (1943β1944)
- People's Socialist Republic of Albania (1946β1992)
- In Aromanian:
- First Hellenic Republic (1828β1832)
- Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece (1821β1825)
- Kingdom of Greece (1832β1924, 1935β1941, 1944β1974)
- Italian Islands of the Aegean (1912β1945)
- In Bosnia:
- Kingdom of Bosnia (1377β1463)
- Condominium of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1878β1918)
- Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992β1995)
- Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia (1993β1995)
- Republika Srpska (1992β1995)
- Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia (1991β1996)
- In Bulgaria:
- Second Bulgarian Empire (1185β1396)
- Despotate of Dobruja (1356β1411)
- Principality of Bulgaria (1878β1908)
- Strandzha Commune (1903)
- In Croatia:
- State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918)
- Kingdom of Croatia (925β1102)
- Kingdom of Croatia (1527β1868)
- Kingdom of Slavonia (1699β1868)
- Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia (1868β1918)
- Free State of Fiume (1920β1924)
- Independent State of Croatia (1941β1945)
- Free Territory of Trieste (1947β1954)
- Republic of Ragusa (1358β1808)
- Republic of Serbian Krajina (1991β1995)
- In Greece:
- First Hellenic Republic (1828β1832)
- Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece (1821β1825)
- Kingdom of Greece (1832β1924, 1935β1941, 1944β1974)
- United States of the Ionian Islands (1815β1864)
- Septinsular Republic (1800β1815)
- Principality of Samos (1815β1864)
- Cretan State (1898β1913)
- Free State of Ikaria (1912)
- Italian Islands of the Aegean (1912β1945)
- In Montenegro:
- Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro (1516β1852)
- Principality of Montenegro (1852β1910)
- Kingdom of Montenegro (1910β1918)
- Italian governorate of Montenegro (1941β1943)
- German-occupied territory of Montenegro (1943β1944)
- In North Macedonia:
- KruΕ‘evo Republic (1903)
- Independent Macedonia (1944)
- In Serbia:
- Revolutionary Serbia (1804β1813)
- Principality of Serbia (1815β1882)
- Kingdom of Serbia (1882β1918)
- State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (1918)
- Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929β1943)
- Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1943β1992)
- Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992β2003)
- Serbia and Montenegro (2003β2006)
- Republic of Kosova (1991β1999)
- In Turkey:
- Byzantine Empire (395β1453)
- Duchy of Athens (1205β1458)
- Despotate of Epirus (1356β1479)
- Empire of Nicaea (1204β1261)
- Ottoman Empire (c. 1299β1922)
- Government of the Grand National Assembly (1920β1923)
- Byzantine Empire (395β1453)
Caucasus
- Caucasian Albania (2nd century BCβ8th century AD)
- Kabardia (c. 1453βc. 1825)
- Circassia (13th centuryβ1864)
- Kingdom of Abkhazia (778β1008)
- Elisu Sultanate (1604β1844)
- Avar Khanate (13th centuryβ1864)
- Caucasian Imamate (1828β1859)
- Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (1917β1921)
- North Caucasian Emirate (1919β1920)
- Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (1991β2000)
- Kingdom of Georgia (1008β1490)
- Kingdom of Imereti (1260β1810)
- Principality of Svaneti (1463β1858)
- Principality of Mingrelia (1557β1867)
- Principality of Guria (1460β1829)
- Samtskhe-Saatabago (1266β1625)
- Kingdom of Kartli (1478β1762)
- Kingdom of Kakheti (1465β1762)
- Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (1762β1801)
- Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918β1921)
- First Republic of Armenia (1918β1920)
- Republic of Mountainous Armenia (April 1921βJuly 1921)
- Republic of Artsakh (1991β2024)
- Republic of Aras (1918β1919)
- Centrocaspian Dictatorship (1918)
- Military Dictatorship of Mughan (1918β1919)
- Baku Commune (1918)
- Democratic Republic of Azerbaijan (1918β1920)
- Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic (February 1918βMay 1918)
Iberian Peninsula
- Emirate of CΓ³rdoba (756β929)
- Kingdom of Asturias (718β924)
- Kingdom of LeΓ³n (910β1230)
- Republic of Galicia (1931)
- Couto Misto (10th centuryβ1868)
- Asturian Socialist Republic (October 1934)
- Kingdom of Navarre (824β1620)
- First Catalan Republic (1641β1652)
- Revolutionary Catalonia (1936β1939)
- Second Catalan Republic (1931)
- Crown of Aragon (1162β1479)
- Emirate of Granada (1238β1492)
- Kingdom of Majorca (1231β1715 (1349))
- Principality of Catalonia (12th century β 1714/1833)
- United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (1815β1825)
- Kingdom of Portugal (Monarchy of the North) (1919)
- Ditadura Nacional (1926β1933)
- Crown of Castile (1230β1479)
- Kingdom of Galicia (410β1833)
- Kingdom of Castile (1065β1230/1715)
- Iberian Union (1580β1640)
- Catalonia (2017)
North America
Anguilla
- Republic of Anguilla (1967β1969)
Bahamas
- Republic of Pirates (1706β1718)
Canada
- Republic of Madawaska (1827)
- Republic of Canada (1837β1838)
- Republic of Lower Canada (1838)
- Miκkmaκki (1867)
- Republic of Manitoba (1867β1870)
- Provisional Government of Saskatchewan (1885)
- Dominion of Newfoundland (1907β1949)
Dominican Republic
- Republic of Spanish Haiti (1821β1822)
- First Dominican Republic (1844β1861)
Guatemala
- United Provinces of Central America
- State of Los Altos (1838β1840), (1848β1849)
Haiti
- First Empire of Haiti (1804β1806)
- State of Haiti (1806β1811)
- Kingdom of Haiti (1811β1820)
Mexico
- Toltec Empire (674 (disputed)β1122 (disputed))
- CocollΓ‘n (1100β1521)
- Aztec Empire (1428β1521)
- Zapotec civilization (c. 700 BCβ1521)
- Governing Junta of Mexico (1808)
- Northern America (1813)
- First Mexican Empire (1821β1823)
- Provisional Government of Mexico (1823β1824)
- First Mexican Republic (1824β1835)
- Republic of the Rio Grande (1840)
- Centralist Republic of Mexico (1835β1846)
- Republic of YucatΓ‘n (1841β1848)
- Second Federal Republic of Mexico (1846β1863)
- Republic of Sonora (1853β1854)
- Republic of Baja California (1853β1854)
- Second Mexican Empire (1864β1867)
United States
- Iroquois Confederacy (between 1450 and 1660β1867)
- Cherokee Nation (1794β1865)
- Vermont Republic (1777β1791)
- State of Muskogee (1799β1803)
- Republic of West Florida (1810)
- Republic of East Florida (1812)
- Republic of the Floridas (1817)
- Republic of Indian Stream (1832β1835)
- Republic of Texas (1836β1846)
- State of Deseret (1849β1850)
- California Republic (June 14 β July 9, 1846)
- The Great Republic of Rough and Ready (1850)
- Palmetto Republic (1860β1861)
- Alabama Republic (1861)
- Republic of Louisiana (1861)
- Republic of Georgia (1861)
- Republic of Mississippi (1861)
- Confederate States of America (1861β1865)
- Republic of Puerto Rico (1868, 1898)
Oceania
- TuΚ»i Tonga Empire (c. 450β1865)
- Kingdom of Κ»Uvea (15th centuryβ1887)
- Kingdom of Alo
- Kingdom of Sigave
- Mangareva (1881)
- Kingdom of Bora Bora (till 1888 or 1895)
- Kingdom of Raiatea (till 1888, French protectorate since 1880)
- Kingdom of Huahine (till 1895, French protectorate since 1888)
- Kingdom of Tahiti (1788/91β1880, French protectorate since 1842)
- Kingdom of Rurutu (till 1900, French protectorate since 1888)
- Kingdom of Rimatara (till 1901, French protectorate since 1888)
- Kingdom of Tahuata (till 1880, French protectorate since 1842)
- Kingdom of Rapa Iti (till 1881, kingship continued to 1887)
- Kingdom of Mangareva (till 1881, French protectorate since 1844/1871)
- Taiohae Kingdom of Nuku Hiva (till 1901, sovereignty ceded to France in 1842)
- Kingdom of Tuamotu
- Kingdom of Fiji (1871β1874)
- Dominion of Fiji (1970β1987)
- Kingdom of Hawaii (1795β1893)
- Provisional Government of Hawaii (1893β1894)
- Republic of Hawaii (1894β1898)
- Patu-iki or Kingdom of Niue (c. 1700β1900)
- Kingdom of Rarotonga (1858β1893)
- Saudeleur dynasty (c. 1100 β c. 1628)
- Kingdom of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) (till 1888)
- Kingdom of Nauru (till 1888)
- Kingdom of Abemama (1795β1892)
- People's Provisional Government of Vanuatu (1977β1978)
South America
Argentina
- United Provinces of the RΓo de la Plata (1810β1831)
- Argentine Confederation (1831β1861)
- Republic of Entre RΓos (1820β1821)
- Republic of TucumΓ‘n (1820β1821)
- State of Buenos Aires (1852β1861)
- Kingdom of AraucanΓa and Patagonia (1860β1862)
Bolivia
- State of Upper Peru (1825)
- Republic of BolΓvar (1825)
- Republic of Upper Peru (1828)
- Bolivian Republic (1836β1839)
- Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836β1839)
Brazil
- Republic of Acre (1899β1900; 1903)
- Empire of Brazil (1822β1889)
- Confederation of the Equator (1824)
- Riograndense Republic (1836β1845)
- Juliana Republic (1839)
- Republic of Counani (1886β1891)
- Principality of Trindad (1893β1895)
Chile
- Kingdom of Chile (1810β1814)
- New State of Chile (1819β1826)
- Conservative Republic (1830β1861)
- Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia (1862)
Colombia
- Muisca Confederation (1450β1537)
- Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca (1810β1815)
- Confederate Cities of Valle del Cauca (1811β1815)
- United Provinces of New Granada (1811β1816)
- Gran Colombia (1819β1831)
- Republic of New Granada(1831β1858)
Ecuador
- State of Quito (1809β1812) Estado de Quito
- Free Province of Guayaquil (1820β1822)
Paraguay
- El Stronato (1954β1989)
Peru
- Kingdom of Chimor (c. 900β1470)
- Inca Empire (1438β1533)
- Protectorate of Peru (1821β1822)
- Republic of South Peru (1836β1839)
- Republic of North Peru (1836β1839)
- Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836β1839)
- Peruvian Republic (1837)
- Peruvian Republic (1838β1839)
- Federal State of Loreto (1896)
- Jungle Nation (1899β1900)
Uruguay
- Governing Junta of Montevideo (1808β1809)
- Liga Federal (1815β1820)
Venezuela
- Supreme Junta (1810β1811)
- First Republic of Venezuela (1811β1812)
- Second Republic of Venezuela (1813β1814)
- Third Republic of Venezuela (1817β1819)
Modern states and territories by type
Dismembered countries
These states are now dissolved into a number of states.
- Greater German Reich β Dissolved in 1945, its former territory now consists of the entirety of the countries of Austria and Germany, and parts of what is now Belarus, the Czech Republic, France, Luxembourg, Poland, Russia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, Norway, Greece, Serbia, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Ukraine and Slovenia.
- Empire of Brazil β An empire created after Brazil declared its independence in 1822 and dissolved in 1889, now the countries of Brazil and Uruguay (who declared their independence in 1825, and was recognized in 1828).
- Central America β Existed from 1821 to 1841, broke up into Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica.
- Republic of China (Mainland Period) β Polity existed to 7 December 1949 and its territory now controlled by the People's Republic of China (Mainland China), Mongolia, portion of the territory claimed by India and Japan, and parts of Afghanistan, Bhutan, Pakistan, Russia and Tajikistan. The rump state, still known as the "Republic of China", continues to control Taiwan and Penghu which was acquired from Japan in 1945, as well as Kinmen and Matsu Islands, forming part of the rump Fujian Province. See also the political status of Taiwan and the Theory of the Undetermined Status of Taiwan.
- Czechoslovakia β Existed from 1918 to 1992, the country wasn't active in World War II, but the government was in exile, dissolved in 1992 and broke up into the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
- Korea β Ceased to exist in 1910, its former territory now consists of the entirety of territory controlled by North Korea and South Korea, and a portion of territory claimed by Japan.
- Mali Federation β In 1959 formed by Senegal and French Sudan, both parts of French West Africa, as an independent nation. It collapsed in 1960, and is now Senegal and Mali.
- Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves (Reino Unido de Portugal, Brasil e Algarves) created in 1815 when Brazil was upgraded to the rank of kingdom, once the Portuguese royal family was living in Rio de Janeiro since 1809. This country was dissolved in 1822 when Brazil became independent. Now the countries of Portugal, Brazil, Cabo Verde, SΓ£o TomΓ© and PrΓncipe, Angola, East Timor and Mozambique.
- Rhodesia β Dissolved in 1979, now the country of Zimbabwe.
- Serbia and Montenegro β Dissolved in 2006, now the countries of Montenegro, Serbia, and the partially recognized Kosovo.
- Somali Republic β Dissolved in 1991, now the countries of Somalia and unrecognized Somaliland.
- Soviet Union β Dissolved in 1991, now the countries of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan. The Baltic countries occupied by USSR until 1991 (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) were not considered by most Western countries de jure part of the USSR.
- United Arab Republic β A union formed by Egypt and Syria in 1958. It was dissolved in 1961, though Egypt used the name until 1971. Other Pan-Arab unity agreements with Iraq and Jordan in the 1950s failed.
- United Arab States β A confederation formed by the United Arab Republic and North Yemen in 1958; it was dissolved in 1961.
- Yugoslavia β Dissolved in 1991 and 1992, now the countries of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, and the partially recognized Kosovo.
Nominally independent homelands of South Africa
Four of the homelands, or bantustans, for black South Africans, were granted nominal independence by the apartheid regime of South Africa. Not recognised by other nations, these effectively were puppet states and were re-incorporated in 1994.
- Bophuthatswana β Declared independent in 1977, reincorporated in 1994.
- Ciskei β Declared independent in 1981, reincorporated in 1994.
- Transkei β Declared independent in 1976, reincorporated in 1994.
- Venda β Declared independent in 1979, reincorporated in 1994.
Secessionist states
These nations declared themselves independent, but failed to achieve it in fact or did not seek permanent independence and were either re-incorporated into the mother country or incorporated into another country.
- Carpatho-Ukraine β declared independence from Czechoslovakia in 1939, but was occupied and annexed by Hungary in one day.
- Cartagena Canton β the haven city of Cartagena, Spain seceded from the First Spanish Republic in 1873.
- Catalan Republic (April 14β17, 1931).
- Chechnya β Virtually independent from Russia from 1996 as Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, however the country was recognized only by the Taliban. After terrorist attacks in 1999 the republic was returned to Russia's control in the Second Chechen War.
- Confederate States β Occupied the southeastern United States, stretching from Texas to Virginia. Declared secession from the U.S. in 1861, reintegrated into the U.S. in 1865. Reconstruction ended in 1876 and U.S. troops withdrew as an occupation force in 1877. South Carolina was the first state to declare its secession from the United States, doing so on December 20, 1860. Political factions in the "border states" of Kentucky and Missouri declared themselves parts of the Confederacy and controlled small portions of those regions early in the war. The major Indian tribes in Oklahoma signed an alliance with the Confederacy, and participated in its military efforts against the U.S.
- Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, declared independence from Ukraine in 1992 but soon settled for being an autonomous republic within Ukraine.
- Cruzob, achieved independence from Mexico in 1856, but was reannexed in 1901.
- Green Ukraine β Declared independence from Far Eastern Republic in 1920, dissolved in 1922.
- Herzeg-Bosnia β Separated from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, reincorporated into the country in 1994.
- Italian Social Republic (1943β1945)
- Katanga β Declared its independence of the newly formed Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1960, was incorporated again into the country in 1963.
- Manitoba β short-lived republic led by Thomas Spence, declared after the Hudson's Bay Company gave up Rupert's Land and before the government of Canada took control (1867).
- Red River Rebellion β provisional government in Rupert's Land, led by Louis Riel in (1869β1870).
- Serbian Krajina β declared independence from Croatia in 1991, reincorporated into the country in 1995.
- South Kasai β declared independence from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in June 1960, reincorporated into the country in December 1961.
- Supreme Administration of Northern Region β Proclaimed independent in 1918, later became the Provisional Government of the Northern Region.
- Republika Srpska β Separated from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1992, reincorporated into the country in 1995.
- Principality of Trinidad β Declared independence in 1893, claimed by United Kingdom in 1895, but incorporated by Brazil.
- Western Bosnia β Declared independence from Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1993 and reincorporated into it in 1995.
- Novorossiya β Established in 2015 as a result of the merger of the Donetsk People's Republic with the Luhansk People's Republic and at the beginning of 2015 the confederation project was suspended.
- Donetsk People's Republic β Declared independence on April 7, 2014. As a result of a staged referendum of September 30, 2022, it was incorporated as a republic into the Russian Federation. The incorporation is not recognised.
- Luhansk People's Republic β Declared independence on April 27, 2014. As a result of a staged referendum of September 30, 2022, it was incorporated as a republic into the Russian Federation. The incorporation is not recognised.
- Republic of Artsakh β Declared independence from Azerbaijan in 1991, reincorporated into the country in 2024.
Annexed countries
These nations, once separate, are now part of another country. Cases of voluntary accession are included.
- Regency of Carnaro in 1919 and Free State of Fiume 1920β1924, two short-lived states in the port city of Fiume/Rijeka proclaimed by Gabriele D'Annunzio. Following World War I, the city was disputed between Italy and Yugoslavia, and eventually captured by Italy in 1921. The city passed to Yugoslavia after World War II and is now in Croatia.
- Couto Misto β Tiny 10th century border territory that was split between Spain and Portugal in 1864β8.
- Crete β Autonomous under Ottoman suzerainty in 1898, unilaterally declared union with Greece in 1908, which was recognized in 1913.
- East Germany β Annexed by West Germany in 1990 and now part of Germany.
- England β Merged with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, now part of the United Kingdom.
- Franceville (1889β1890) β Independent in 1889, later governed by France and Britain as part of the New Hebrides; now part of Vanuatu.
- Hatay β Part of the Mandate of Syria that became part of Turkey; independent 1938β1939
- Hawaii β Annexed by the U.S. in the late 19th century.
- Khanate of Kalat (1638, 1666β1955) β 1666 to 1955, became part of Pakistan.
- Free States of Menton and Roquebrune β Seceded from Monaco in 1848, under nominal protection of the Kingdom of Sardinia, then annexed by France in 1861.
- Moresnet β 1816β1920, Tiny European territory that endured for a hundred years before definitively becoming part of Belgium.
- Natalia Republic β 1839β1843 , Was quickly made into a British colony
- Newfoundlandβ 1907β1949, joined Canada as the tenth province
- Islands of Refreshment β The islands of Tristan da Cunha were settled in 1810 and declared independence in 1811. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1815.
- Scotland β Merged with England to form the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707, now part of the United Kingdom.
- South Vietnam β Occupied by North Vietnam in 1975 and annexed into it in 1976.
- Republic of Tatarstan β Existed from 1992 until annexed by Russia in 1994.
- Transvaal β Now part of South Africa.
- Texas β Annexed by the U.S. in 1845.
- Vermont Republic β Annexed by the US in 1791.
See also
- List of former national capitals β Capital cities
- List of historical unrecognized states and dependencies
- List of largest empires
- List of micronations
- Lists of political entities by century
- List of sovereign states
- List of Bronze Age states (c. 3300 β c. 1200 BC)
- List of Iron Age states (c. 1200 β c. 600 BC)
- List of Classical Age states (c. 600 BC β c. AD 200)
- List of states during Late Antiquity (c. 200 β c. 700)
- List of states during the Middle Ages (c. 700 β c. 1500)
- List of pre-modern states
- Timeline of geopolitical changes (before 1500)
- Timeline of geopolitical changes (1500β1899) β Chronological list of country and capital changes
- Timeline of geopolitical changes (1900β1999) β Chronological list of country and capital changes
- Timeline of geopolitical changes (2000βpresent) β Chronological list of country and capital changes
- Former countries in Europe after 1815
- List of historic states of Germany β Former German constituent states
- List of historic states of Italy β Historical states located in modern-day ItalyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
- List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine
- Political history of the world
- Princely state β Type of vassal state in India under the British Raj
Notes
- The asserted sovereignty of some states listed here was generally unrecognized; the list of historical unrecognized states and dependencies article may contain further information regarding such states.
- The Nawabs of Bengal ruled the Bengal Subah β a province of the Mughal Empire which pretty much became independent from 1717.
- Partially recognized state existed after WWII
References
Further reading
- Berge, BjΓΈrn (2017). Nowherelands: An Atlas of Vanished Countries 1840β1975. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 9780500519905. 240pp.
- Harding, Les. Dead Countries of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: Aden to Zululand. Scarecrow Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8108-3445-6.